CN1360161A - 滚动轴承 - Google Patents

滚动轴承 Download PDF

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CN1360161A
CN1360161A CN01133866A CN01133866A CN1360161A CN 1360161 A CN1360161 A CN 1360161A CN 01133866 A CN01133866 A CN 01133866A CN 01133866 A CN01133866 A CN 01133866A CN 1360161 A CN1360161 A CN 1360161A
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bearing
weight
rolling element
zirconium oxide
composite material
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L·卡尔曼
R·昆蒂尔
C·维拉德
M·诺德曼
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SKF AB
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16CSHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/30Parts of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C33/46Cages for rollers or needles
    • F16C33/56Selection of substances
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16CSHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/30Parts of ball or roller bearings
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16CSHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/30Parts of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C33/32Balls
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16CSHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/30Parts of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C33/34Rollers; Needles
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16CSHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/30Parts of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C33/58Raceways; Race rings
    • F16C33/62Selection of substances
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16CSHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2206/00Materials with ceramics, cermets, hard carbon or similar non-metallic hard materials as main constituents
    • F16C2206/40Ceramics, e.g. carbides, nitrides, oxides, borides of a metal
    • F16C2206/42Ceramics, e.g. carbides, nitrides, oxides, borides of a metal based on ceramic oxides
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16CSHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2208/00Plastics; Synthetic resins, e.g. rubbers
    • F16C2208/20Thermoplastic resins
    • F16C2208/36Polyarylene ether ketones [PAEK], e.g. PEK, PEEK
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10STECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S384/00Bearings
    • Y10S384/90Cooling or heating
    • Y10S384/907Bearing material or solid lubricant
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10STECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S384/00Bearings
    • Y10S384/90Cooling or heating
    • Y10S384/908Nylon or polytetrafluorethylene
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10STECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S384/00Bearings
    • Y10S384/90Cooling or heating
    • Y10S384/911Cooling or heating including fiber

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Rolling Contact Bearings (AREA)
  • Rolls And Other Rotary Bodies (AREA)
  • Sliding-Contact Bearings (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种改进的滚动轴承,尤其是一种用在含水环境例如水和蒸汽中的滚动轴承,包括外座圈、内座圈、滚动元件和以彼此隔开的关系保持所述滚动元件的护圈,其中,轴承的座圈由斯特莱特硬质合金制成,滚动元件由热等静压的氧化铝-氧化锆复合材料制成,而护圈由含有石墨纤维、石墨粉末和聚四氟乙烯的聚醚醚酮制成。

Description

滚动轴承
技术领域
本发明涉及一种改进了的滚动轴承,尤其一种用在含水环境例如水和蒸汽中的滚动轴承,它包括外座圈、内座圈、多个滚动元件以及使所述滚动元件保持在彼此间隔的关系中的护圈,该轴承能够经受得住过度磨损。
本发明的目的在于得到一种滚动元件轴承,它包括适合用于含水环境例如水、包括水在内的加工流体、具有水污染物的油、耐火液压液、蒸汽等的材料组合。
本发明的背景技术
所要解决的问题是要提供一种轴承系统,该系统将工作在从室温直到100-300度的水和蒸汽环境中,从而能够经受得住各种类型的水,例如盐水、被污染的水或以水为基的液体。最初的轴承类型是那些用在例如海水泵、石油钻头、耐火液压液和压缩机中的轴承。
现有的轴承系统有基于钢、不锈钢、混合轴承(氮化硅滚动元件)和全陶瓷(氮化硅座圈和滚动元件)的轴承。在存在水的情况下,则采用钢和氮化硅陶瓷的这些轴承都会过早地失效。这些经验是从实验室中以及在用户使用中得到的。
与水在一起的困难基于以下事实,水分子非常小,从而它会进入细微的裂缝并且使大多数陶瓷(含有玻璃相)和钢脆化。水还会通过非氧化物陶瓷的表面氧化作用而引起磨损;在静止状态下的裂缝腐蚀;并且没有显示出任何形成弹性流体动力学的润滑(EHL)膜的趋向,从而导致由表面与表面接触引起的磨损。
已经认识到,为了解决在这些应用中的问题,可以使用由全陶瓷构造的轴承或者具有由陶瓷制成的滚动元件和由另一种材料例如钢制成的座圈的混合轴承。但是,它仍然降低了水在挡圈和陶瓷材料的滚动元件之间的接触处建立薄EHL膜的能刀,这就出现了问题尤其在转速较高的情况下,因此这种解决方案已经证实是不能胜任的。
以前已知的是(US-A-5271679)生产一种包括内外座圈、滚珠元件以及用来保持滚珠元件相互各开的护圈的滚动元件轴承,其中该护圈由聚四氟乙烯、MoS2以及WS2的混合物,芳族聚酰胺纤维以及聚醚醚酮(PEEK)树脂构成,该轴承打算用在处于高温或低温环境中的空气或真空中,用在存在放射性射线的环境中,或在任何其它不允许使用任何润滑油或油脂的情况中。因此,该护圈材料为轴承提供润滑材料。内外轴承座圈以及滚珠由不锈钢制成。
JP-A-90-87025涉及一种滚珠轴承,其中至少一部分内外轴承座圈由陶瓷、斯特莱特硬质合金或沉淀硬化不锈钢制成或涂布有陶瓷、斯特莱特硬质合金或沉淀不锈钢,从而至少滚珠的表面部分由从金属陶瓷、斯特莱特硬质合金和主要由碳化硅组成的陶瓷中选出的材料形成。轴承座圈和滚动元件由不同的材料制成,并且如此进行选择以使得滚动元件具有最硬的表面。该轴承希望用在处于高温高压的水中。
DE-A-4235838涉及一种轴承,其中内部轴承座圈、外部轴承座圈和滚动元件中的至少一个用由烧结的氮化硅构成的陶瓷材料制成,该陶瓷材料包含0.5-40重量%的Mg,0.3-3重量%的Zr以及1.5-5.0重量%的从Sr、Al和稀土金属中选出的材料,并且剩余物为氮化硅。这些金属以氧化物的形式存在。该轴承希望在模制合金期间用在腐蚀的环境中,例如熔融炉、金属熔融镀槽或电镀槽。
DE-A-4207034涉及一种具有由斯特莱特硬质合金制成的座圈的轴承。该轴承希望用在在熔融金属槽中使用的装置中。
EP-A-0492660涉及一种轴承的护圈,该护圈由15-50重量%的玻璃纤维或类似的强化纤维、5-15重量%的碳纤维以及平衡量的聚醚醚酮(PEEK)组成。该轴承希望用在高温环境中。
DE-A-19606249涉及一种聚酰亚胺树脂轴承护圈,其中5-10重量%是聚四氟乙烯并且10-20重量%是石墨。该轴承希望用在高速工具(300,000至400,000rpm)中。该轴承用石蜡进行润滑。
US-A-4906110涉及一种具有固体润滑剂的滚动轴承,其中护圈是由含有选择的固体润滑剂的聚酰亚胺树脂制成。
本发明的说明
现在另人惊奇地发现利用本发明的方法可以解决这个问题,本发明的特征在于,轴承的座圈由斯特莱特硬质合金(Co-Cr合金)制成,滚动元件由后热等静压处理的氧化铝-氧化锆复合材料制成,而护圈由含有石墨纤维、石墨粉末和聚四氟乙烯的聚醚醚酮制成。
从后附的权利要求中可以知道进一步的特征。
在本发明中,因为石墨在存在水分子的情况下作为固体润滑剂非常理想,所以石墨组分将在潮湿环境中产生出较低的摩擦。或者可以采用含有二硫化钼(MoS2)的材料,它也是一种有效的固体润滑剂。轴承座圈(座圈)
轴承座圈的材料是斯特莱特硬质合金。斯特莱特硬质合金是一种Co-Cr合金。适用于本发明的斯特莱特硬质合金包含42-70重量%的Co;23-38重量%的Cr;4-22重量%的W以及0.5-3重量%的C。该组材料具有非常优良的耐腐蚀性以及耐擦伤性。耐擦伤性在此指的是该材料可以在摆动的情况下承受高负载而不会卡住,这就意味着不太需要润滑。斯特莱特硬质合金已经应用在水和蒸汽中的温和条件下的轴承、密封件和阀中。滚动元件
本发明的滚动元件可以采用任意的形式,例如滚珠、滚柱和滚针。对于滚动元件所选用的陶瓷是后热等静压处理(HIPed)的氧化铝(Al2O3)-氧化锆(ZrO2)复合材料。稳定的氧化锆的量大约为40-70%,平衡量为氧化铝。在下面的表1中给出了通常工业用轴承级别的氮化硅和对于水环境所感兴趣的其它陶瓷。最优选的后热等静压处理的Al2O3-ZrO2变型(CTC)是由用氧化铈(CeO)稳定的ZrO2制成的。氧化铈稳定给予CTC优良的耐水老化性。这可以在后附的与各种可能的陶瓷材料比较的蒸压试验(300℃,86巴以及9天)(表5)中显示出。CTC在暴露之后只是结合了高抗压强度和高临界冲击强度且没有表面变化的陶瓷材料。CTA只是可以用在低于100℃的工作条件下。
两种优选的品质包括:CTA60%ZrO2(氧化钇稳定)以及40%的氧化铝(Ceram Tools A/S)以及CTC 60%ZrO2(二氧化铈稳定)以及40%的氧化铝(Ceram Tools A/S)。这些复合材料与氮化硅相比具有低含量的玻璃晶界相,所述氮化硅与高强度轴承级氮化硅(表3和4)相比结合了优良的抗压强度和耐临界冲击负载性。玻璃和氧化物结构的低含量在潮湿环境(表2)中给予CTA和CTC陶瓷优良的耐磨损性和耐应力腐蚀性。
与氮化物和碳化物相比,氧化物陶瓷由于其摩擦系数较低所以在水中还具有理想的运转性能。
后热等静压处理的氧化铝-氧化锆复合材料在室温下具有与氮化硅类似的或更好的机械性能。氧化铝和氧化锆晶体与氮化硅相比在高温下更易延展,这使得它更容易通过热等静压愈合陶瓷材料中的微孔,从而导致材料在润滑不良的条件下在微小接触处对接触疲劳更不敏感。
具有0-10%晶粒生长控制和烧结添加剂的单块氧化铝与氮化硅和氧化铝-氧化锆复合材料相比其耐冲击性和粗糙度通常更差。这些因素抑制了在滚动轴承应用中的使用。
具有0-10%稳定、晶粒生长控制和烧结添加剂的单块氧化锆与氧化铝和氮化硅相比其密度更高。氧化锆在温度大约200℃的水/蒸汽的环境中会丧失其良好的机械性能。氧化铝-氧化锆复合材料与单块氧化锆材料相比在潮湿环境中具有优良的性能。氧化锆的与钢类似的低弹性模量有利于应用在滚动轴承上。但是,氧化锆其硬度为1200HV,这硬度在普通杂质例如石英砂附近。氧化铝-氧化锆复合材料显示出更高的硬度。护圈
聚醚醚酮(PEEK,Victrex)可以经受得住250℃以上的水和蒸汽,而不会遭受机械性能的削弱。但是,它本身没有任何特别好的摩擦性能。通过向PEEK(PEEK 450 FC30,Victrex,一种选定品质)加入5-15%的石墨纤维、5-15%的石墨粉和5-15%的聚四氟乙烯从而可以显著地改善PEEK在水/蒸汽中的摩擦性能。表1
轴承的滚动元件的陶瓷材料
材料 生产商  烧结工艺 主要成分  助剂
NBD 200 Norton,USA  HIP1 Si3N4  MgO
TSN-3NH Toshiba,Japan  post-HIP2 Si3N4  Y2O3/Al2O3/TiO2
N3212 GFI,Germany  post-HIP2 Si3N4  Y2O3/Al2O3
TSN-15H Tosbiba,Japan  post-HIP2 Si3N4  MgAl2O4
EkasicT ESK,Germany  post-HIP2 SiC  Y2O3-稳定
Y-TZP Nikkato,Japan  post-HIP2 ZrO2  -
CTA Geram Tools A/S,Norway  post-HIP2 Al2O3/ZrO2  用氧化钇稳定的ZrO2
CTC Geram Tools A/S,Norway  post-HIP2 Al2O3/ZrO2  用二氧化铈稳定的ZrO2
HIP1:热等静压作为烧结工艺
post-HIP2:在烧结之后进行HIP作为在烧结工艺中的最后的工序表2
到5GPa的最大接触压力的Hertzian循环接触。在10Hz和室温下经过2.0百万次负载循环之后的表面状态。将硬质金属球(WC/Co)装载到从陶瓷球切下来的抛光的平陶瓷样品上。将CTA作为对热等静压制的氧化铝-氧化锆复合材料的一般参考。
材料 空气
NBD 200 没有损坏 损坏
TSN-3NH - 损坏1
CTA 没有损坏 没有损坏
11.5百万次负载循环表3
17/32″高强度陶瓷球级的抗压强度
 材料  抗压强度(KN)
 TSN-3NH  47.0
 N3212  43.6
 CTA  71.3
 CTC  85.5
表4
形成17/32″高韧性陶瓷球上的C裂缝的临界冲击负载。
陶瓷球与陶瓷球的接触。
 材料  临界冲击负载(KN)
 TSN-3NH  9.5
 N3212  8.0
 CTA  18.0
 CTC  15.5
表5
1/2″陶瓷球的重量损失(mg/cm2);直径变化(微米);抗压强度(kN);以及冲击负载(kN)。这些球在300℃和86巴下在水中压煮了9天。
 材料   重量损失(mg/cm2) 直径变化(微米)   抗压强度(kN) 临界冲击负载(kN)
 NBD 200   13.0 -14.5   40.0  2.3
 TSN-3NH   9.0 +3.0   42.0  5.0
 TSN-15H   23.0 -18.0   30.0  5.4
 EkasicT   0.0 +2.0   10.5  0.8
 Y-TZP   -1 -12.01   -1  -1
 CTA   -2 -2   -2  -2
 CTC   +/-0.0 +/-0.0   53.0  21.4
1 两天,除了在直径变化上没有进行任何测量
2 由于恶劣的条件材料被破坏

Claims (11)

1.一种改进的滚动轴承,尤其是一种用在含水环境例如水和蒸汽中的滚动轴承,包括外座圈、内座圈、滚动元件和以彼此隔开的关系保持所述滚动元件的护圈,其特征在于,
轴承的座圈由斯特莱特硬质合金制成,滚动元件由热等静压的氧化铝-氧化锆复合材料制成,而护圈由含有石墨纤维、石墨粉末和聚四氟乙烯的聚醚醚酮制成。
2.如权利要求1所述的轴承,其特征在于,护圈由含有5-15重量%的石墨纤维、5-15重量%的石墨粉和5-15重量%的聚四氟乙烯的聚醚醚酮制成。
3.如权利要求1-2任一项所述的轴承,其特征在于,涂层为一种基于石墨和一种有机粘合剂的热固性粘接涂层。
4.如权利要求1-3任一项所述的轴承,其特征在于,聚醚醚酮是一种聚芳基醚酮。
5.如权利要求2所述的轴承,其特征在于,石墨纤维的重量百分比为10%。
6.如权利要求2所述的轴承,其特征在于,石墨粉的重量百分比为10%。
7.如权利要求2所述的轴承,其特征在于,聚四氟乙烯的重量百分比为10%。
8.如权利要求1-7任一项所述的轴承,其特征在于,滚动元件由热等静压的氧化铝-氧化锆复合材料制成,该复合材料的氧化铝体积百分比含量为20-80%,氧化锆的体积百分比含量为80-20%。
9.如权利要求8所述的轴承,其特征在于,滚动元件由热等静压的氧化铝(60%)-氧化锆(40%)复合材料制成,其中氧化锆通过添加氧化钇稳定。
10.如权利要求8或9所述的轴承,其特征在于,滚动元件由热等静压的氧化铝(60%)-氧化锆(40%)复合材料制成,其中氧化锆通过添加氧化铈稳定。
11.如权利要求8-10任一项所述的轴承,其特征在于,轴承座圈由斯特莱特硬质合金制成,所述合金包含42-70重量%的Co;23-38重量%的Cr;4-22重量%的W以及0.5-3重量%的C。
CN01133866A 2000-12-21 2001-12-21 滚动轴承 Pending CN1360161A (zh)

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EP3524837A1 (de) * 2018-02-08 2019-08-14 Lakeview Innovation Ltd. Käfigloses vollrolliges wälzlager und planetengetriebe mit einem derartigen wälzlager
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