CN1289672A - 一种制造挤压塑料制品的方法和设备及塑料制品 - Google Patents
一种制造挤压塑料制品的方法和设备及塑料制品 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1289672A CN1289672A CN00128793A CN00128793A CN1289672A CN 1289672 A CN1289672 A CN 1289672A CN 00128793 A CN00128793 A CN 00128793A CN 00128793 A CN00128793 A CN 00128793A CN 1289672 A CN1289672 A CN 1289672A
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- screw channel
- rotor
- extruder
- screw
- extruded
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- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
本发明涉及一种制作塑料制品的方法和装置,装置至少包括一个转子(1)和至少一个定子(2,3)以及一个设在它们之间的进料空隙(4),一个螺槽(7)位于进料空隙(4)的另一个侧面上,当转子(1)旋转时,螺槽将待挤压的物料强制从该装置中挤出。螺槽(7)的横截面始终大体保持不变。在进料空隙(4)的对侧设有一个配螺槽(8),它的加工腔包括螺槽(7)、配螺槽(8)以及它们之间的间隙,加工腔沿挤压机的轴线方向至少部分地连续减少。这样,由于螺槽(7)的横截面不变,物料的形变能就可以尽可能保持很小,而且由于设置了行程(7a,8a),物料就可以停留在螺槽(7)中。使物料的旋转运动可以制作出层片状塑料制品(11)。而且,可以有效地挤出采用别的方式难以加工的物料。
Description
本发明涉及一种用于制造挤压产品的方法,其中待挤压的物料是以粉末、丸块、或颗粒的形式通过一个或多个供给装置送进加工腔,加工腔的容积包括转子中的螺槽,定子中的螺槽以及它们之间的间隙。
本发明还涉及制造挤压塑料制品的装置、该装置包括至少一个转子以及至少一个定子,以及它们之间的进料空隙,和在进料空隙的另一侧设置的螺槽,当转子转动时,螺槽将待挤压的物料从设备中挤出,螺槽的横截面基本上不变,而在进料空隙的另一侧至少在间隙的一段长度上设置配螺槽,配螺槽的螺纹与进料间隙的另一个侧上设置的螺槽的方向相反。
本发明还涉及一种塑料制品,其含有加入了1-30%的阻挡塑料的基体塑料。
使用由长螺杆和缸体构成的传统挤出机加工具有高分子量的塑料是很困难的。由于摩擦生成的热量使温度很容易升得过高,所以挤出机的产率一直很低。难于加工的聚合物包括,例如,摩尔质量大而且分子量超过200,000g/mol的氟塑料和聚乙烯,而非常硬的塑料甚至超过300,000g/mol。有许多类似的很难加工的材料,并且它们都具有高分子量,因而熔体流动速率低,熔点高并且在某些情况下加工区窄,换言之,例如,塑料的分解温度接近于其熔点。
当挤出温度只保持在结晶熔点以上几十度时,也即,为了使任选的反应组份不会过早地发生反应,通常是使该温度比通常情况下低30-40℃时,在这种低温下挤出就尤其困难。这种情况在生产管材级化学交联管材时是很常见的。因为存在有五种不同的相互关联的函数,且其作用基础是螺杆的作用,而且都是以同一转速在同一根轴线上作用:进料、熔化、混合、均化以及生压,就会出现各种问题。在传统的挤出机中,螺杆很长,螺杆的长径比绝大多是大约20-30,并且螺杆包括一根,有时为两个或三根,螺纹。螺杆的螺槽根据其在螺杆中横截面的变化划分为不同的区段,在加料区上,螺纹常常是很深而且从一个螺纹到另一个螺纹的间距很长,而在熔融区上的横截面自始至终保持不变,但是通常它要比出口端大很多。这样,物料就不容易流经螺槽,而端部的制约引起大量的摩擦热。在混合区螺槽常有其自己的几何形状,而在端部,螺槽渐浅并开始生压。在此压力的作用下,团块物料甚至可以穿过形状复杂的工具。另一方面,在传统的挤出机中,螺杆周围的螺槽总长度太长,在那种情况下,螺槽的长度同其横截面的比率太大,因此完全不适合弱流动性的塑性体。
美国专利US 3,314,108公开了一种挤出机,它包括一个锥形转子和安装在转子内、外的锥形定子。转子包括平的矩形螺槽,用于通过转动转子将待挤压的物料挤出挤出机。但是,用前述的装置难以加工可加工性弱的物料。而且,腔室也受到限制。
欧洲专利EP 422,042公开了一种挤出机,它包括几个锥形的定子和几个安装在它们之间的锥形转子。转子和/或定子带有帽罩形的螺槽用来当转子转动时将待挤压的物料挤出挤出机。利用这种装置能够非常方便地制造多层塑料管,但是对可加工性弱的物料的加工有问题。并且,在该装置中,模塑压力在出口端产生,因此该装置的产率并不完全理想。而且,待挤压的物料的熔融是采用外部加热法,因此很难控制温度,且能耗比较大。
美国专利US 4,125,333公开了一种挤出机,它包括一个带有螺纹的长螺杆,以及一个安装在螺杆外面并具有同旋向的定子。定子的同旋向螺纹会产生一种回流,随后物料混合并且因摩擦而产生的热量很容易会增加到难以控制的程度。
德国专利DE 2,558,238公开了一种挤出机,它包括在其端部的一个混合区中的定子上具有或同旋向、或反旋向或平直的螺槽。这样的装置混料非常有效,但是它根本不能应用于物料温度需要精确调节的设备中,因为由于摩擦而产生的热量容易增加得过多。
美国专利US 3,712,783公开了一种挤出机,它包括一个散料区。经过散料区后,物料被泵送进限制区。之后团块物料就被泵送而从出口挤出。该装置的结构非常复杂。该装置的构造会引起很大的摩擦并因此在靠近出口处挤出压力上升,此装置的产率很低。
欧洲专利EP 0,678,069公开了一种由交联聚乙烯经挤压制作多层管材的方法。第一步是挤出管材的中心层,之后在其上涂敷表层。该表层仅用于提高管材通过加热工具时的流动性。该装置中一个特别的不足之处在于它需要使用一个具有支脚的器具,因为支脚会造成焊接线。
本发明的目的在于提供一种也可相对容易地将可加工性弱的物料挤出形成塑料制品的方法和装置,并且塑料制品具有出色的性能。
根据本发明的方法,其特征在于上述腔室的横截面积至少部分地连续沿挤出机的轴线减少,而且通过定子和转子的相对转动运动,上述物料被强制沿一X轴前进,从而由剪切造成的摩擦热将部分物料熔融,形成一个主要由含有未熔融的颗粒构成的基床,而一些熔融颗粒则围绕在其周围,从而可以在离该装置端部一段距离的地方的特定横截面上形成一个完全充满的加工腔,因此压力上升到超过随后推挤物料沿X轴穿过一个模具所需的压力。
而且,根据本发明的装置,其特征在于在进料区之后有一个剪切区,配螺槽大体位于剪切区整个长度方向上,而且,包括有转子中螺槽的容积、定子螺槽的容积以及它们之间间隙的容积的加工腔的横截面区至少部分地连续沿挤出机的轴线减少。
此外,根据本发明的制品,其特征在于将阻挡塑料按形成层状结构的方式放入制品中。
本发明的基本思路是将物料在一个加工腔内挤压,该腔室由转子的螺槽、定子的螺槽以它们之间的间隙组成,而且该腔室的容积至少部分地沿轴线方向减少,以便将物料在轴线方向上强制地压入一个截面更小的空间中,随后由于剪切导致的摩擦所产生的热量至少部分地可将物料熔融,而这将导致在离装置端部有一段距离处就已经使压力上升。另外,本发明的本质是可以对塑料进行如此小的程度加工,以致于在挤出机的孔口处,如果没有加热装置,团块流体中还包含有没有完全熔融的颗粒。例如,在聚乙烯中,这样的颗粒在透明的团块中是比较光亮的肉眼可见的颗粒。根据已经进行的试验,未熔融的颗粒根本不会影响制品的性能。最好是,至少配螺槽的部分行程同进料空隙的另一侧面上提供的螺槽的各行程适配,在这种情况下,配螺槽比进料空隙的另一侧面上提供的螺槽之间的行程要窄。最佳实施例的一个思路是配螺槽的宽度大约比进料空隙的另一侧面上提供的螺槽的宽度小30-50%。另一个最佳实施例的思路是配螺槽的坡度大约是进料空隙的另一侧面上提供的螺槽的坡度的一半。第三个最佳实施例的思路是改变配螺槽的尺寸或加工腔的容积,使螺槽的初始部分的横截面积与其最后部分的横截面积的比率大约等于固体团块的密度同待挤压的团块的松密度之比。第四个最佳实施例的思路是进料空隙是环状的,并且其直径均匀地减小,也就是说它是一个锥形,至少是在其长度的那段距离上如此,这样在物料进口端空隙的直径要大于靠近物料出口端处的直径,而且圆锥体较宽部分的直径同较窄部分的直径的比率大致等于待挤压物料的固体团块的密度同团块的松密度的比率。第五个最佳实施例的思路是供给物料的螺槽的横截面大体上呈三角形或半圆形。另外,例如,挤压螺杆的长度同螺杆最大直径的比率最好是大约等于或小于10。圆柱形挤出机的比率最好是在3和6之间。而且在现有技术的挤出机中,螺杆的螺槽长度同螺槽的横截面积的比率超过20 1/mm,然而根据本发明的装置,螺槽的长度同螺槽横截面积的比率小于20 1/mm。
本发明的优点在于团块的熔融和均化仅需要尽可能小的形变能。当压力在比较早期的阶段可上升到足够高时,该装置的产率可以得到提高。对于一台挤出机而言,有可能确定一个理论上的产率,表示明当转子转动一周时,装置生产的理想物料的数量。在现有技术的装置中,实际产率与理论最大值相比相当低,通常大约是10-15%。而现在这个装置,依靠配螺槽和减小腔室的横截表面,则有可能获得高达理论最大值的50%的产率。甚至在螺槽的最后区段上,横截面无变化的熔体输送螺槽也不强迫塑性体从螺槽区离开。当在进料空隙的另一个侧面上设置配螺槽时,供料螺槽之间的行程可以做得很宽,因为配螺槽会夹取待挤压的物料,从而在装置中可以有效地前进,也就是可以大大减少能量浪费。当配螺槽的行程按照同进料空隙的另一个侧面的螺槽的行程相适配的方式确定时,就可以有效地防止回流并且同时还具有使物料转动的优点。利用采用了根据本发明的几何形状的螺杆的装置,本来很难加工的团块也可以很好地挤出。例如,有可能加工分子量超过200000g/mol的交联聚乙烯,以及分子量超过300000g/mol的韧性非常强的塑性体。甚至在使用这种物料的情况下,该装置的产率也能轻易地保持在例如100kg/h以上,而传统的柱塞式挤出机的产率,例如,通常是大约25kg/h。当改变配螺槽或加工容积或进料空隙的比率使之等于待挤压物料的固体团块的密度同团块的松密度的比率时,则可以防止空气随团块流动。而且,过多进料也不会造成在传统的机器中导致停机或至少也使扭矩偏斜的过压。在一个大体上呈三角形或半圆形的螺槽中物料容易流动,温度梯度较小,而且物料在螺槽横截面上的转动运动很有效。采用圆锥形的螺纹有可能缩短螺纹螺槽的整体长度并因此减少因流动造成摩擦而产生的热量。另外,圆锥形螺纹表面比具有相同产率的传统圆柱形挤出机的螺纹表面通常大50%。这对于控制冷却或加热很有利。圆形单螺纹装置如果采用了配螺槽,由于有过大的压力和摩擦存在,挤出机的进料区需要冷却。而本装置中的重要改进在于它并不需要额外的冷却,并且加工非常稳定和可控。在产量非常高的情况下,在机器筒身中也不需要任何额外的冷却(冷却风扇等)。
下面结合附图,对本发明做更详细的描述,其中
图1概要地示出根据本发明的一种装置的横截面侧视图。
图2概要地示出根据本发明的另一种装置的横截面侧视图。
图3示出图1中示出的装置的细节。
图4概要地示出根据本发明的第三种装置的横截面侧视图。
图5是根据本发明的一种装置中的转子的局部侧视图。
图6是图5中示出的转子的局部横截面视图。
图7概要地示出物料在转子的螺槽中的运动。
图8从一个斜向概要地示出采用根据本发明的装置制作的塑料管材的截面。
图9概要地示出根据本发明的一种装置的转子的侧视图。
图10概要地示出根据本发明的一种装置的压力函数。
图11概要地示出根据本发明的一种装置的横截面侧视图。
图12概要地示出根据本发明的另一种装置局部横截面侧视图。
图1示出了一种挤出机,其构成包括一个圆锥形的可转动转子1,一个安装在转子外侧的圆锥形的外侧定子2,以及一个安装在转子内侧的圆锥形内侧定子3。在转子1和定子2和3之间有一个环形的、变窄的或圆锥形的进料空隙4。为清楚起见,在图1中示出的进料空隙4比其实际上要宽得多。转子1随转动装置5一起按本来已知的方法转动。该装置还包括进料装置6,用于将待挤压的物料送入进料空隙4。该装置可安装数个供料装置6,以便能够将物料送入进料空隙4中所希望的部分,例如送入转子最宽的部分或送入转子1靠近出口端的比较窄的部分。也可以在圆周方向上设置一个以上的供料装置。传统的挤出机中的一个问题是它只对一种物料以及一种产率是最佳的。例如,当为粉末而设计的装置用于颗粒时,产率就会明显下降,通常至少下降30%,而常常是下降50%。另一方面,如果螺纹是为产率500kg/h而设计的,那么如果挤出速率要保持在200kg/h的话,装置就会运转得非常差。根据本发明的装置可包括数个供料装置,因为如果待挤压的塑性体的松密度大于螺纹设计所采用的密度,只要简单地用更靠近出口端部的供料装置将物料送入进料空隙4中也就可以取得最佳的效果。
转子1包括螺槽7,也就是螺纹,当转子1转动时,它将待挤压的物料推挤出挤出机。配螺槽8在进料空隙4的另一侧面上,也即在定子2和3上。配螺槽8可以促进否则可加工性弱的物料通过挤出机。配螺槽8的螺线同转子1的螺槽7的方向相反。当配螺槽8处于进料区和剪切区时,由于待送入的颗粒或粉末粘在配螺槽8上,它们会造成额外的摩擦,而这是物料加工开始时所希望的。通过进料区之后,配螺槽8会夹取待挤压的物料,从而在装置中可以有效地前进。因此,配螺槽可减少能量的浪费并且在无过大的温升情况下使物料有效地流动。如果待挤压的物料没有借助摩擦作用粘附在,例如,光滑的定子上,依靠配螺槽8甚至可以在低温下使物料有效地流经挤出机。给转子和定子选择适当的涂敷剂,也可以提供程度适宜的摩擦。定子最好是使用纳米陶瓷涂敷材料或例如合成金刚石(DLC)涂敷。转子最好是使用低摩擦材料,例如黑硝化(blacknitration)或铬-PTFE-镀敷(chrome-PTFE-plating),如同在本申请人的另一个专利申请PCT/EP 96/02801中所公开的那样,此处引用该申请用于一切目的。
当装置中使用了上述具有优异抗磨性的有益的涂层时,可以在转子和/或定子中使用更软的因而导热性更好的材料,例如导热性超过工具钢五倍的铍青铜。如果装置是圆锥形,装置中的短结构具有这样的优点,即将热量从装置的输出端有效地传导到初始区中较凉的地方,在初始区为了防止物料过早地熔融,可以对装置进行冷却。在这种情况下,团块的流动可以具有比传统挤出机中更为适宜的温度梯度。圆锥形状另外的有利之处在于因为螺杆长度同其最大直径的比率有利于通过在例如挤出机最宽的部分布置轴承而使轴承所提供的支撑就会很牢固,而且螺杆不会出现明显的挠曲,所以可以完全防止例如金属-金属接触,而在传统的圆柱形挤出机中并非如此。
对于具有高分子量的塑性体,焊接线是薄弱之处。因此,这一含有内孔的螺杆可以为显著提高产品强度提供可能性,因为器具可以不使用支脚就固定于挤出机的框架。图1示出了一个放置在位于内侧定子3内部一个孔口处的芯棒10,并且支撑在定子3的上面。采用此种方式,即使不使用支脚,芯棒10仍牢固地保持在原地,而且在挤出机的任何部分中都可以将物料送入到芯棒10中而不将其分割。特别是在这种允许未熔融的颗粒在装置外合并的方法中,支脚也只会造成非常微弱的线缝。
转子1中螺槽7的横截面从进料区到螺杆的端部依然大体保持不变。这样,物料熔融和均化消耗的变形能可以保持尽可能小。在根据本发明的装置中,待挤压的物料的压力最好是在剪切区的最开头处产生,并且之后就大体上保持不变。如果转子的直径最大为,例如,大约400mm,而最小大约为200mm,则转子通常有20个宽度为6mm的螺槽。这样的装置的产率通常大约为300kg/h。使人吃惊的是这样的挤出机的产量和质量在多种物料情况下都可以保持良好。可以说在某种程度上这种圆锥形挤出机包括了几个并联在一起的传统的圆筒型挤出机。在这种情况下,可以更好地控制流动。试验中发现,物料滞留时间的变化比常规的挤出机为小。这对于例如过氧化物同塑性体已经发生混合的反应挤出过程特别重要,而且滞留时间必须短,分布必须窄,以防止在挤出机内部的交联。另外,如此小的螺槽可以将分子定向在螺槽的方向上,从而减小螺槽中物料的摩擦。并且,装置和塑性体之间的表面接触很大而热交换很有效。例如,按照传统挤出机的平均滞留时间,在良好设计的情况下,塑性体与圆锥形装置得以接触的热迁移表面增加了一倍。这意味着那些难以加工的塑性体通过冷却或加热可以远更为更有效地控制其温度。
当根据本发明的装置加工一种物料时,物料的密度随着它从进料装置输送到螺杆的端部而改变。此时密度通常为固体物料密度的20-80%。因此,产品的多孔性和产率低往往成为问题。由于图1中所示的装置是圆锥形,转子的圆周速度有变化,变化的方式是进料区的速度高于出口嘴处的速度。转子1初始区直径同它末端区直径的比率最好等于待挤压物料的固体团块的密度同物料松密度的比率。换言之,转子1初始区的直径通常比转子1末端区直径大1.25至5倍,此比率的最佳值大约为2。
如果装置不是圆锥形,也会有同上一段中描述的内容几乎类似的作用,就是配螺槽8的横截面的尺寸会在该装置末端区和初始区之间变化,所以配螺槽初始端的横截面同其末端的横截面的比率近似等于待挤压物料的固体团块的密度同物料松密度的比率。
在根据本发明的装置中,进料区在轴线方向上与进料空隙的直径大小相等。在进料区之后开始的剪切区沿轴线方向上的长度可以在螺槽填满物料时通过压力传感器进行测量而确定。在剪切区之后是一直延伸到装置末端的均化混合区。由于物料在剪切区中稍微熔融而压力也同时增加,因此不需要单独的增压区。该装置可以产生一个等于已经处在剪切区中的工具所损失的压力。
在剪切区之后,最好改变配螺槽8的取向,也就是说,螺槽的旋向取为同方向的,以使它们提高混合作用。在该区域中,该装置可以是圆锥形也可以是圆柱形。而且,在该区段上还可利用,例如重叠的半圆形槽口,增加相对立的表面以提高均化,就如同在本申请人的另一个专利申请PCT/FI96/00658中所公开的那样,此处引用该申请用于一切目的。
通过所进行的试验已经发现,进料区中具有例如直通螺槽的传统挤出机容易进料过度,所以装置中可以测量出高达1000巴的压力。在本发明中,伴随着剪切率下降而减小加工容积会导致由部分未熔融的物料和颗粒组成的栓塞的迅速形成,所以物料必须较快地排出螺槽,由于螺槽本身的横截面最好是恒定的,物料可以非常快而且有效地从装置排出,并且可以在装置内部防止出现过高的压力。通过试验已经发现,在根据本发明的装置中,几乎不可能出现压力增加到破坏机器或导致出现临界扭矩的情况。另外,由于在根据本发明的挤出机中总距离短,反压力无法升高。结果,当转动速度上升时,可以察觉到物料温度的降低,换言之,机器提供了一个很宽的加工带,尤其是对于交联目的,因为在可以通过改变螺杆和强迫进料比率来增加恒定的反压力的转动速度的范围很宽。
图2是根据本发明的另一种装置横截面侧视图详图。图2中的标号对应于图1中标号。位于配螺槽8之间的行程8a的位置设计为沿进料空隙的方向上,即例如在图2中在箭头A的方向上,在大体上每个地点至少配螺槽8的部分行程8a同转子的螺槽7的其它各个行程7a相适配。在这种情况下,回流仅能达到超过至多为转子螺槽7的一个行程7a。
图2通过一个实例示出在两个最顶端的螺槽中待挤压的物料。这两个螺槽代表一小部分物料借助剪切力熔融的剪切区,而压力同时上升。目的是借助摩擦力尽快地熔融,而物料的数量只是可能使压力升高那么多,这种情况在物料为致密时就会快速产生,即至少它已经从表面熔融。令人吃惊的是熔融物料的比例应当仅仅在10%的范围内。靠近标号1的螺槽充满了干燥的粉末。因此,不会有压力信号。另一方面,靠近标号7的螺槽充满了粉末颗粒,一种略微熔融的塑性体,对产生压力已经足够。本发明的基本特征是在螺杆中压力产生得很早,而当压力高到能够超过沿螺杆方向更远处工具上的压力损失时,物料就会经过螺槽通道快速地输送。
图3示出图1中的装置的详图。图3中的标号对应于图1和图2中的标号。为了清楚起见,进料空隙4示出得比它实际要宽。配螺槽8的宽度则小于螺槽7之间的行程7a的宽度b。这样就可很有效地防止回流。然而,虽然它们形状狭窄,配螺槽8却可有效地帮助待挤压的物料在挤压装置中向前移动。配螺槽8的宽度最好比螺槽7的宽度c小大约30%-50%。转子1中配螺槽8的螺线同螺槽7的螺线在方向上相反。配螺槽8的坡度大约为1到90°,最好是转子1中的螺槽7的相应坡度的一半左右。如果坡度是90°,直槽在正常使用中可以增进物料的向前输送。本发明的装置可以作为注入压机的一个塑化单元使用,并且当例如借助一个活塞来防止物料在注入端中向前流动时,转子1仍然能够连续地转动,因为待浇铸的物料可以在装置中沿直槽向回流动,并且在装置的出口端物料的压力不会升得太高。严格地说,配螺槽8很合适的坡度是介于3至10°之间。配螺槽8的数量最好大于转子1中螺槽7的数量。试验中发现,当转子螺槽7的横截面保持大体相同时,尽管空隙已经足够大,例如大约为0.4mm,在处于螺槽之间的定子和行程7a之间基本没有待挤压的物料。
螺槽7的横截面最好是大体上呈三角形,使三角形的一边沿着轴向方向,其它两边大体相互垂直,如图3所示。大体上成三角形状的螺槽中的物料易于流动而且温度梯度更小。在螺槽中,物料向前流动且同时转动,而这种改善的转动流动也从根本上减少了由摩擦形成的热失控现象。
处在转子1中的螺槽7之间的行程7a可以制作成倾斜的,即使转子1和定子2之间的空隙在行程7a的前沿比在行程7a的后沿更大。由于轴向流动并不显著,行程7a此时常受到压力的作用。螺槽行程的最佳实施例的详细设计示出于本申请人的同时待审申请FI 964988,此处引用该申请用于一切目的。
图4是根据本发明的另一种实施例的横截面侧视图。图4中的标号对应于图1至图3中的标号。图4仅画出一个进料空隙4,它的外侧有一个定子2,而它的内侧有一个转子1。为了清楚起见,图中没有画出进料装置,转动转子1的装置以及螺槽。转子1的内部包括一个圆锥形螺杆9,圆锥形螺杆可以随转动装置5转动。进料空隙4的端部成管状。在螺杆9之后,可以配一个取向芯棒10,在此待挤压的产品11被展宽,这就可以生产有取向的产品11。当制作普通非取向产品11时,横截面自然不改变。待挤压的产品11可以是例如塑料管或电缆包皮。
因为圆锥形转子1可以很容易地沿轴线方向移动,所以可以毫不困难地调节进料空隙4的间隙。通过调节间隙,就能控制装置的产率和压力生成能力,以及在不改变转子1的转动速度的情况下控制摩擦产生的热量。螺杆9也可以在轴线方向移动,所以该装置可以很容易地转变为一部注入压机。一部普通的活塞挤出机的产率通常大约为25kg/h,然而根据本发明的装置的产率很容易就可以超过200kg/h。当圆柱形螺杆的长度沿轴线方向变化时,就可以轻易地使仅用来挤压团块通过工具的压力值最优化。螺杆9和取向芯棒10上带有相互联通的孔道和小开口,通过它们可以将润滑油和/或冷却剂注入。在这种情况下,在此装置中润滑可以利用例如熔融的塑性体来完成,而对工具末端进行的冷却可以采用某种其它介质。
在挤出机的喷嘴之后,在产品11外侧可有一个例如使用油或电的加热器具12。为了能够交联,部件12最好是专门使用石英玻璃制作以使部件12是透明的并且可以使用红外线加热进行交联,如同在本申请人的同时待批申请PCT/SE96/01169中所具体描述的那样,此处引用该申请用于一切目的。产品的温度和物料在加热器工具中的时间,也就是滞留时间,可以通过比如设计加热工具的长度来调节,以使使物料充分地加热,例如也可以采用传导方式。工具的温度和物料的滞留时间可以调整到使输出的大部分物料均化。
采用这样的形变能量一直保持很小的装置,其目的是不必将成块的颗粒完全熔融,而是将摩擦功维持在使颗粒的表面互连的水平。这样,就有可能使团块带着明显未熔融的颗粒穿过没有加热装置的挤出机。这个过程被称作连续烧结。特别是在低温下加工具有高分子量的交联聚乙烯时,即比如在合理的时间中过氧化物不会发生反应的140-180℃范围内,未熔融颗粒对于最终产品的性能影响并不显著,然而,由于根据本发明的挤出机连接了一个加热单元,在其中团块的温度可以迅速升高到比如250℃,其中的未熔融颗粒就完全熔化了,也即物料流动最终到达均化,并且过氧化物迅速分解。
如上所述,在这个加工过程中最好不使用支脚支撑芯棒10,因为那样的话物料流动就在任何阶段都不会分割开。然而,使用长的芯棒10带来了器壁公差控制以及芯棒10对中的问题。例如对100mm直径管子的厚度大约为10mm的器壁,需要长度超过2m加热工具。这样,芯棒10容易弯曲并且不能保持在正中的位置。这个问题可以通过在芯棒10的端部提供一根芯棒来消除,芯棒的直径小于扭力杆14的最大直径以减少摩擦。在扭力杆14的端部,在正对着产品11的部分有一个柱销15是用很容易滑动的材料例如聚四氟乙烯制作的,所以柱销15很容易靠着产品11的内壁滑动。当柱销15延伸到例如冷却池16的内部时甚或如果需要可更远到拉动设备17时,柱销15停靠在一个已经固定好的器壁上。这样,在熔融物料的区域中,就可以很容易地将芯棒10的中心精确地调整到正确的位置上,例如通过将拉动设备17的位置沿轴线倾斜。长的扭力杆14使芯棒10弯曲使其正确对中。
图5是在根据本发明的一种装置中的转子1的局部侧视图。图5的标号对应于图1至图4中的标号。图5示出转子1处于物料进料区段。在图5所示的情况下,待挤压的物料通过一个进料装置既送入到转子1的外部又送入到其内部。在进料装置上,转子1包括进料空隙13,通过这个空隙一些物料可以从供料装置流进转子1的内部。进料空隙13的边缘还带有坡口13a,坡口的方向是每隔一个坡口13a指向转子1的外圆周,而其它的则指向其内圆周。当转子1转动时,供给物料就穿过每一个进料空隙13到达转子1的外面,并穿过各个空隙到达其内部。这样,坡口13a可以确保要供给的物料平均分布在转子1的内外。在图5中,引导物料到达转子1的内部的坡口13a用虚线表示出。
图6是图5中所示的转子的局部横截面图。图6中的标号对应于图1至图5中的标号。供料装置6最好是一种可以在待供给物料向挤出装置移动时提供充分高的压力的强力进料螺杆。借助强力进料螺杆和进料空隙13的坡口13a交替转向转子1的外部和内部,可确保在螺槽7中有充分数量的待挤压物料,也就从而可保证装置具有有效的和均衡的产率。图6用虚线示出了从位于交叉区段后面的进料空隙13向内引导物料的坡口。自然没有必要在坡口13a直对着转子1的外圆的地方开一个孔,但只要有一个物料可以经此流过而到达转子外面螺槽去的空腔就足够了。
图7是转子1的螺槽的横截面视图。在图7所示的情况中,螺槽的横截面形状大体呈半圆形。由于根据本发明的转子螺槽的行程7a与配螺槽8的行程8a的适配,螺槽7中的待挤压的物料实际上会停留在螺槽7中并因而以旋转的方式移动。图7中所示出的半圆形状对于旋转运动极为有利。物料的旋转运动在图7中用箭头示出。图3中所示的大致呈三角形的横截面也有利于物料的旋转,也即可以如图7中箭头所示的那样通过相应的旋转运动供给物料。
与传统挤出机的圆筒发生的摩擦会引起螺杆的螺槽中的旋转流动而使螺槽中产生很大的温度梯度。这一不平衡的温度在两个方面是有害的。首先,它对于温度敏感的挤出运作是一种干扰,因为很明显,当实际的局部温度比挤出机设定的温度高出比如40℃时,在例如交联聚乙烯的情况下,其结果是造成具有局部交联区域的团块。当加工PVC时,局部高温会造成团块的热降解。另一方面,温度不均衡会使加工更加困难,因为绝大多数塑性体的黏度容易随温度而改变。例如,在聚乙烯的典型剪切速率范围中,温度升高60℃就会使黏度从1000Pa×s下降大约一半。当螺槽为半圆形或三角形状时,物料流动更容易而且温度梯度更小。改善了的旋转流动也基本上减少了摩擦引起的发热失控现象。传统挤出机中螺杆的螺槽隆起的间距大致等于螺杆的直径,这一般会使螺杆的螺槽的宽度与高度比率超过10。然而,当加工分子量大的塑性体时,形变能必须要尽可能小,也即由摩擦生成的热要尽可能少。可以认为在浅螺槽中用旋转的方式使物料流动会比在例如半圆形或三角形的螺槽中更加困难。对于圆锥形挤出机来说,如果使用长方形螺槽的话,螺槽宽度同其高度的最佳比率最好是在2和7之间。
图8是根据本发明的产品的截面图。由于在根据本发明的螺杆螺槽中旋转流动非常容易,这就带来了两个好处:定子和转子之间的总摩擦比预期的要小得多,这部分也是由于有配螺槽的缘故,并且物料的流动和旋转还形成了层片状的结构,也即经过螺槽的棒状物料就如同卷绕在一个滚筒上的纸张。这就形成了图8中所示的塑性体管材,例如,管材的截面显示出数十个由螺槽中的旋转流动造成的横条纹,例如最佳厚度为4mm的管壁上有超过50层片层。在图8中管材11的层片结构用细线表示。这种层片结构可以具有好得多的冲击强度值以及完全改进的透过性能值,特别是如果在待挤压的基体塑料中加入了1至30%的阻挡塑料,例如聚酰胺或LCP等。层片结构在基体塑料与阻挡塑料不是相互混合,而最好是很好地互相粘合时最以形成。而且还发现,阻挡塑料在同样的温度下黏度会更大。采用的阻挡塑料最好是脂族聚酮(例说采用Ketonex的品名,由British Petroleum制造)。比如图8中所示的管子11就是挤压含有1%聚丙烯的聚乙烯混合体制作的。
当采用了过氧化物或偶氮化合物时,塑性体中形成了带有难闻味道和/或气味的低分子量化合物,并且它们会迁移到聚乙烯的表面。在传统制造过程中,在用它盛装食品之前,管子必须经过漂洗或热处理。使用根据本发明的装置,就能够制造出一种多层塑料产品,其中的较厚的外层是用交联聚乙烯制作,而内层是阻挡塑料,所以通过阻挡塑料可以防止由于交联而产生的其余产品迁移到产品的内表面。
图9是根据本发明的装置的转子侧视图。图9中的标号对应于图1至图8中的标号。转子1带有一个大致垂直于转子轴线方向的中间螺槽7′。中间螺槽7′为待挤压的物料提供了额外的均化。在中间螺槽7′,团块可以在退回到螺槽7之前,沿半径方向上行进几个螺槽的距离。中间螺槽7′既可以设在转子中,也可以设在定子中或两者中皆有。特别是在圆筒形转子1的情况下,配螺槽8的容积最好降低至中间螺槽7′,并在中间螺槽7′之后继续保持不变。中间螺槽7′最好设在挤出机的轴线方向上中间部分以后,最好是在装置轴线方向上的2/3长度处。在中间螺槽7′之后,转子螺槽7的坡度可以很容易改变。当螺槽7的坡度制作得比较陡峭时,也容易取得与坡度保持恒定的装置相同的产率,但是当坡度制作的比较陡峭时,摩擦产生的总热量会随螺槽长度的减小而降低。根据本发明,螺槽7的横截面基本上保持不变,但是“基本上不变”的定义也包括其中的转子和/或定子有一个为提供均匀性而重新布置物料的中间螺槽7′的情况。
在图9的实例中,剪切区延伸至中间螺槽7′。混合发生在中间螺槽7′,而随后的均化则发生在中间螺槽7′之后。
图10用实线表示根据本发明的装置的压力变化,其中用虚线表示传统挤压机的压力变化。在传统挤压机中,压力P在挤压机的长度l的末端升高,因此最高点自然在A处,该点代表装置喷嘴的位置。在根据本发明的装置中,压力在装置内部的剪切区的早期阶段就已经升高了。在末端朝喷嘴的地方,压力甚至会下降。
图11是一个根据本发明的挤压机的局部横截面侧视图。图11的标号对应于前面图中的标号。转子1和定子2都是圆筒形。转子的螺槽7以相同的横截面沿转子1的全长延伸。定子2的配螺槽8的横截面不断减少。配螺槽8大致延伸到装置的中间部分,最好到达装置长度的大约1/3处。
图12是根据本发明的装置的部分横截面侧视图。图12的标号对应于前面图中的标号。转子1和定子2、3都是圆锥形。转子1在制作时,其最后区段上转子1与定子2、3之间的间隙的增加要大体上大于其初始区段上的增加。例如,在初始阶段,间隙也许是大约0.5mm,而在末端则大约是6mm。同样,螺槽7和配螺槽8在转子的最后区段上终止,而物料仅仅在上述的大间隙中流动。在这种情况下,转子的旋转的速度可以增加,因为在最后区段上由于有大的间隙存在作用于物料的剪切速率很低。于是,产率会增加,也即甚至使用小装置也能提供高产率。同样,在端部可能会出现一个均衡的剪切区,所以物料的温度就可以保持非常均匀,这在加工例如PEX时是极其重要的。这也使得可以在需要的情况下在挤出机中就开始交联。采用这种结构也同样可以提供带有层片状结构的产品,这种产品甚至不含有图8中所示的椭圆形部分,而整个都是层片结构。由于转速度高了,传送设备所需要的尺寸可更小。所以当功率保持不变时,力矩更小了。而且,该装置的转子端部的生产公差可以大得多,也即制造的成本可降低。转子1比较薄的部分最好为转子长度的一半;直段构成最好为转子长度的2/3。使定子的配螺槽8延长到转子变窄的地方,也即间隙可加大。使转子变窄也可以是为了产生取向,而且转子也可以有一个可以使物料流过的开口;换言之,转子最后区段的结构同本申请人的专利申请PCT/FI96/00261中公开的相似,此处引用该申请用于一切目的。
附图和与此有关的描述仅仅是为了阐明本发明概念。本发明的具体细节可以在权利要求的范围内改变。因此,例如术语“圆锥形”也包括抛物线形状或双曲线形状,以及初始区段为尖细圆锥体而最后区段为圆柱形状的的结构。同样地,本装置可以包括数个转子和/或定子。而且,如果需要的话,转子也可以安装在定子的外面。
Claims (2)
1.一种由交联聚乙烯制作的具有较厚外层和内层材料是阻挡塑料的多层塑料管材,其特征在于,设置有阻挡层以防止外层的交联产品的其余部分不会迁移到产品的内表面。
2.根据权利要求1的一种塑料管子,其特征在于,阻挡塑料是脂族聚酮。
Applications Claiming Priority (14)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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FI961540 | 1996-04-04 | ||
FI961540A FI103185B1 (fi) | 1996-04-04 | 1996-04-04 | Menetelmä suulakepuristettavan tuotteen ominaisuuksien säätämiseksi ja suulakepuristin |
FI961822A FI106005B (fi) | 1995-12-12 | 1996-04-29 | Menetelmä homogeenisen materiaalin tuottamiseksi suulakepuristimella ja suulakepuristin |
FI961822 | 1996-04-29 | ||
PCT/FI1996/000261 WO1997001428A1 (en) | 1995-06-26 | 1996-05-08 | Extrusion apparatus and method for orienting plastic material by using an extrusion apparatus |
WOPCT/FI96/00261 | 1996-05-08 | ||
PCT/FI1996/000502 WO1997010940A1 (en) | 1995-09-20 | 1996-09-20 | Method and apparatus for making an extrusion product, and an extrusion product |
WOPCT/FI96/00502 | 1996-09-20 | ||
FI964991 | 1996-12-12 | ||
FI964988 | 1996-12-12 | ||
FI964988A FI104055B (fi) | 1996-04-29 | 1996-12-12 | Suulakepuristusmenetelmä, suulakepuristin ja muovituote |
FI964991A FI101950B (fi) | 1996-12-12 | 1996-12-12 | Menetelmä ja laitteisto kierrätettävän muovimateriaalin hyödyntämiseks i ja puristinlaitteella tehty muovituote |
FI965182A FI965182A (fi) | 1996-04-04 | 1996-12-20 | Menetelmä ja laite puristetun muovituotteen tekemiseksi ja muovituote |
FI965182 | 1996-12-20 |
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CN97193580A Division CN1087685C (zh) | 1996-04-04 | 1997-03-19 | 一种制造挤压塑料制品的方法和装置 |
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CN00128793A Pending CN1289672A (zh) | 1996-04-04 | 2000-09-22 | 一种制造挤压塑料制品的方法和设备及塑料制品 |
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CN97193580A Expired - Fee Related CN1087685C (zh) | 1996-04-04 | 1997-03-19 | 一种制造挤压塑料制品的方法和装置 |
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JP (1) | JP2001501549A (zh) |
CN (2) | CN1087685C (zh) |
AT (1) | ATE227634T1 (zh) |
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CA (1) | CA2250399C (zh) |
CZ (1) | CZ298147B6 (zh) |
DE (1) | DE69717107T2 (zh) |
EA (1) | EA000540B1 (zh) |
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TR (1) | TR199801717T2 (zh) |
UA (1) | UA46100C2 (zh) |
WO (1) | WO1997037830A2 (zh) |
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RU2484957C1 (ru) * | 2011-11-24 | 2013-06-20 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "ИНЭЛ" (ООО "ИНЭЛ") | Устройство для изготовления двусторонних поршней |
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1996
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1997
- 1997-03-19 WO PCT/FI1997/000180 patent/WO1997037830A2/en active IP Right Grant
- 1997-03-19 GE GE3262A patent/GEP20012382B/en unknown
- 1997-03-19 DE DE69717107T patent/DE69717107T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-03-19 EP EP97914334A patent/EP0912316B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-03-19 BR BR9708594A patent/BR9708594A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-03-19 CZ CZ0316398A patent/CZ298147B6/cs not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-03-19 IL IL14850697A patent/IL148506A0/xx unknown
- 1997-03-19 AT AT97914334T patent/ATE227634T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-03-19 EA EA199800789A patent/EA000540B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-03-19 US US09/142,113 patent/US6309574B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-03-19 UA UA98105221A patent/UA46100C2/uk unknown
- 1997-03-19 TR TR1998/01717T patent/TR199801717T2/xx unknown
- 1997-03-19 IL IL12643697A patent/IL126436A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-03-19 EE EE9800342A patent/EE04393B1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-03-19 AU AU21614/97A patent/AU721500B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1997-03-19 CA CA002250399A patent/CA2250399C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-03-19 CN CN97193580A patent/CN1087685C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-03-19 RO RO98-01448A patent/RO120128B1/ro unknown
- 1997-03-19 SK SK1370-98A patent/SK284796B6/sk not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-03-19 JP JP53586697A patent/JP2001501549A/ja not_active Ceased
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1998
- 1998-09-28 PL PL328994A patent/PL182591B1/pl not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-10-01 NO NO984596A patent/NO984596L/no not_active Application Discontinuation
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2000
- 2000-09-22 CN CN00128793A patent/CN1289672A/zh active Pending
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2001
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