CN1218398A - 普鲁泊福微滴制剂 - Google Patents
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Abstract
无脂肪和甘油三酯的磷脂包衣普鲁泊福微滴制剂提供了延长时间周期而无脂肪超载的长效镇静剂。由于不会使细菌生长的养分,因此这些微滴制剂是抑菌剂和杀菌剂(例如自身灭菌),从而延长了保存期限。
Description
本发明涉及静脉麻醉剂普鲁泊福药物制剂。
本发明背景
本发明提供了基本上完全无脂肪或甘油三酯的磷脂包衣微滴形式的静脉麻醉药物普鲁泊福(2,6-二异丙基苯酚)的制剂。在脂肪(甘油三酯)超载是目前重要临床因素之时,该制剂为镇静剂的长期使用提供了有利条件。本发明制剂还被证明是抑菌剂和杀菌剂。
普鲁泊福是疏水油,即水不溶的油。已将其掺入植物油乳剂中以克服其低水溶性问题并能够使其用作静脉麻醉剂。临床可用产品(PDR,1995)是无菌、无热源乳剂,该乳剂是由1.2%(W/V)卵磷脂(Diprivan)稳定的含有1%(W/V)普鲁泊福的白色的10%(W/V)大豆油在水中的乳剂。普鲁泊福的无菌药物组合物和它们在诱导麻醉中的用途均由Glen和James描述于美国专利U.S 4,056,635;4,452,817和4,798,846中。普鲁泊福/大豆油乳剂已广泛用于诱导和/或维持麻醉、维持监测麻醉护理以及在重症监护病房(ICU)中用于镇静。它产生快速起效的麻醉,在短期内便可恢复。
有两个问题与在1%普鲁泊福/10%大豆油乳剂中使用植物油有关:(1)经过长期ICU镇静的病人患高脂质血症,和(2)由于高脂含量和缺乏抗菌防腐剂产生细菌污染的危险。
本发明提供了磷脂包衣的普鲁泊福微滴制剂(MD-普鲁泊福),该制剂能在没有大豆油或其它脂肪或甘油三酯的情况下比当前临床有效产品以更高的净载重量(重量/体积)传递普鲁泊福。
静脉施用的没有使用大豆油、脂肪或甘油三酯的普鲁泊福制剂是本发明的重要特征。Gottardis等人于1989年、De Sommer等人于1990年、Lindholm于1992年以及Eddleston和Shelly于1991年的研究已经证明当1%普鲁泊福/10%大豆油乳剂用作长期ICU镇静的唯一镇静剂时,甘油三酯超载便成为重要的问题。施用普鲁泊福/大豆油乳剂和作为其基础的Intralipid产品以完全同样的方式提高了血清中的脂。据报道,在ICU的镇静中,如果将普鲁泊福/大豆油乳剂与Ⅳ高营养物一起给予患者,则脂超载将超过患者清除Ⅳ脂肪的能力,导致“脂肪超载综合症”。相关的高脂血症能够导致胆红素水平升高、“脂肪肝”、肝损伤和其它不良后果。还注意到在代谢酶系统改变所造成的垂危患者中,脂耐量可被减少。每单位普鲁泊福输送较少脂肪的2%普鲁泊福乳剂的试验已被报道,(Ewart等人,1992;Dewabdre等人,1994)。
静脉施用普鲁泊福制剂无细菌生长危险是本发明第二个重要特征。市售产品会生长细菌并存在细菌污染的危险,这是由于其甘油三酯的高含量和抗菌防腐剂的缺乏(Arduino等人,1991;Sosis和Braverman,1993;PDR,1995)。本发明的磷脂包衣普鲁泊福微滴无助于细菌生长,实际上,它是杀菌剂。
用稳定的单层磷脂包覆的磷脂包衣普鲁泊福的微滴是大约0.1μm直径的油状液滴药物,本人较早的美国专利U.S 4,622,219和4,725,442,即在此作为参考引入的公开内容对其进行了描述。微滴制剂已由包括甲氧氟烷、异氟醚和维他命E的许多化合物来制备,本发明提供了使普鲁泊福无脂肪施用的微滴普鲁泊福制剂。
附图简述
附图用以说明本发明。
图1是卵磷脂包衣的普鲁泊福微滴的图表代表。
图2是本发明微滴普鲁泊福与常规普鲁泊福/大豆油乳剂相比,抑制吃惊反应持续时间作为普鲁泊福剂量的函数的图表说明。
图3是本发明微滴普鲁泊福与常规普鲁泊福/大豆油乳剂相比,抑制复原反应持续时间作为普鲁泊福剂量的函数的图表说明。
图4是本发明微滴普鲁泊福与常规普鲁泊福/大豆油乳剂相比,恢复时间作为普鲁泊福剂量的函数的图表说明,和
图5是将本发明卵磷脂包衣的普鲁泊福微滴进行200倍稀释后(其中曲线A是葡萄糖/磷酸盐缓冲液的稀释液,曲线B是5%牛血清白蛋白的稀释液),通过光散射减少测定其收缩动力学的图表说明。
优选实施方案的描述
普鲁泊福微滴的包覆原料可以选自本人的美国专利US 4,725,442(在此作为参考引入)5-7栏所述的脂类,特别是在A、B和C类中所述的磷脂。此外,微滴能够在葵烷存在下由有能力形成定向单层和双层的某些单甘油酯涂铺(Benz等生物化学和生物物理学报394:323-334,1975)。有用的单甘油酯实例包括(但不局限于此)如下:
1-单棕榈酰-(rac)-甘油(单棕榈精)
1-单辛酰(rac)-甘油(单辛酸甘油酯)
1-单油酰(rac)-甘油(18∶1,顺-9)(单油精)
1-单硬脂酰(rac)-甘油(单硬脂精)
磷脂酰胆碱(卵磷脂)是最实用的例子。得自于Pfanstiehl实验室Waukegan,IL的鸡蛋磷脂P123是药用级卵磷脂,该卵磷脂含有一些磷脂酰基乙醇胺和胆固醇。此外,购自于Avanti Polar Lipids、Alabaseter、Alabama的硬脂酰基-、二肉豆蔻酰基-和二棕榈酰基-卵磷脂是药用级的,它们可以通过试验显示所得产物在温度范围内具有所需物理稳定性后使用。
普鲁泊福微滴的制备需要强烈的机械搅拌或高速剪切。实验室规模制备本发明普鲁泊福微滴的优选方法是用探针超声波发生器进行超声处理。在工业规模生产中,优选微流化(微流体Corp.,Newton,MA02164)。该方法通过液体反向喷射的碰撞产生高切力。其设备由Mayhew等在生物化学和生物物理学报775:169-174,1984中描述。另一种工业规模的处理器包括(但不局限于此)Gaulin和Rannie匀浆器(APV Gaulin/Rannie匀浆器,St,Paul,Minnesota)。
下列实施例进一步描述了本发明。在这些实施例中,将用HCl调节pH至7.0的由300mM葡萄糖、2mMNa2HPO4组成的含水葡萄糖/磷酸盐缓冲液用作微滴普鲁泊福制剂的含水赋形剂,以进行制品的稀释和进行体外试验。
通过用Beckman334梯度液相层析系统对甲醇萃取液进行HPLC分析来测定制品和体外试验中的普鲁泊福浓度,参数如下:流动相-甲醇/水65%/35%(v/v);流速-1.5mL/min;UV检测器(271nm);Whatman Partisil 50DS-3柱(25cm);注射体积-50μL。
除非另有说明,本文所述所有份数和百分率均为每单位体积的重量(w/v),其中作为分母的体积代表系统的总体积。直径的大小用毫米(nm=10-3米)、微米(μm=10-6米)、纳米(nm=10-9米)、或埃单位(=0.1nm)表示。体积用升(L)、毫升(mL=10-3L)和微升(μL=10-6L)表示。稀释液按体积计。以摄氏表示所有温度。本发明组合物可以包括:基本上由或由所述物质组成,以及方法可以包括:基本上由或由具有所述物质的所述步骤组成。
实施例1
(普鲁泊福微滴制剂)
室温下,将卵磷脂(0.328gm、Pfanstiehl实验室的鸡蛋磷脂P123Waukegan,IL)、葡萄糖/磷酸盐缓冲液(9.0mL)和2,6-二异丙基苯酚(1.0mL、普鲁泊福、97%、Aldrich Chemical Co.St.Louis,MO)置于悬浮在水浴上的玻璃试管中,通过型号为W185D的带有微头部的热系统-超声(Plainview,NY)Sonifier细胞分离器对其超声处理。因为纯油状态的普鲁泊福是刺激性的,因此在操作期间带上手套并在通风橱中进行超声。在60瓦特下,总超声分解时间为10分钟(2分钟开、2分钟关地循环进行,以使样品的受热程度最小)下进行超声。超声后,用NaOH将pH调至7.0。该步骤产生卵磷脂包衣的普鲁泊福微滴,此制剂为米色均匀悬浮液。
HPLC分析确定了样品中普鲁泊福的浓度为68mg/ml(6.8%w/v)。
用计数器型号为N4MD亚微米颗粒分析仪(Coulter Electronics,Hialeah,FL)进行粒度分析。将样品稀释到普鲁泊福饱和的葡萄糖/磷酸盐缓冲液中,以使普鲁泊福从微滴的净释放达到最小程度。分析显示平均直径为164±54(SD)nm的单峰大小分布。
也可以用Zeiss荧光显微镜以透射方式通过光显微镜检查测定样品,所观察样品是0.1-0.2μm颗粒紧密填充的悬浮液。随着用普鲁泊福饱和液的稀释,观察到普鲁泊福微滴是进行布朗运动的独立的0.1-0.2μm颗粒。
该制剂室温贮存。试验后18个月期间,制剂无任何沉淀或“乳化”,但颜色或稠度改变。重要的是,无细菌或真菌生长的征兆。
实施例2
(大鼠的全身麻醉效力)
用实施例1卵磷脂包衣的普鲁泊福制剂(MD-普鲁泊福)与商品Diprivan产品比较对实验室大鼠诱导麻醉的效力。购买Diprivan(Diprivanl%、注射液普鲁泊福10mg/ml、I.V.施用的乳剂,Stuart药品),厂商描述其为无菌、无热原乳剂,它在含水赋形剂中含有10mg/ml普鲁泊福、100mg/ml大豆油、12mg/ml卵磷脂。如厂商所述将其保存在室温下。用无菌技术处理样品。
将含有6.8%普鲁泊福的卵磷脂包衣普鲁泊福微滴和Diprivan注射到固定在Decapicone(Braintree Scientific,Braintree,MA)中的150克雌性CD实验室大鼠(Charles River实验室,Wilmington,MA)的尾静脉中。注射的6.8%(w/v)微滴普鲁泊福的体积是10、20、30或50μL,注射在2-3秒内完成。注射的1%Diprivan的体积是100、200、300或500μL,注射在5-15秒内完成。注射期间观察动物并记录失去知觉的时间(无知觉时间),然后将鼠从Decapicone上移下并置于它们的旁边,大声拍击以测试其吃惊反应。畏缩反应表示浅度麻醉;无显性反应表示深度麻醉。记录恢复吃惊反应的时间(吃惊反应时间)。也要测定自发试图站立表明的恢复稳定反应的时间。大鼠从药物起效到最后恢复基线的身体活动所经过的时间称作“完全恢复时间”。
表1和2分别代表卵磷脂包衣微滴普鲁泊福和Diprivan对实验室大鼠的剂量-反应数据。所述表以剂量函数的形式表示下列的平均值:(a)反应动物无知觉所需的时间;(b)动物对于大声拍击恢复吃惊反应之前经过的时间;(c)动物恢复稳定反应之前经过的时间;和(d)完全恢复所需时间,所述表还显示了死亡率。
图2-4显示了MD-普鲁泊福和Diprivan在四个参数上具有等值剂量-反应关系。
图2以图解将MD-普鲁泊福和普鲁泊福/大豆油乳剂引起的持续吃惊反应的剂量-反应数据进行了比较。在试验偏差之内,两种试剂的剂量-反应曲线是相同的。吃惊反应代表在非手术研究中麻醉可计量的最深程度。Student’s检验表示12.6-13.3mg/kg剂量的MD-普鲁泊福和Diprivan的吃惊反应持续期间无明显差异(p=0.85)。
图3和4分别对MD-普鲁泊福和Diprivan的恢复稳定反应时间和完全恢复的时间进行了比较,两种试剂的剂量-反应曲线重叠,Student’s检验表明12.6-13.3mg/kg剂量时无明显反应差异(分别为p=0.50和0.42)。
表1和2列出了20-21mg/kg的普鲁泊福剂量产生有效死亡率,有限数量的观察没有提供鉴别两组之间鼠死亡率的统计学基础。
因为微滴普鲁泊福的浓度是常规普鲁泊福/大豆油乳剂浓度的6.8倍并因其以较短时间注射,所以研究了各制剂的稀释效果。表1显示施用体积大4倍的12.6mg/kg剂量的微滴普鲁泊福对四组麻醉作用测定中的任何一组无明显效果。同样,4倍稀释度的20mg/kg剂量的普鲁泊福/大豆油乳剂无明显效果。
表1大鼠对于微滴-普鲁泊福的剂量-反应
MD-普鲁泊福剂量mg/kg | 无知觉时间(分钟) | 吃惊反应时间(分钟) | 稳定反应时间(分钟) | 完全恢复时间(分钟) | 死亡率/个 |
4.2 | NA | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.0±2.0 | 1/4 |
8.4 | <1.0 | 2.5±5.0 | 4.7±7.1 | 9.8±9.2 | 0/4 |
12.6 | <1.0 | 6.6±4.5 | 9.9±5.9 | 16.1±11.0 | 0/4 |
12.6* | <1.0 | 3.7±4.7 | 4.5±4.5 | 9.7±8.8 | 0/5 |
21.0 | <1.0 | ** | ** | ** | 3/5 |
*用pH7.0、300mM葡萄糖磷酸盐缓冲液稀释4倍。
**人工心胸加压抢救了2只大鼠。
NA=从未达到
表2实验室大鼠对于Diprivan的剂量-反应
Diprivan剂 量(mg/kg) | 无知觉时间(分钟) | 吃惊反应时间(分钟) | 稳定反应时间(分钟) | 完全恢复时间(分钟) | 死亡率/个 |
6.7 | <1.0 | 2.5±4.3 | 2.5±4.3 | 6.0±7.9 | 0/3 |
13.3 | <1.0 | 8.8±2.6 | 10.1±1.1 | 18.4±6.3 | 0/5 |
20.0 | <1.0 | 12.3±5.3 | 15.0±5.6 | 27.3±6.3 | 1/4 |
20.0* | <1.0 | 14.0±4.6 | 16.7±2.5 | 25.3±5.0 | 2/3 |
33.3 | <1.0 | ** | ** | ** | 4/5 |
*用pH7.00、300mM葡萄糖磷酸盐缓冲液稀释4倍。
**一个幸存者被认为是由于静脉注射时皮下外渗。
实施例3
(释放普鲁泊福到人血浆中)
该试验显示MD-普鲁泊福和Diprivan均能在30秒或更短时间内释放它们的普鲁泊福到人血浆中。
在10×75mm硼硅盐玻璃试管中,伴随着涡流混合,将6.8%微滴普鲁泊福或(1%)普鲁泊福/(10%)大豆油乳剂(Diprivan)等分稀释200倍到人血浆中(大陆血站,Miami,FL),在非搅拌下,使其反应大约30秒或10分钟。然后,将210-250μL等分部分转移到配衡的聚乙烯离心管中,并在科氏Microfuge中离心大约3分钟。普鲁泊福微滴迁移到空气-水的交接面,普鲁泊福的密度为0.955。同样,普鲁泊福/大豆油乳剂迁移到空气水的交接面,大豆油的密度为0.916-0.922。
将试管冷冻、称重并将其切割成两部分,将这两部分称重。然后,用酸化的醇提取普鲁泊福溶物,所用甲醇可沉淀血浆蛋白,通过进一步离心将它们除去。作为该产品的对照,用已知量普鲁泊福也掺入人血浆并对其进行试验。其校准为100%(103±35%)提取率。
表3给出了29-31秒和10分钟后普鲁泊福释放到人血浆的百分率。MD-普鲁泊福和Diprivan在32-34秒种内分别达到相当于93%和97%的最大释放,两种制剂之间无明显不同。
表3.MD-普鲁泊福和Diprivan在人血浆中溶解百分率的对照
制剂 | 稀释后的时间 | 普鲁泊福溶解百分率(%) | 普鲁泊福未溶解百分率(%) |
MD-普鲁泊福 | 34±3秒 | 92.7±8.9 | 7.3±8.9 |
Diprivan | 32±5秒 | 97.4±5.7 | 2.6±5.7 |
MD-普鲁泊福 | 10分钟 | 93.6±7.8 | 6.4±7.8 |
Diprivan | 10分钟 | 99.5±1.3 | 0.5±1.3 |
将MD-普鲁泊福稀释200倍至0.340mg/ml;
将Diprivan稀释200倍至0.050mg/ml。
实施例4
(通过光散射监视的从MD-普鲁泊福中的释放)
通过光散射测定大鼠伴随普鲁泊福释放的普鲁泊福微滴收缩速率,随着普鲁泊福微滴失去其高折射普鲁泊福核并转化为脂质体或膜裂片,它们90°的光散射率减少。用备有磁力搅拌器的Perkin-Elmer型MPF-3L荧光分光光度计以光散射方式监测普鲁泊福微滴收缩的动力学。反应在干净的4边丙烯酸比色杯中进行,该比色杯中含有聚四氟乙烯包衣的磁力搅拌器并填有2.0ml 5%牛血清白蛋白溶液(Sigma)作为普鲁泊福的受体或葡萄糖/磷酸盐缓冲液作为对照。人血浆不能用作普鲁泊福受体是因其内在的光散射大致与普鲁泊福微滴的相等。
图5的曲线图表A是将实施例1普鲁泊福微滴(6.8%w/v)加到搅拌的葡萄糖/磷酸盐缓冲液中稀释200倍时,光散射减少的动力学典型的试验显示图。微滴的引入使得光散射即时升高。随着微滴释放普鲁泊福的数分钟内观察到其降低,将检测的最早信号时间反推至零时间,得到其稀释时间时的最大值。
在图4曲线B中,在5%牛血清白蛋白中重复试验。图形显示检测的最早光散射信号仅是在葡萄糖/磷酸盐缓冲液中观察到信号的小部分,并且后续的扫描图形是平坦的。介质的折射指数的差异无法解释光散射的丢失。因此,在试验的两秒种混合时间内达到普鲁泊福向BAS介质的释放。
以较高敏感度和图表速度重复上述试验,我们可以观察到最后的1%光散射的降低并测定到少于1秒的半衰期。重复试验数次,具有相同结果。可观察到的BSA试验的初始波幅仅是葡萄糖缓冲液试验4%的波幅。保守地估计,两秒种内释放到BAS中的普鲁泊福至少是释放完全的96%。
光散射试验显示微滴能够至少释放其中94%的普鲁泊福到搅拌的葡萄糖缓冲液中。数次的重复给出91±25(SD)秒的半衰期。在该试验中,继续搅拌对于普鲁泊福从微滴中最大比例地释放是必需的。
微滴中普鲁泊福完全到BSA中所需时间少于2秒。迅速释放到血浆蛋白质中所用如此短的时间与实施例2试验中的单体普鲁泊福进入脑能够从<1分种到无知觉所经过的时间相一致。
通过光散射的方法研究Diprivan释放普鲁泊福是不实际的,因为,在最大普鲁泊福释放前后植物油均是其重要成分,所以Diprivan颗粒明显不收缩。
实施例5
(MD-普鲁泊福抑菌和杀菌活性)
按照1995年美国药典23,<71>章1681-1689页的描述进行实施例1微滴制剂(6.8%w/vprpofol)的抑菌和杀菌活性试验。用无菌水将储备生长悬浮液(LB Broth Base,Gibco BRL,Cat.#12780-052,Lot#10E0252B)制成大肠杆菌SRB株的顺序稀释液。将0.1ml体积的稀释液加到5ml体积的9∶1无菌生长培养液中,以产生0.67%(w/v)浓度的普鲁泊福。将0.1ml体积的各细菌稀释液也铺在培植琼脂上以测定加到各试验培养基中的细菌数量在37℃下孵育7天后,将试验培养基样品铺到培植琼脂上以检测活菌,并计算铺的细菌数。
稀释到0.67%(w/v)的MD-普鲁泊福上述试验给出了下列结果:对于每毫升200或更少菌落形成单位的细菌浓度,MD-普鲁泊福是杀菌剂;对于每毫升500至1,000菌落形成单位的细菌浓度,MD-普鲁泊福是抑菌剂。
因此,无脂肪和甘油三酯的本发明微滴普鲁泊福制剂是自身稳定的,并提供了相当长的保存期和不太要求制造和包装条件的机会。
本发明描述了有关目前被认为是最实际和优选的实施方案,很清楚,本发明不局限于公开的实施方案,而是正相反,本发明覆盖了包括在所附权利要求实质和范围内的各种修改和等量排列。
引举的附加文献Arduino,M.J.(1991)Infect.Control Hosp.Epidemiology 12(9):535-539Eddleston,J.M,Shelly,M.P.(1991)Intensive Care Med.17(7):424-426Ewart,M.C.,et al.(192)Anesthesia 47(2):146-148De Sommer,M.R.et al.(1990)Acta Anaesthesia Belgica 41(Ⅰ):8-12Dewandre,J.et al.(1994)Anaesthesia 49(Ⅰ):8-12Gottardis,M.et al.(1989)British J.Anaesthesia 62:393-396Lindholm,M.(1992) Minerva Anesthesiology 58(10):875-879PDR(1995)entry,Stuart Pharmaceuticals,Wilmington,DE,inPhysician's Desk Reference,Medical Economics,Montvale,NJ,pp.2436-2441Sosis,M.B.,Braverman,B.(1993)Anesthes.Analges.77(4):766-768
Claims (10)
1、从200埃至1微米直径的微滴,该微滴无脂肪和甘油三酯并且实质上由磷酸脂稳定层包覆的普鲁泊福球体组成。
2、大约200埃至1微米直径的微滴,该微滴实质上由磷酸脂稳定层包覆的普鲁泊福球体组成,并且没有可维持细菌生长的油。
3、无菌、无热原可注射药物组合物,该组合物实质上由权利要求1的微滴与药用可注射赋形剂共同组成。
4、权利要求3的可注射药物组合物,其中,可注射赋形剂是等渗溶液。
5、微滴,该微滴通过超声处理、匀浆、微流化或包括高速剪切的其它方法生产,直径为大约200埃至1微米,其对聚合稳定的核芯被磷酸脂包衣包覆,无脂肪和甘油三酯,其中,普鲁泊福体积与磷酸脂包衣重量的比例至少是1.0ml/g,并且其中所述的微滴至少含有3%w/v的普鲁泊福。
6、权利要求5的微滴,具有高达10,000埃的直径。
7、权利要求5的微滴,含有至少5%w/v的普鲁泊福。
8、实质上由下述物质组成的无菌、可注射药物组合物:
(1)微滴,该微滴直径为大约200埃至1微米,通过超声处理、匀浆、微流化或包括高速剪切的其它方法生产,并由对聚合稳定的普鲁泊福芯和被磷酸脂膜包覆的包衣组成,其中,普鲁泊福体积与磷酸脂膜包衣重量的比例至少是1.0ml/g,组合物至少含有3%w/v的普鲁泊福且无脂肪和甘油三酯;和
(2)药用可注射载体。
9、实质上由下述物质组成的抑菌药物组合物:
(1)微滴,该微滴直径为大约200埃至1微米,通过超声处理、匀浆、微流化或包括高速剪切的其它方法生产,并由对聚合稳定的普鲁泊福芯和被磷酸脂膜包覆的包衣组成,其中,普鲁泊福体积与磷酸脂膜包衣重量的比例至少是1.0ml/g,组合物至少含有3%w/v的普鲁泊福且无脂肪和甘油三酯;和
(2)药用可注射载体。
10、实质上由下述物质组成的杀菌药物组合物:
(1)微滴,该微滴直径为大约200埃至1微米,通过超声处理、匀浆、微流化或包括高速剪切的其它方法生产,并由对聚合稳定的普鲁泊福芯和被磷酸脂膜包覆的包衣组成,其中,普鲁泊福体积与磷酸脂膜包衣重量的比例至少是1.0ml/g,组合物至少含有3%w/v的普鲁泊福且无脂肪和甘油三酯;和
(2)药用可注射载体。
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US08/616,511 US5637625A (en) | 1996-03-19 | 1996-03-19 | Propofol microdroplet formulations |
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EP0796616B1 (en) | 1999-07-14 |
WO1997034588A1 (en) | 1997-09-25 |
ES2135969T3 (es) | 1999-11-01 |
HU225046B1 (hu) | 2006-05-29 |
ATE182074T1 (de) | 1999-07-15 |
BR9708099B1 (pt) | 2010-02-23 |
NO984370L (no) | 1998-09-18 |
FI982009A0 (fi) | 1998-09-17 |
CA2249375C (en) | 2002-06-18 |
CA2249375A1 (en) | 1997-09-25 |
DE69700317T2 (de) | 1999-12-02 |
AU2329297A (en) | 1997-10-10 |
FI982009A (fi) | 1998-09-17 |
NZ331669A (en) | 2000-01-28 |
NO324498B1 (no) | 2007-10-29 |
BR9708099A (pt) | 2000-01-04 |
HUP9902553A2 (hu) | 2000-10-28 |
BR9708099B8 (pt) | 2014-04-29 |
DK0796616T3 (da) | 1999-11-29 |
GR3031414T3 (en) | 2000-01-31 |
KR20000064762A (ko) | 2000-11-06 |
US5637625A (en) | 1997-06-10 |
HUP9902553A3 (en) | 2001-04-28 |
DE69700317D1 (de) | 1999-08-19 |
AU719756B2 (en) | 2000-05-18 |
RU2186564C2 (ru) | 2002-08-10 |
CN1124845C (zh) | 2003-10-22 |
EP0796616A1 (en) | 1997-09-24 |
JP2000507244A (ja) | 2000-06-13 |
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