CN1274296C - 由难溶化合物制备水分散性干粉的方法 - Google Patents
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- CN1274296C CN1274296C CNB038034581A CN03803458A CN1274296C CN 1274296 C CN1274296 C CN 1274296C CN B038034581 A CNB038034581 A CN B038034581A CN 03803458 A CN03803458 A CN 03803458A CN 1274296 C CN1274296 C CN 1274296C
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- A61K9/146—Intimate drug-carrier mixtures characterised by the carrier, e.g. ordered mixtures, adsorbates, solid solutions, eutectica, co-dried, co-solubilised, co-kneaded, co-milled, co-ground products, co-precipitates, co-evaporates, co-extrudates, co-melts; Drug nanoparticles with adsorbed surface modifiers with organic macromolecular compounds
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- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种由难溶于水的化合物制备水分散性干粉的方法,其中制备含有在分散剂中以微分散形式存在的难溶于水的化合物的分散体、通过切向过滤方式浓缩所述难溶于水的化合物的分散体、和除去残留分散剂。本发明还涉及基于这些水分散性干粉的制剂。
Description
本发明涉及一种制备难溶于水或不溶于水的化合物的水分散性干粉的方法,并涉及基于这种水分散性干粉的制剂。
许多化合物是难溶于水或不溶于水的,然而这些化合物应当在水介质中使用。其实例是某些活性药物成份、食品添加剂和化妆品成分。因而必须寻找能将这些化合物充分溶解于水体系中的方法,这是因为否则会大大损害它们的效力。难溶于水的活性药物成分在口服后不能被胃肠道充分吸收,而对于着色剂(例如用于为人类食品和动物饲料着色的类胡罗卜素)来说,仅能获得低着色率。已经知道多种可行的方法用以改进这些化合物在水介质中的溶解效果,例如通过减小难溶物质的粒度。
为了达到尽可能接近难溶化合物的分子分散体的理想状态的特性(例如吸收或者着色特性),必须使难溶化合物尽可能细微地分散于水介质中。就这一点而言,希望粒度小于1μm。这种粒度可以通过研磨达到,并且根本没有或者仅对这些化合物造成损害。曾经对类胡罗卜素作过尝试:先用水溶性增溶剂将其溶解,然后通过用水稀释而使它们以微晶形式沉淀。然而,这种方式至今受到类胡罗卜素在这种溶剂中溶解度极低的困扰。
另一种可行的方法是添加溶解助剂。合适的溶解助剂的实例是表面活性剂、醇类、醚类、酯类等,对于药物而言特别是国际药典中记录的增溶剂。可以在很多情况下使用这些增溶剂达到胶束增溶作用,即难溶化合物被附着在表面活性剂胶束上或者被加入其中。然而,在很多情况下对于难溶的活性成分必须使用相当大量的所述增溶剂。就药物而言,这会在口服后使所述活性成分制剂具有不希望的副作用。
另一种将难溶化合物制成最有用形式的可行方法是制备有关化合物在水中的胶体溶液。在这种情况下,所述化合物被加入胶体聚集体中,这种胶体聚集体可以由水中所谓的保护胶体来制备。所述保护胶体的实例是明胶和/或酪蛋白。
Chimia 21,329(1967)、DE-AS 12 11 911和DE-OS 25 34 091公开的方法中将活性成分溶解在不能与水混溶的溶剂(优选氯代烃)中,通过明胶/糖溶液中的均化作用而使该溶液乳化,并最后将所述溶剂从该乳液中脱除,从而以微晶形式释放出活性成分。可以通过从所得悬浮液中除去水而获得微细粉末。然而,氯代烃的使用是本方法的重大缺点。
制备具有精细分散的活性成分的制品的其他方法是将活性成分施加在载体材料如淀粉、果胶或干奶粉上,在这种情况中例如将活性成分在油(根据DE-PS 642 307)或氯仿(根据DE-PS 361 637和CH-PS 304 023)中的溶液喷涂在载体材料上。然而,所得制品不能均匀地分散于水介质中,并且其储存稳定性不够。
Chimia 21,329(1967)、FR-PS 1 056 114和US-PS 2,650,895公开了其中呈油性溶液形式的活性成分被加入胶体例如明胶中呈类似乳液状的方法。然而,由于所述活性成分在油中的溶解度低,因而由此制备的制品中活性成分的浓度低。
此外还知道很多方法,在这些方法中首先制备难溶物质在水介质中的细颗粒分散体。然后通过除去介质而将该分散体转化成这些物质的细颗粒干粉,参见WO 94/01090、WO 93/10768、EP 239949、EP 425892、DE 3742 473等。相应地,EP 0 065 193 A2还公开了一种制备粉状类胡罗卜素和类维生素A制品的方法,其中在升高的温度下将难溶化合物迅速溶解于与水混溶的挥发性有机溶剂中,通过迅速与溶胀性胶体的水溶液混合而使难溶化合物立即以胶体形式从所得的分子溶液中沉淀出来,所得分散体中不含所述溶剂和分散介质。
DE 37 02 030 A1公开了制备粉状的水分散性类胡罗卜素制剂的方法,其中将类胡罗卜素溶解于食用油中,并且油性溶液以小滴的形式存在。对于这种情况,在升高的温度下迅速将类胡罗卜素连同重量为类胡罗卜素1.5~20倍的食用油和乳化剂溶解于与水混溶的挥发性有机溶剂中,然后通过立即与保护胶体的水溶液混合而由所得分子溶液形成其中溶有类胡罗卜素的油以微分散相形式存在的两相混合物。除去溶剂和水之后得到的粉状类胡罗卜制剂包含溶解于食用油中的类胡罗卜素,并且油性溶液以小滴的形式分散在粉状保护胶体基质中。
其它例如EP 0 065 193 A2和DE 37 02 030 A1公开的方法得到了再分散性干粉,但是这些方法还是具有一些缺点。形成的胶体溶液非常稀,即在这些胶体溶液中固体浓度通常为0.5重量%至最大3重量%。这意味着为了制备药用粉末或其它制品(如食品着色剂)的粉末,必须除去大量溶剂,尤其是水。最适合制备所述粉末的干燥方法是喷雾干燥,其可以很好地以实验室规模实现。但是没有任何甚至接近经济的制备方法能够以工业规模进行。为了制备仅仅100kg的喷雾干燥粉末,对于总固体含量为3重量%的胶体溶液而言必须喷雾干燥超过3000升的胶体溶液。
另一缺点是胶体溶液中存在的颗粒易于在所述溶液的储存过程中聚集,导致颗粒尺寸增加,最终形成沉淀。这意味着胶体溶液必须迅速干燥而不经过中间存储过程。然而,其中当制备后立即直接干燥固含量为1~3重量%的胶体溶液的在线变换方案要求在优选方法中的喷涂干燥具有很大的不经济的喷雾能力。
另一缺点是常用的保护胶体是天然物质或天然物质的衍生物,例如酪蛋白或明胶,这些物质的水溶液会迅速受到微生物攻击。因此不能长期储存难溶化合物的胶体溶液,除如果合适的话在费力地除去微生物和/或添加防腐剂以减少微生物的情况以外。
已经表现出的是用于提高分散体中固体含量的常规方法存在缺点。例如离心方法的缺点是本发明的低颗粒浓度和小颗粒尺寸需要的处理时间长、离心力大。
由于本发明中难溶化合物存在于胶体分散体中,这样在处理过程中过滤层会逐渐被已经滤出的胶体物质覆盖,从而导致过滤器缓慢阻塞,因此不能使用常规的(透过)过滤(diafiltration)。另外,非常高的颗粒浓度会导致胶体层沉积在过滤表面上,这会明显有助于不希望且不可逆的颗粒聚集。
通过蒸馏除去液体介质以提高固体含量也被证实是不利的,一方面由于它是必须在升高的温度和/或减压下进行的耗能方法,另一方面由于分散的难溶化合物会受到热应力的损害。此外,基于蒸发液体的所有方法的重要缺点是在这种情况下仅有液体本身而不是溶解于其中的物质被除去。因此少量的不可避免的杂质会高度富集在最终制品中。对于分散体中固体含量为1%的情况来说,在喷雾干燥的最终制品中所述杂质会浓缩至100倍。如果分散体中含有不同的分散剂或溶剂,那么当蒸发时会出现不同速度的蒸馏,从而同时导致分散剂/溶剂组成发生变化,这对难溶化合物的胶体分散体的稳定性来说是不利的。
WO 96/35414在实施例中描述了采用错流过滤制备难溶活性成分的纳米级颗粒的方法。然而,这种过滤方法不是用来浓缩分散体,而是用来纯化分散体的,并且其量显著增加。
已提到的问题清楚地表明尽管用已公开的方法得到的所述制剂具有优点,但是不可能以工业规模经济地制备难溶化合物的水分散性干粉。
本发明的目的在于提供一种制备难溶化合物的水分散性干粉的方法,其可以避免已有技术的缺点。
应当尤其能够控制该方法使得难溶化合物的不稳定或易受损坏的溶液或分散体避免长期储存。
该方法还可以允许经济地制备水分散性干粉。
我们已惊奇地发现,切向过滤或错流过滤特别适合于浓缩含有胶体形式的难溶化合物的分散体,并且同时满足必要条件:经济、处理时间短、可避免微生物攻击并防止聚集。用该方法可以避免蒸馏方法的所有缺点及透滤方法的主要缺点。
因此本发明涉及一种制备难溶于水的化合物的水分散性干粉的方法,其包括以下步骤:
a)制备含有在分散剂中以微分散形式存在的难溶化合物的分散体
b)通过切向过滤方式浓缩所述难溶化合物的分散体至固体含量的10~40倍,从而得到浓缩的分散体和
c)除去残留分散剂。
本发明还涉及基于难溶化合物的水分散性干粉的制剂,其中水分散性干粉可以通过本发明的方法制备。
在除去分散剂之前浓缩分散体会导致分散剂的量减少,而除去分散剂必须消耗时间和能量。这样可以缩短用于除去分散剂的时间,从而所得的分散体可以立即干燥,而不必进行中间存储过程,并且不需要使用不经济的大尺寸干燥设备。
本发明方法的步骤a),即制备含有在分散剂中以微分散形式存在的难溶化合物的分散体,原则上讲可以以任何方式进行。已经介绍了用于制备这类分散体的许多方法,参见开头引用的已有技术。然而,优选通过被称为混合室微粉化(mixing chamber micronization)的方法制备这种分散体,其中混合室微粉法例如在EP 0 065 193 A2或DE 37 02 030 A1中已有描述。这些申请中公开的内容通过引用并入本发明,特别是涉及工艺管理和涉及所用溶剂或分散剂、保护胶体以及其他添加剂、以及涉及所用化合物彼此间浓度和比例的内容。因此,优选根据本发明通过以下方法来制备含有微分散形式的难溶化合物的分散体:于50~200℃下、如果合适的话在升高的压力下、在少于10秒钟内将难溶化合物溶解于挥发性的与水混溶的有机溶剂中,并在0~50℃下通过迅速与溶胀性胶体的水溶液混合而立即使胶体形式的难溶化合物从所得的分子溶液中沉淀出来。因此,对于这种情况,难溶化合物以微分散颗粒的形式存在于由与水混溶的挥发性有机溶剂和水组成的分散剂中。
作为选择,优选通过以下方法来制备含有微分散形式的难溶化合物的分散体:于50~240℃下、如果合适的话在升高的压力下将难溶化合物连同重量为难溶化合物1.5~20倍的食用油以及乳化剂迅速溶解于挥发性的与水混溶的有机溶剂中,并在0~50℃下通过立即与保护胶体的水溶液混合而将所得分子溶液中的亲水性溶剂组分转移至水相中,其中导致含有溶解的难溶化合物的疏水性油相作为微分散相。因此,对于这种情况,所述分散体是具有油颗粒作为微分散颗粒的两相混合物。所述难溶化合物以油颗粒的形式存在于溶液中。所述分散剂由与水混溶的挥发性有机溶剂和水组成。
优选的与水混溶的挥发性溶剂是醇类、酯类、缩醛类和醚类,特别是丙酮、1,2-丁二醇1-甲基醚、1,2-丙二醇1-正丙基醚、乙醇、正丙醇、异丙醇及其混合物。
合适的保护胶体是任何被证实用于此目的保护胶体,例如明胶、淀粉、葡聚糖、胶质、阿拉伯胶、酪蛋白、酪蛋白酸盐、全脂奶、脱脂奶、奶粉或其混合物。聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素和藻酸盐类也是优选的胶体。
此外还可以向胶体中加入增塑剂(例如糖或糖醇)来提高最终制品的机械稳定性。此外可以根据需要加入防腐剂和/或氧化稳定剂。合适的化合物是在各个情况中如上文提及的专利申请提到的物质。合适的食用油特别是在20~40℃下为液体的油类。实例是植物油,例如玉米油、椰子油、麻油、花生油、豆油或棉籽油。其它合适的油或脂肪是猪油、牛脂和乳脂。食用油的用量通常为难溶化合物重量的1.5~20倍,优选3~8倍,如果制备的是干粉,那么难溶化合物的制剂中总的油含量不应当超过60重量%。
在EP 065 193 A2和DE 37 02 030 A1中同样描述了制备该分散体的合适的设备。
步骤a)中分散体的颗粒通常具有的尺寸为0.01~100μm,特别为0.02~10μm。特别优选的分散体是其中分散颗粒的平均粒度为0.01~5μm,优选为0.05~0.8μm的那些。这些分散体可以按照例如EP 065 193、EP 239949、EP 425 892或DE 37 02 030所述的方式获得。如果这种难溶化合物呈胶体形式,那么分散颗粒通常比所述难溶化合物溶解于分散油滴中时的小。然而,本发明的方法并不限于具有这类粒度的化合物。
含有胶体形式的难溶化合物的分散体仅可以以低固体含量制得。如果没有对分散体进行浓缩,那么难溶化合物的含量通常为1~3重量%。然而,本发明并不限于具有这类固体含量的分散体,但是当固体含量较高时本发明具有优势,当然首先是固体含量低于1重量%时具有优势。
难溶于水的化合物优选是水中溶解度(25℃)≤10克/升、特别≤5克/升、特别优选≤1克/升的那些。
难溶于水的化合物可以是有机或无机化合物。优选的是制药、饮食、化妆和杀虫用的活性成分,不过对其化学类型没有任何限制。活性药物成份包括荷尔蒙、维生素、维生素原、酶、植物药物及植物提取物。优选的活性成分类型和活性成分是:
-止痛剂/抗风湿药,
可待因、双氯酚酸、芬太尼、氢吗啡酮、布洛芬、吲哚美辛、左旋美沙酮、吗啡、萘普生、氰苯双哌酰胺、吡罗昔康、曲马多
-抗过敏药,
阿司咪唑、吡啶茚胺、多西拉敏、氯雷他定、美可洛嗪、非尼拉敏、特非那定
-抗生素/化学治疗剂,
红霉素、新霉素、夫西地酸、利福平、四环素、氨苯硫脲、短杆菌素
-抗癫痫药,
卡马西平、氯硝西泮、甲琥胺、苯妥英、丙戊酸
-抗真菌药,
克霉唑、氟康唑、伊曲康唑
-钙通道阻滞剂,
大洛地平、伊拉地平
-类皮质激素,
醛固酮、倍他米松、布地缩松、地塞米松、氟可龙、氟氢可的松、羟基可的松(hydroxycortisone)、甲基泼尼松龙、泼尼松龙
-催眠药/镇静剂,
苯并二氮类、环巴比妥、甲喹酮、苯巴比妥
-免疫抑制剂,
硫唑嘌呤、环孢素
-局部麻醉剂,
苯佐卡因、布坦卡因、依替卡因、利多卡因、丁氧普鲁卡因、丁卡因
-抗偏头痛药,如氢化麦角胺、麦角胺、麦角乙脲、美西麦角
-麻醉剂,
氟哌利多、依托咪酯、芬太尼、氯胺酮、甲乙炔巴比妥、异丙酚、硫喷妥
-眼部用药,
乙酰唑胺、倍他洛尔、氢甲苯心安、卡巴胆碱、卡替洛尔、环峻、环喷托脂、双氯非那胺、乙去氧尿啶、后马脱品、左布诺洛尔、福来君、吲哚洛尔、噻马洛尔、托吡卡胺
-植物类药,
金丝桃素、荨麻科植物的叶子(urtica folia)、朝鲜蓟(artichoke)、牡荆、美升麻、鬼爪(devil’s claw)、金雀花、薄荷油、桉树、白屈菜、常春藤、醉椒根(kava-kava)、松果菊、缬草、矮棕榈、奶蓟草、银杏、库拉索芦荟(Aloe barbadensis)、大蒜、人参、锯齿棕、白毛茛(HydrastisCanadensis)、蔓越桔(Vaccinium macrocarpon)或者这些物质的混合物
-蛋白酶抑制剂,
沙奎那韦、吲哚纳韦、利托那韦、奈非那韦、帕利那韦、替普那韦或者这些蛋白酶抑制剂的组合物
-性激素及其拮抗剂
同化激素类药(anabolica)、雄激素、抗雄激素、雄二醇、黄体酮(progestins)、黄体酮(progesterone)、雌激素、抗雌激素(如他莫替芬)
-维生素、维生素原、抗氧剂,例如类胡罗卜素或类胡罗卜素族如β-胡罗卜素、角黄素、虾青素、番茄烃或硫辛酸、维生素A、维生素Q
-细胞抑制剂/抗转移药
如白消安、卡莫司汀、苯丁酸氮芥、环磷酰胺、达卡巴嗪、放线菌素D、雌莫司汀、依托泊苷、氟尿嘧啶、异环磷酰胺、甲氨蝶呤、紫杉醇、长春碱、长春新碱、长春地辛。
根据本发明通过切向过滤法(步骤b))对步骤a)中得到的分散体进行浓缩,浓缩后固体含量优选为1~20重量%。切向过滤法是本身已知的筛滤法,并且其与透滤法相比不会迫使待过滤介质直接达到过滤层上以形成滤饼,而是使其保持连续运动。由于待过滤介质的连续运动,故还使用术语“动态过滤”。由于过滤介质(即过滤表面)被连续地冲洗干净,因此可以抑制滤饼的形成或者至少大大地延迟滤饼的形成。待过滤介质的运动可以通过用泵使该介质连续循环而达到,或者使用经过设计的过滤器使得待过滤介质可以连续地流经该过滤器,并在其通过该过滤器的过程中完全或充分地除去液体介质。
过滤过程在膜上进行,所述膜的孔尺寸根据待除去颗粒的粒度而选择。当待除去颗粒的粒度为约0.01~0.1μm时,所用术语为超滤;当待除去颗粒的粒度为约0.1~10μm时,所用术语为微滤。因此这种方法非常适合保留胶体颗粒,即用于浓缩胶体分散体。
由于机械方面的原因,微滤膜和超滤膜通常被施加于作为支撑体的单层或多层结构上,所述支撑体由相同或不同材料制成。分离层可以由有机聚合物、陶瓷、金属或碳组成。所述膜在实践中被归入所谓的膜组件中。适于这一点的组件几何结构是在过滤的温度和压力条件下能够保持机械稳定的那些。合适的实例是平面、管状、多通道组件、毛细管状或卷绕的几何结构。
为了提高过滤效率,切向过滤通常以压力过滤方式进行,压力通常为0.2~1MPa。流速通常为约2~4m/s,透过速率依孔尺寸和过滤压力而定可达每平方米过滤膜每小时3000升。
步骤b)中的浓缩代表了整个过程中的步骤,因而希望所需的处理时间可以重复并容易预测。由于滤饼的形成和过滤孔阻塞导致过滤速率或多或少地降低,因而常规过滤方法是无法估计的。对比切向过滤法,在处理过程中通过膜分离的液体量基本保持恒定,并且同样可以阻碍过滤孔的阻塞。另一优点在于该过程可以在非常温和的条件下进行,从而阻碍可能的颗粒生长。此外还可以在封闭体系和如果需要甚至在无微生物条件下进行,这对于易受微生物攻击的保护胶体而言是希望达到的。
已经表明特别适于本发明中浓缩胶体分散体的膜是由聚醚砜或再生纤维素制备的,该膜可以例如从Millipore以BIOMAX(聚醚砜)和ULTRACEL获得。然而,同样可以使用来自其它制造商的膜和由其它材料制得的膜,例如通常用于超滤的那些膜。可以获得多种过滤孔尺寸的过滤膜。因此在本发明方法中适用于浓缩的过滤膜尤其是分子量的排除极限高于约MW100000的那些膜,即高于此分子量的颗粒会被膜截住并保留在浓缩的胶体分散体(即截留物)中。优选的是MW排除极限为500000~1000000的膜。
由于市场上可获得大量不同的过滤膜,从而实际上可以获得任何所需过滤孔尺寸和任何所需过滤材料的过滤膜,因此可以根据每种情况中待浓缩的胶体溶液来调节切向过滤。过滤膜已经标准化并可以以稳定的品质获得该膜。这些膜可以以即用型过滤装置市售获得,即过滤膜被加入到金属或塑料托架中,该托架同时具有待浓缩胶体溶液用的连接装置和滤出液体(滤液)用的出口。可以市售获得从实验室规模到工业规模的相应的成套设备以适于各项任务。
本发明的特殊实施方案是将通过切向过滤法浓缩胶体分散体与胶体颗粒的可逆增大过程结合起来。待除去组分与待保留颗粒间的分子量差别较大意味着它们可以相互分离且出现的问题较少。因此对于以胶体形式存在的难溶化合物而言,在切向过滤之前将其可逆地与形成较大聚集体结合起来是有利的。因而可以选择孔径较大的过滤膜,从而显著提高过滤速率。
可以采用多种方法来实现胶体颗粒的可逆聚集,例如通过加入无机和/或有机盐(“盐析”)、通过升高或降低温度、或者通过改变胶体分散体的pH值。也可以采用这些方法的组合。
这样可以通过初始胶体颗粒(优选尺寸为50~800nm)的可逆聚集来形成尺寸为微米级到毫米级的聚集体。因此显示出高过滤速率的具有非常大孔的膜足以用于浓缩过程。
聚集必须是可逆的,即聚集前胶体分散体中难溶化合物的初始粒度分布必须可以恢复。在个别情况中可以通过前述方法中的常规实验来实现。当使用离子型保护胶体(例如酪蛋白)时,合适的方法是改变pH值。这种阴离子型保护胶体仅在中性或弱碱性pH值下是可溶或胶体可溶的。在酸性pH环境中会使酪蛋白的羧基官能质子化,从而导致沉淀/絮凝。该过程可以通过提高pH值来逆转。因此用酪蛋白作为保护胶体制备的难溶化合物的制剂可以通过降低pH值而使其轻易地沉淀出来,并可在这种状态下非常充分地(即迅速地)浓缩。当除去所需量的溶剂后,可以再次提高pH值,从而可再次获得初始的胶体分散体。
对于非离子型保护胶体来说,优选用于可逆聚集的其它方法有,例如加入浓缩的盐溶液,或加入水溶性的盐本身。
本领域中已知用于聚集胶体分散体的方法,并只需要在个别情况中检查它们的可逆性。可以在聚集的颗粒重新分散后干燥所述分散体。
在本发明的方法中可以通过根据单位时间内制备的胶体分散体的量来调整切向过滤装置的通过量,以避免在干燥前长期放置胶体分散体。可以不经过中间储存过程而直接对所得量的胶体分散体进行浓缩,并可以不经过另外的中间储存过程而将其供入干燥工艺。当浓缩后或者甚至浓缩前分散体的存储稳定性不够时,这一点是特别有利的。
本发明的方法可以以间歇式、半连续式或者连续式的方式实现。因而可能的方式是这样一种方式:其中制备一批起始分散体,制备后直接对该批料进行浓缩,在达到所需浓度后立即除去该浓缩批料的分散剂,即本发明方法中的单个步骤可以间歇地进行。作为选择,各个步骤本身也可以连续地进行,即例如起始分散体可以连续或间歇地制备,并连续地将其供入切向过滤装置,在达到所需浓度后将其供入干燥设备。优选用于该目的切向过滤装置的设计应当使得流经过滤装置一次时就能达到所需浓度。
干粉可以由浓缩分散体通过常规的方法(例如DE-OS 25 34 091中公开的方法)通过喷雾干燥、移走颗粒或在流化床中干燥而制备。优选的干燥方法是喷雾干燥。可以在没有另外的预处理(例如通过蒸馏法脱除溶剂,即所有仍旧存在的分散剂在喷雾塔中被脱除)情况下对浓缩分散体进行喷雾干燥。水分散型干粉通常在喷雾塔底部产生干燥的自由流动形式。如果合适的话,可以有利地在流化床中对经喷雾干燥而仅仅部分干燥的粉末进行彻底干燥。
下面通过实施例对本发明做更详细的描述,但这些实施例被认为是说明性而非限定性的。
实施例1:
制备含有35.7重量%辅酶Q10和64.3重量%酪蛋白的水分散性干粉。
首先,通过如EP-0 065 193 A2所述的混合室微粉化制备具有所述成分的胶体水溶液。该胶体溶液(在浓缩之前)含有0.6质量%辅酶Q10活性成分,并具有重心在约200nm处的粒度分布,所有颗粒均小于1μm。在溶液储存24小时后该分布仍然没有改变,即该溶液相对而言是储存稳定的。
通过切向过滤法浓缩所述胶体溶液,条件如下:
初始条件 | |
初始体积 | 约2.5升 |
温度 | 室温 |
工艺条件 | |
膜:Ultracel(Millipore GmbH,Eschborn)100kD V筛网,面积 | 0.1m2 |
进料压力: | 0.6bar |
截留物压力: | 0.2bar |
穿过通道的压力降(dP)(错流的函数): | 0.4bar |
穿膜压力(TMP): | 0.4bar |
错流: | 14l/min/m2 |
T0时的初始流速: | 34l/min/m2 |
T终点时的最终流速: | 8l/min/m2 |
整个过程的平均流速: | 16l/min/m2 |
总浓缩时间(T0->T终点): | 125min |
在浓缩过程中dP和TMP保持恒定。 | |
温度: | 室温 |
洗出液中活性成分的浓度:<0.07%(m/m)这说明仅有极少量的活性成分从胶体溶液中通过膜除去。 |
浓缩物的特性: | |
最终体积 | 约0.25升 |
温度 | 室温 |
活性成分浓度 | 7.1%(m/m) |
浓缩系数 | 约12 |
所用过滤膜易于清洗。室温下用0.1N NaOH洗涤(约10分钟)可以完全恢复到最初状态(初始NWP的92.7%=标准化的水渗透性)。这说明少量或没有制品透过该膜,并且仅有较少量的制品能被吸附于膜上。
因而配方A可以于温和的条件下在相对短的处理时间内浓缩至12倍,而且在此期间不必接收制品的大量损失。
实施例2:
制备具有以下组成的水分散性干粉:
成分 | 质量[%(W/W)] |
β-胡罗卜素 | 11.0 |
维生素C棕榈酸酯 | 1.0 |
α-维生素E | 2.0 |
明胶B100 | 5.0 |
Gelitasol P(凝胶的水解产物) | 25.0 |
乳糖 | 52.0 |
水(残余湿分) | 4.0 |
按照与实施例1类似的方法制备含有上述成分的胶体水分散体。β-胡罗卜素活性成分的含量(浓缩前)为1.1质量%。粒度分布呈双峰。一些颗粒的直径小于1μm,该情况中粒度分布的重心在约200nm处。另一个粒度分布的重心在约16μm处,并且粒径小于20μm。当溶液储存24小时后,该分布仍然保持不变,即该溶液相对而言是储存稳定的。
通过切向流动过滤的浓缩条件:
初始条件: | |
初始体积: | 约5.0升 |
温度: | 室温 |
过程条件 | |
膜:Ultracel(Millipore GmbH,Eschborn)100kD V筛网,面积: | 0.1m2 |
进料压力: | 0.6bar |
截留物压力: | 0.1bar |
穿过通道的压力降(dP)(错流的函数): | 0.5bar |
穿膜压力(TMP): | 0.35bar |
错流: | 16l/min/m2 |
T0时的初始流速: | 97l/min/m2 |
T终点时的最终流速: | 30l/min/m2 |
整个过程的平均流速: | 77l/min/m2 |
总浓缩时间(T0->T终点): | 34min |
在浓缩过程中dP和TMP保持恒定。 | |
温度: | 室温 |
洗出液中活性成分的浓度:<0.001%(m/m)这说明仅有极少量的活性成分从胶体溶液中通过膜除去。 |
浓缩物的特性: | |
最终体积: | 约0.25升 |
温度: | 室温 |
活性成分浓度: | 21.3%(m/m) |
浓缩系数: | 约20 |
粒度分布:
与浓缩过程前的状态相比,浓缩后没有观察到粒度分布发生变化。
因而该分散体可以于温和的条件下在非常短的处理时间内浓缩至20倍,而且在此期间不必接收制品的大量损失。可以在3小时内由200升初始溶液制备10升浓缩物。1m2的过滤膜就可满足这种需求。所用的膜易于清洗:仅用水在室温下洗涤(10分钟左右)就可以完全恢复到初始状态(初始NWP的93.7%=标准化的水渗透性)。这说明少量或没有制品透过该膜,并且仅有很少的制品能被吸附于膜上。
实施例4:
按照与实施例1类似的方法用保护胶体酪蛋白(65重量%)和活性成分辅酶Q10(35重量%)来制备固体含量为0.5重量%的含有活性成份的微黄色胶体溶液。然后通过逐步加入盐酸(2mol/l)而将该溶液酸化至pH=1,从而使得胶体溶液中的固体完全絮凝。通过真空过滤(纸质过滤膜或玻璃滤片)将该沉淀物滤出;滤出物为无色。于室温下将除去的沉淀物在搅拌条件下以0.5%总固体含量的浓度再次分散到稀释的氢氧化钠溶液中(0.1mol/L),从而再次得到微黄色的胶体溶液。然后可以用少量的盐酸在不产生絮凝的情况下将该碱性胶体溶液调节至pH为7。
用Malvern Mastersizer粒度测试仪测试得到的胶体溶液的粒度分布。在用HCl酸化前初始溶液的平均粒度为0.2μm(90%低于0.4μm);没有检测到超过1μm的颗粒。用HCl处理并再次分散在稀释的NaOH中形成的沉淀物的平均粒度分布为0.3μm(90%低于0.5μm),仅有1.5%的颗粒超过1μm。
Claims (11)
1、一种制备在水中溶解度≤10克/升的难溶于水的化合物的水分散性干粉的方法,其包括以下步骤:
a)制备含有在分散剂中以微分散形式存在的0.5~3重量%所述难溶化合物以及保护胶体的分散体,
b)通过切向过滤方式浓缩所述难溶化合物的分散体至固体含量的10~40倍,从而得到浓缩的分散体和
c)从浓缩的分散体中除去残留分散剂。
2、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中使用由水和与水混溶的挥发性有机溶剂组成的分散剂。
3、根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中制备分散颗粒的粒度为0.01~5μm的分散体系。
4、根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中制备分散颗粒的粒度为0.05~0.8μm的分散体系。
5、根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中在切向过滤中使用由聚醚砜或再生纤维素制备的过滤膜。
6、根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中在切向过滤中使用分子量排除极限高于100000的过滤膜。
7、根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中在切向过滤中使用分子量排除极限为500000~1000000的过滤膜。
8、根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中通过喷雾干燥除去所述分散剂。
9、根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述分散体的制备、所述分散体的浓缩及所述分散剂的除去以连续的方式进行。
10、根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中存在于所述分散体系中的微分散颗粒在浓缩之前可逆地聚集,并在浓缩之后微分散。
11、根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中通过如下方式使所述分散颗粒聚集:
-加入无机和/或有机盐,和/或
-改变分散体的温度,和/或
-改变分散体的pH值。
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DE19925184A1 (de) * | 1999-05-26 | 2000-11-30 | Schering Ag | Kontinuierliches Verfahren zur Herstellung von morphologisch einheitlichen Mikro- und Nanopartikeln mittels Mikromischer sowie nach diesem Verfahren hergestellte Partikel |
JP2001334132A (ja) * | 2000-05-30 | 2001-12-04 | Sumitomo Chem Co Ltd | 噴霧乾燥方法及び噴霧乾燥装置 |
EP1306127B2 (en) * | 2001-10-26 | 2011-09-07 | OctoPlus PolyActive Sciences B.V. | Method for the preparation of purified microparticles |
-
2002
- 2002-02-08 DE DE10205362A patent/DE10205362A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2003
- 2003-02-07 CN CNB038034581A patent/CN1274296C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-02-07 WO PCT/EP2003/001244 patent/WO2003066019A2/de active IP Right Grant
- 2003-02-07 AU AU2003218647A patent/AU2003218647A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-02-07 EP EP03711876A patent/EP1471883B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-02-07 CA CA002473720A patent/CA2473720A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-02-07 AT AT03711876T patent/ATE312596T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-02-07 US US10/501,875 patent/US20060269610A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-02-07 DE DE50301918T patent/DE50301918D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-02-07 JP JP2003565444A patent/JP4623968B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-02-07 ES ES03711876T patent/ES2254914T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN108463120A (zh) * | 2016-02-03 | 2018-08-28 | 弗门尼舍有限公司 | 酰胺化合物的溶液和分散液 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2003066019A2 (de) | 2003-08-14 |
EP1471883B1 (de) | 2005-12-14 |
AU2003218647A8 (en) | 2003-09-02 |
CA2473720A1 (en) | 2003-08-14 |
AU2003218647A1 (en) | 2003-09-02 |
DE50301918D1 (de) | 2006-01-19 |
JP2005524635A (ja) | 2005-08-18 |
DE10205362A1 (de) | 2003-08-21 |
US20060269610A1 (en) | 2006-11-30 |
CN1627936A (zh) | 2005-06-15 |
JP4623968B2 (ja) | 2011-02-02 |
ATE312596T1 (de) | 2005-12-15 |
EP1471883A2 (de) | 2004-11-03 |
WO2003066019A3 (de) | 2004-03-11 |
ES2254914T3 (es) | 2006-06-16 |
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