CN1281711C - 采用烃合成催化剂和酸性催化剂的烃合成方法 - Google Patents
采用烃合成催化剂和酸性催化剂的烃合成方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 88
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 title claims abstract description 81
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 78
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 64
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 239000003377 acid catalyst Substances 0.000 title 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 82
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910002090 carbon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- -1 iron hydrocarbon Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
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- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 25
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 24
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
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- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 12
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- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
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- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O ammonium group Chemical group [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 2
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- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
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- LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon monoxide Chemical compound [Si-]#[O+] LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000272 alkali metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000908 ammonium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003708 ampul Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011089 carbon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010891 electric arc Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000000769 gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- MVFCKEFYUDZOCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);dinitrate Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O MVFCKEFYUDZOCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002075 main ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Substances [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000015320 potassium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000017550 sodium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003738 xylenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon
- C10G2/30—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen
- C10G2/32—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts
- C10G2/33—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used
- C10G2/331—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used containing group VIII-metals
- C10G2/332—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used containing group VIII-metals of the iron-group
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/78—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with alkali- or alkaline earth metals
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
- B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
- B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
- B01J29/40—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11, as exemplified by patent documents US3702886, GB1334243 and US3709979, respectively
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- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/19—Catalysts containing parts with different compositions
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- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/40—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by dimensions, e.g. grain size
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon
- C10G2/30—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen
- C10G2/32—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts
- C10G2/33—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used
- C10G2/334—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used containing molecular sieve catalysts
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种烃合成方法,包括将H2和至少一种碳氧化物的原料转化成烃,该烃含有以重量计30%的含五个或更多碳原子的烃。转化在碱促进的铁烃合成催化剂和适用于转化烃的酸性催化剂存在下进行。转化过程中形成的反应混合物含有少于0.02摩尔碱/100克铁,且H2和碳氧化物原料中的H2∶碳氧化物的摩尔比至少为2。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种烃合成方法,更具体地,涉及一种使用烃合成催化剂和酸性催化剂的方法。本方法特别但非专有地适用于生产液体燃料。本方法还适用于生产富含诸如苯、甲苯、二甲苯等芳香族的烃,或者富含支链烃或富含烯烃的烃。
背景技术
已知用于从CO和H2(合成气)合成烃的费托(Fischer-Tropsch)法可生产气态和液态烃以及氧化物,它们通常符合公知的Anderson-Schulz-Flory产品分布。
这些反应可在固定床、流化床或浆床反应器中进行。烯烃和液体燃料特别是汽油范围内的产品是最有利的,它们是在350℃、20巴或更高压力下操作的、且通常使用熔化的碱促进铁催化剂的两相流化床反应器中合成的。这就是所谓的高温费托法。
按照理想的Anderson-Schulz-Flory产品分布,很明显汽油(C5~C11)和柴油(C12~C18)的选择性分别限制在约48%和25%,而混合液体燃料的选择性的最大值约为65%。在流化床反应器内进行的高温费托法中,可能不能实现最佳的液体燃料产量,从而导致较低的液体燃料选择性。除了这相对低的液体燃料产量以外,费托法还具有另一个缺点,即,产品系列主要由线性烃构成。这对汽油质量而言是一个缺点,因为线性分子的辛烷值非常低。费托汽油因此需要进一步地加工以将产品转化成具有更高辛烷值的产品,或者往汽油调和组分总和中加入高辛烷值的化合物。
已知可以用诸如沸石催化剂的酸性催化剂将费托产品系列加工成高辛烷值的汽油范围燃料。这样的加工有一个缺点,即,它增加了液体燃料的生产成本。
为了减少上述缺点,人们试图混合费托催化剂和沸石催化剂,以直接从CO和H2制备高辛烷值汽油范围的燃料。在这样的体系中,一种想法是:费托催化剂催化CO和H2使其转化成烃,而酸性催化剂将产生的烯化和氧化的烃转化成高度支化且富含芳香族的汽油范围产品。
US4,086,262、US4,279,830、US4,361,503、US4,269,783、US4,172,843、US4,463,101、US4,298,695、US4,304,871、US4,556,645、US4,652,538都公开了烃合成催化剂和酸性催化剂在从合成气制备烃中的联合使用。两种催化剂混合的方式很多,从含有两种催化功能的单一反应器到在后续反应器中具有两种催化功能的双反应器布置。这些专利中公开了不同的反应条件和不同的催化剂。
已经认识到(例如US4,298,695),在双功能方法(费托催化剂和酸性催化剂)中,向铁基费托催化剂中加入碱促进剂是不理想的,因为这些促进剂趋向于迁移到酸性催化剂中,导致酸性催化剂中毒。但是,已知含有低含量碱促进剂的铁基费托催化剂趋向于产生汽油生产不需要的轻质烃,因为轻质烃既不在C5~C11的汽油范围内,也不容易转化为该范围。
因此,在从合成气到液体燃料的生产过程中,必须考虑低含量的碱促进剂,而且即使有低含量的碱促进剂也必须选择反应条件以生产更重质的烃产品。众所周知,原料中的高H2∶CO比趋向于产生汽油生产不需要的产品。因此如果考虑到低含量的碱促进剂,就必须考虑原料中相对低的H2∶CO比,以避免产生过多的轻质烃。
现在已经令人吃惊地发现,如果合成气的烃合成是在烃合成催化剂和酸性催化剂存在下,在下述条件下进行:
i)烃合成催化剂包括低含量的碱金属;和
ii)合成气原料流中氢气与一氧化碳的比例相对较高,
就可生产出适于用作汽油的烃产品。即使当合成在高温费托条件下进行时,这也同样适用。
发明内容
根据本发明,提供了一种烃合成方法,该方法包括将H2和至少一种碳氧化物的原料转化成烃,该烃含有以质量计至少30%的含五个或更多碳原子的烃(下文称为C5+化合物),转化是在碱促进的铁烃合成催化剂和用于转化烃的酸性催化剂存在下进行的;而且该方法的特征在于,在转化过程中形成的反应混合物含有少于0.02摩尔碱金属/100克铁,且H2和碳氧化物原料中H2∶碳氧化物的摩尔比至少为2。
所合成的烃优选含有以质量计至少35%、更优选至少40%、最优选至少50%的C5+化合物。优选地,本方法可用于生产液体燃料,特别是汽油更优选无铅汽油。本方法还可用于生产富含诸如苯、甲苯和二甲苯的芳香族的烃,和/或富含支链烃和/或富含烯烃的烃。
本烃合成方法可包括费托法,优选为高温费托法。温度范围可为250℃~400℃,典型地为300℃~370℃,甚至为330~350℃。压力为10~60巴(1~6MPa),典型地为15~30巴,通常为约20巴。
合成气中的至少一种碳氧化物优选包括CO。该碳氧化物可包括CO和CO2的混合物。
反应可在任何适当反应器中进行。可以预见优选其在流化床反应器优选固定流化床反应器中进行。如果CO加氢(烃合成)催化剂和酸性催化剂负载在分开的颗粒上,则本发明尤其适合流化床反应器,因为这时不同催化剂之间不会有广泛接触故能减少碱促进剂从烃合成催化剂向酸性催化剂迁移,从而减少了与此迁移相关的有害结果。
烃合成催化剂可包括任何适当的、可用于CO加氢的碱促进的铁催化剂,但优选其包括一种费托催化剂。铁催化剂优选包括沉淀铁催化剂,但也可包括熔化铁催化剂。如果在流化床反应器中实施本方法,可以通过多种已知的方法如碾碎、喷雾干燥等来生产最终催化剂以得到具有可接受流化特性的颗粒。为了得到适于流化的粒度分布,可以用诸如筛分、旋风分级等的已知方法来对催化剂进行分级。
铁催化剂至少含有一种通常为碱金属氧化物形式的碱促进剂。碱促进剂优选包括钾或钠的氧化物。催化剂可含有多于一种的碱促进剂。碱可通过多种方法加入铁中,例如用碱浸渍铁、使铁和碱共沉淀、熔化铁和碱等。总碱金属含量(摩尔碱金属/100克铁)优选必须低于0.02,更优选低于0.01,最优选低于0.005。
铁催化剂还可含有其它促进剂。某些促进剂例如Al、Ti、Cr、Mg、Mn和Ca可作为结构促进剂加入铁催化剂中。如果是喷雾干燥的催化剂,可加入诸如氧化硅或氧化铝的粘合剂。
酸性催化剂可包括一种沸石。沸石可包括HZSM-5沸石。如果在流化床中实施本方法,可以以任何适当的已知方式制备最终酸性催化剂以得到具有可接受流化特性的颗粒。例如,酸性催化剂可以是喷雾干燥的催化剂。酸性催化剂中还可加入一种粘合剂(例如氧化硅或氧化铝)。
沸石的氧化硅/氧化铝比例可根据所需的产品系列和催化剂所需的寿命改变。
烃合成催化剂和酸性催化剂可以以多种方式进行混合。可以预见,在本发明的一个优选实施方式中,两种催化剂将负载在分开的颗粒上,并且优选应当限制含不同催化剂的颗粒之间的接触。这将减少碱促进剂向酸性催化剂的迁移。但是可以预见,也可能将两种催化剂结合成含两种催化功能的颗粒。例如,可以将两种催化剂压成片剂或进行喷雾干燥,以生产含两种催化功能的颗粒。烃合成催化剂还可负载在酸性催化剂上。可通过多种现有技术已知的方法将铁加载在酸性催化剂上,例如沉淀、浸渍、化学蒸汽沉积、离子交换等。
烃合成催化剂与酸性催化剂的比例(以质量计)优选至少为1。
H2和碳氧化物原料已知为合成原料气(或合成气),它还可包括其它组分,例如水蒸汽、Ar、CH4、轻质烃等。
H2:碳氧化物的摩尔比应尽可能低,为2或高于2。但是,它可以更高如2.2,甚至高至2.6、2.7、4.4、4.5、4.9、5.0和5.8。
本发明的烃产品可主要由支链的链烷烃和烯烃、环状的链烷烃和烯烃及芳香族构成,但产品系列中也可含有直链的链烷烃和烯烃。
本发明还涉及用基本上如上所述的方法生产的烃。
通过下面的非限制性实施例进一步说明本发明。
实施例A
催化剂
用含有低含量碱的熔化铁催化剂作为合成气(H2和碳氧化物)的转化催化剂。该催化剂的制备是通过往已氧化锈皮中加入相关促进剂,以得到前体材料的干混合物。然后在电弧炉内约1650℃温度下熔化该混合物。将已熔化的材料浇铸为坯料。冷却后,将坯料压碎、研磨,然后过筛,得到38~150微米的粒度级分。该催化剂的组成示于表1中。
表1:熔化铁催化剂的组成
组分 | 浓度 |
Fe(质量%) | 70.8 |
K(mol/100g Fe) | 0.0064 |
Na(mol/100g Fe) | 0.0113 |
SiO2(g/100g Fe) | 0.78 |
Al2O3(g/100g Fe) | 0.32 |
K和Na是其氧化物形式,即K2O和Na2O。
酸性催化剂包括由Zeolyst International提供的一种“高氧化铝含量”HZSM-5沸石(SiO2/Al2O3摩尔比为30)和一种“低氧化铝含量”HZSM-5沸石(SiO2/Al2O3摩尔比为280)。“高氧化铝含量”和“低氧化铝含量”ZSM-5沸石的Zeolyst International产品号为CBV3024E和CBV28014。沸石为粉末形式,本身用于微反应器实验的目的。沸石以铵形式(NH4ZSM-5)提供,在使用之前将其在空气中在500℃温度下煅烧16小时,将其转化成酸性形式(HZSM-5)。
反应器系统
采用Berty微反应器。Berty微反应器中的催化剂含在一个非常厚的床内。一个位于床下部的风扇使气体以高流量循环通过催化剂。因此,该反应器可以基本上认为是一个具有极高循环比的短填充床,并因此大致上象连续搅拌槽反应器(CSTR)一样地工作。由于通过催化剂的气体循环确保了在床截面上没有明显的温度或浓度分布,因此这个反应器很理想,可用于研究高度放热的高温费托反应。可以理解,Berty微反应器可以被认为是流化床反应器的一个非常好的模拟。
实施例中Berty反应器原料的主要组分是商业的合成气流。为了得到总合成气原料,将纯氢气和二氧化碳从气瓶内一起输送到富含氢气的Beryy反应器中。另外,将瓶装氩气输送给反应器,其起到内标的作用。用Brooks质量流控制器控制四种原料流的流量。总Berty原料的组成示于表2中。
表2:Berty反应器实验的原料流组成(体积%)
组分 | 体积% |
H2 | 58 |
CO | 12.5 |
CO2 | 12 |
CH4 | 5.5 |
Ar | 12 |
可以理解,由于气体在相同压力下,上述体积百分比与摩尔百分比基本上相同。
离开Betyy反应器的流出物通过一个两段式分离(knock-out)系统。在第一个罐(热分离罐)内,含蜡烃冷凝。从该罐排放(如果有排放的话)的产品量可以忽略不计。第二个罐(冷分离罐)冷凝出可冷凝烃和反应水,而未冷凝的流出物流至排放系统。产品取样点位于冷分离罐之前,以确保取出的样品是全面的产品系列。将试样装入玻璃安瓿内以用于后续GC分析。用GC-FID分析来表征烃产品系列。
反应器的装料
在实验研究开始时,在与双功能催化剂相同条件下,用5克铁催化剂(未还原重量)作为唯一催化剂进行基准高温费托操作(包括催化剂活化)。
一种情况下用5克铁催化剂(未还原重量)和5克“高氧化铝含量”HZSM-5沸石,另一种情况下用5克铁催化剂(未还原重量)和5克“低氧化铝含量”HZSM-5沸石进行根据本发明的工艺操作。两种情况下都将铁催化剂层装在沸石层的顶部,层与层之间用细线筛隔开从而防止催化剂之间的接触。可以理解,催化剂在相同的时间存在于同一反应器中。
催化剂活化和合成
沸石不需要任何附加活化。合成前,在420℃下用1000ml/min的氢气原料将铁催化剂还原16小时。然后在氩气和氢气的混合原料下使温度降至330℃。温度稳定以后,通过将全部质量流控制器设定至所需值以得到1500ml/min总流量下表2所示的总原料组成,合成开始。在还原和合成过程中,总反应器压力保持在20巴。
结果
实验结果示于表3中。该方法得到的产品含有大量组分。但是,只存在某些可以明确确定的化合物以说明根据本发明联用铁催化剂和酸性催化剂的效果。
表3:结果
实验 | 基准费托操作 | 双功能法操作 | 双功能法操作 |
催化剂 | 铁催化剂 | 铁催化剂+“高Al含量HZSM-5” | 铁催化剂+“低Al含量HZSM-5” |
在线时间(h) | 22 | 6 | 5 |
(H2+CO)转化率(mol%) | 46.3 | 28 | 42.9 |
( CO+CO2)转化率(mol%) | 39.7 | 29.6 | 37.8 |
烃产品分布(质量%) | |||
C1 | 11.6 | 16.8 | 15.4 |
C2 | 10.9 | 5.5 | 5.8 |
C3 | 16.8 | 11.8 | 8.2 |
C4 | 12.8 | 16.8 | 15.7 |
C 5+ | 47.9 | 49.1 | 54.9 |
C5~C11馏分 | 40.7 | 43.6 | 53.1 |
BTXE芳香族选择性* | 0.8 | 14.8 | 7.8 |
C6~C8馏分的芳香族含量(质量%) | 3.6 | 70.9 | 28 |
直链C5链烷烃/支链C5链烷烃(质量/质量) | 0.88 | 0.22 | 0.45 |
直链C6链烷烃/支链C6链烷烃(质量/质量) | 2.24 | 0.14 | 0.36 |
直链C5烯烃/支链C5烯烃(质量/质量) | 4.21 | 0.31 | 0.32 |
直链C6烯烃/支链C6烯烃(质量/质量) | 2.75 | 0** | 0.17 |
*表示在总烃产品系列中全部C6~C8芳香族的质量百分数 | |||
**由于产品中存在少量直链C6烯烃,这些化合物不能通过GC分析检测到 |
由结果显然可见,即使反应器的合成气原料富含氢气,而且铁催化剂的碱金属含量低,根据本发明的方法也生产出相当大量的可冷凝烃。根据本发明方法的两个实施例中,C5+的选择性为约50%。
另外很明显,往费托法中加入酸性催化剂增加了可冷凝烃的选择性。C5+的选择性明显增加,尤其是在“低氧化铝含量”HZSM-5情况下。含有大多数汽油范围产品组分的C5~C11馏分的增加甚至更加显著。
结果还表明常规费托产品主要由直链烃构成,并含有很少的芳香族和支链化合物。由于直链烃具有非常低的辛烷值,它们用作汽油组分是不理想的。通过往方法中加入酸性催化剂,产品中的芳香族含量显著增加,而且链烷烃和烯烃明显变得更加支化。这些效果在“高氧化铝含量”HZSM-5下尤为显著。
因此,所提供的实施例清楚地说明,往费托法中加入酸性催化剂不仅增加了落入汽油范围的化合物的选择性,而且生产出基本上含有更高含量的诸如芳香族、支链链烷烃和支链烯烃的高辛烷值化合物的一种改良汽油馏分。
实施例B
本附加实施例旨在说明在碱金属含量的端值(0.005~0.01mol碱金属/100g Fe)处可满足至少30质量%的C5+烃馏分的要求。还旨在说明在合成气中高的氢气与碳氧化物比例下也能满足这一要求。
催化剂
用含有不同碱含量的沉淀铁催化剂作为合成气转化催化剂。该催化剂通过反相沉淀制备。对每个制备而言,在搅拌下,将约170ml 25%氢氧化铵(NH4OH)水溶液加入400ml 1M的硝酸铁(Fe(NO3)3·9H2O)水溶液中。直到pH为7时才开始沉淀。向沉淀物中加入适当量的0.005M碳酸钾(K2CO3)或碳酸钠(Na2CO3)溶液,以得到每个催化剂中促进剂的所需浓度。沉淀物在130℃下干燥过夜,并在350℃下煅烧4小时。催化剂的组成示于表4中。
表4:沉淀铁催化剂的组成
催化剂 | Fe(质量%) | K(mol/100g Fe) | Na(mol/100g Fe) |
PS01 | 68.9 | 0.0045 | 0 |
PS02 | 68.7 | 0 | 0.0045 |
PS03 | 69.4 | 0.009 | 0 |
PS04 | 69.0 | 0 | 0.009 |
K和Na是其氧化物形式,即K2O和Na2O。
酸性催化剂含有由Zeolyst International提供的“高氧化铝含量”HZSM-5沸石(SiO2/Al2O3摩尔比为30)。该沸石的Zeolyst International产品号为CBV3024E。沸石为粉末形式,其本身可用于微反应器实验的目的。沸石以铵形式(NH4ZSM-5)提供,在使用之前将其在空气中在500℃温度下煅烧16小时,以将其转化成酸性形式(HZSM-5)。
反应器系统
反应器如实施例A所述。
反应器的原料组成与实施例A的原料组成相似(表2),但是改变了单独的气体流量以得到不同的氢气与碳氧化物比例。单独气体流量的变化也导致总气体流量的轻微变化。表5中给出了各操作的原料组成和总气体流量。
表5:不同实验操作的气体原料流量和组成
操作号 | 总气体流量(ml/min) | H2/(CO+CO2)体积比 | H2(体积% | CO体积% | CO2体积% | CH4体积% | Ar体积% |
1 | 1476 | 2.7 | 60.3 | 13.8 | 8.3 | 5.3 | 12.2 |
2 | 1381 | 4.5 | 66.3 | 14.4 | 0.3 | 5.9 | 13.1 |
3 | 1498 | 2.7 | 60.4 | 13.0 | 9.4 | 5.2 | 12.0 |
4 | 1335 | 4.5 | 66.1 | 14.2 | 0.4 | 5.8 | 13.5 |
5 | 1590 | 5.8 | 71.4 | 12.0 | 0.3 | 4.9 | 11.3 |
6 | 1486 | 2.6 | 59.5 | 13.4 | 9.7 | 5.3 | 12.1 |
7 | 1353 | 4.4 | 65.9 | 14.6 | 0.4 | 5.8 | 13.3 |
8 | 1449 | 4.9 | 68.2 | 13.6 | 0.3 | 5.5 | 12.4 |
9 | 1507 | 2.6 | 59.6 | 13.2 | 10.0 | 5.3 | 12.0 |
10 | 1365 | 4.4 | 66.1 | 14.5 | 0.4 | 5.9 | 13.2 |
11 | 1474 | 5.0 | 68.8 | 13.3 | 0.4 | 5.4 | 12.2 |
可以理解,由于H2、CO、CO2在同一压力下,则无论以体积还是以摩尔表示H2/(CO+CO2)都相同。
流出物的分离、取样和分析与实施例A中相同。
反应器的装料
反应器装料与实施例A相同。
催化剂活化和分析
活化和分析条件与实施例A相同。
结果
结果示于表6中。
表6:碱金属含量和氢气/碳氧化物比例对C5+选择性(质量%)的影响
催化剂编号 | 碱 | 碱浓度(mol/100g Fe) | 操作号 | H2/(CO+CO2)比例 | C5+选择性(质量%) |
PS01 | K | 0.0045 | 1 | 2.7 | 41 |
2 | 4.5 | 32 | |||
PS02 | Na | 0.0045 | 3 | 2.7 | 43 |
4 | 4.5 | 35 | |||
5 | 5.8 | 30 | |||
PS03 | K | 0.009 | 6 | 2.6 | 53 |
7 | 4.4 | 46 | |||
8 | 4.9 | 41 | |||
PS04 | Na | 0.009 | 9 | 2.6 | 56 |
10 | 4.4 | 49 | |||
11 | 5.0 | 45 |
显然,在碱金属金属含量为0.0045~0.009摩尔碱金属/100克铁,且氢气与碳氧化物原料比例至多为5时,能够满足大于30%的C5+选择性的要求。
Claims (10)
1.一种烃合成方法,包括将H2和至少一种碳氧化物的原料转化成烃,该烃含有以质量计至少30%的含五个或更多碳原子的烃(下文称为C5+化合物);转化在碱促进的铁烃合成催化剂和用于转化烃的酸性催化剂存在下进行;而且,该方法的特征在于,在转化过程中形成的反应混合物含有少于0.02摩尔碱金属/100克铁,且H2和碳氧化物原料中的H2:碳氧化物的摩尔比至少为2。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所合成的烃含有以质量计至少40%的C5+化合物。
3.根据权利要求1或2的方法,其中烃合成方法包括高温费托反应。
4.根据权利要求1的方法,其中合成气中的至少一种碳氧化物包括CO。
5.根据权利要求3的方法,其中碱促进的铁烃合成催化剂包括费托催化剂。
6.根据权利要求5的方法,其中促进剂包括钾或钠的氧化物。
7.根据权利要求1的方法,其中酸性催化剂包括沸石。
8.根据权利要求7的方法,其中沸石包括HZSM-5沸石。
9.根据权利要求1的方法,其中烃合成催化剂和酸性催化剂负载在单独的颗粒上。
10.一种烃合成方法的用途,该烃合成方法包括将H2和至少一种碳氧化物的原料转化成烃,该烃含有以质量计至少30%的含五个或更多碳原子的烃(下文称为C5+化合物);该方法包括在碱促进的铁烃合成催化剂和用于转化烃的酸性催化剂存在下,将H2和至少一种碳氧化物的原料转化成烃,而且该方法的特征在于,在转化过程中形成的反应混合物含有少于0.02摩尔碱金属/100克铁,且H2和碳氧化物原料中的H2:碳氧化物的摩尔比至少为2。
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CN1281711C (zh) * | 2002-04-16 | 2006-10-25 | Sasol技术股份有限公司 | 采用烃合成催化剂和酸性催化剂的烃合成方法 |
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CN101631740A (zh) | 2007-11-20 | 2010-01-20 | 国际壳牌研究有限公司 | 用于生产纯化的合成气物流的方法 |
WO2009130292A2 (en) * | 2008-04-24 | 2009-10-29 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Process to prepare an olefin-containing product or a gasoline product |
US7825164B1 (en) | 2009-11-18 | 2010-11-02 | Chevron U.S.A. Inc. | Process of synthesis gas conversion to liquid fuels using mixture of synthesis gas conversion catalyst and dual functionality catalyst |
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