CN1171809A - 润滑添加剂配方 - Google Patents

润滑添加剂配方 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1171809A
CN1171809A CN95197243A CN95197243A CN1171809A CN 1171809 A CN1171809 A CN 1171809A CN 95197243 A CN95197243 A CN 95197243A CN 95197243 A CN95197243 A CN 95197243A CN 1171809 A CN1171809 A CN 1171809A
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engine
oil
additive
composition
weight
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CN1046759C (zh
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理查德·J·鲍姆加特
迈克尔·A·迪图罗
弗朗西丝·E·洛克伍德
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Ineos Composites IP LLC
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Ashland Inc
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Priority claimed from US08/334,513 external-priority patent/US5763369A/en
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种润滑油添加剂配方,加入到一般的发动机油中,可以改善发动机油的润滑性能及增强发动机的性能。发动机处理油添加剂包括一种油溶性钼添加剂、聚α－烯烃、酯如多羟基酯或双酯、聚四氟乙烯、含有二硫代磷酸锌的分散阻聚剂、矿物油基料、粘度指数改进剂及硼酸酯的协合混合物并与约为20—25%(体积)一般曲轴箱润滑油一起使用。与一般曲轴箱润滑油比较发动机油添加剂改善性能的原因在于每一化学组分的设计参数优化及本发明化学组分的协合效果。所获得的良好效果包括耐磨、抗氧化、粘度稳定性、发动机清洁度、节油、冷起动及酸形成的阻止均得以改善。

Description

润滑添加剂配方
本发明涉及一种改善润滑油性能以及起发动机处理油添加剂作用的添加剂。本发明的最佳实施例包括一种化学组份的协合组合物，例如，油溶性钼添加剂、聚α-烯烃、酯如双酯或多酯、聚四氟乙烯、含有二硫代磷酸锌的分散阻聚剂、矿物油基料、粘度指数改进剂以及硼酸酯化合物并与大约20-25％(体积)的一般曲轴箱润滑油一起使用。
润滑包括减少摩擦的过程，同时使润滑剂膜保持在相互移动的表面之间。润滑剂防止移动表面之间的接触，以致大大降低摩擦系数。润滑剂除了所述的这种功能之外，还可做到散热、防止污染以及其它改善功能。人们业已研制出一些添加剂，用于提供或者增强润滑剂的各种性能。应用中的各种添加剂包括粘度指数改进剂、洗涤剂、分散剂、抗氧化剂、耐极压添加剂及腐蚀抑制剂。
抗磨剂在表面相互作用过程中有很大作用，其提供一种化学膜，以防止高负荷条件下金属与金属的接触。磨损抑制剂往往在超高负荷条件下使用，其经常称之“极压剂”。然而，某些材料在某些应用中必须慎重考虑因为其会加速对金属部件如轴承的腐蚀。本发明利用一些化学组份之间的协合作用提供一种添加剂配方，其增强一般发动机油的性能以及抑制在以具体含量下应用化学组份的出现不希望有的副作用。
一些参考文献中公开了使用单独的化学组份来提高一般发动机油的性能。例如，Eggerichs的美国专利第4,879,045号叙述将锂皂加入到合成基油中，其包含合成双酯润滑油和聚α-烯烃类，可以包括羧酸的脂族双酯，例如，″Encyclopedia of Chemical technology″(34th addition，volume14，pp477-526)中所述的壬二酯二(2-乙基己基)酯、己二酸二异癸酯或者己二酸双十三烷酯，其叙述润滑材料添加剂包括清洁分散剂、粘度指数(VI)改进剂、泡沫抑制剂等等。
很多文章均讨论过将聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)加入到润滑油和润滑脂中主要作为外部润滑剂的各种方法。然而，本发明的化学组份的协合组合物则未有在任何现有技术中讨论过。而且，由自大约1972年以后的美国专利数据库的检索表明，没有任何专利揭示与本申请中涉及和要求保护的聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、钼(Mo)以及双酯。
Reick的美国专利第4,333,840号揭示一种杂化聚四氟乙烯润滑剂并且叙述在载体油中可选择地添加一种钼化合物。其应用一种载体油由低粘度的合成润滑油稀释，以便提供武器方面使用可以接受的粘度。该专利所提出的配方用于润滑滑板及武器，然而并未提出与本发明的组份一起用于润滑内燃机。
此外，Runge的美国专利第4,615,917和4,608,282号揭示与溶剂混合的烧结含氟聚合物(例如，聚四氟乙烯)，当其作为一种润滑脂喷涂或者施加于金属表面上(例如，船体、飞机、不同的金属)的时候，其蒸发留下一薄膜。
为了改善发动机油的润滑性能以及提高发动机性能，将一种提高发动机油性能的发动机处理油添加剂配制添加到一般的发动机油中。
发动机处理油添加剂的最佳实施例包括一种至少有8种化学组份的协合混合物，其含有油溶性钼添加剂、聚α-烯烃、酯如双酯或多酯、聚四氟乙烯、含有二硫代磷酸锌的分散阻聚剂、矿物油基料、粘度指数改进剂以及硼酸酯化合物，其中发动机处理油添加剂与大约20-25％(体积)的一般曲轴箱油一起使用。本发明的另一个实施例包括一种至少有7种化学组份的协合混合物，其含有油溶性钼添加剂、聚α-烯烃、双酯、聚四氟乙烯含有二硫代磷酸锌的分散阻聚剂、矿物油基料以及粘度指数改进剂，其中发动机处理油添加剂与大约20-25％(体积)的一般曲轴箱油一起使用。与一般曲轴箱油比较，发动机添加剂性能改进是因为每种单个化学组份计设参数的优化及化学组份的配合所产生的协合效果而获得意料之外的好结果，其改进包括耐磨、抗氧化性、粘度稳定性、发动机清洁度、节油、冷起动以及对形成酸的抑制。新的发动机添加剂配方包括一种化合物，成份或组份的协合混合物，其仅仅为某一种则达不到所要求的性能，但是当它们一齐使用时会具有突出的润滑性能。为了增强专门应用方面的具体性能，则可以在发动机添加剂配方中补加另外的组份。而且，这种配方适合于发动机保用要求，即美国API滑油分类″SH″。
本发明的润滑及油基功能液体的组合物是基于天然和合成的润滑油及其混合物以及添加剂。
单个组份可以分别混合成基液或者可以混合其中可再作各种组合。而且，组份可以以稀释剂混合成单独的溶液。然而，最好将所用的组合以油添加浓度状混合，因为这使混合操作简化，减少可能的混合错误以及有利于由总浓度给予可混性和可溶性。
这些润滑组合物在多种应用方面均有效果，包括火花点火式和压缩点火式内燃机、二冲程发动机、航空活塞发动机、船用及低载荷柴油机等等的曲轴箱润滑油。本发明将在很多种类润滑剂中获得广泛应用，其中包括发动机润滑油、润滑脂、活塞杆润滑剂、切割液以及喷管润滑剂。本发明具有节能、减少发动机或者其它硬件的维修和磨损等多种优点，从而经济地解决通常在工业或者消费市场中所出现的许多润滑问题。也可期待本发明的配方可以用于自动传动工作液，驱动桥润滑剂、齿轮润滑剂、液压工作液以及得益于加入本发明的组合物的其它润滑油组合物。
作为改善发动机油的润滑性能及增强发动机性能所配制添加到一般发动机油中的增强发动机油性能的发动机处理油添加剂包括以下化学组份：一种油溶性钼添加剂，如由Vanderbilt Chemical制成的Molyvan855；一种“合成的”聚α-烯烃(PAO)，粘度约为4厘沲；一种聚α-烯烃，粘度约为6厘沲；和/或一种合成酯，例如Chemaloy M-22A；一种聚四氟乙烯(“PTFE”)，胶态分散体，如由Acheso Chemical制成；一包分散阻聚剂(DI)，含有二硫代磷酸锌(ZDP)，例如Chemaloy D-036；一种矿物油基料；和一种粘度指数改进剂(VI)，例如Shellvis 90-SBR；以及一种为添加到一般发动机油中成包状的硼酸酯。由以上组份组成的发动机处理添加剂使得发动机磨损、抗氧化性、粘度稳定性、发动机的清洁性、节油、冷起动性以及对酸形成的抑制均有惊人的改进。
业已发现，当以最佳大约20-25％(体积)一般曲轴箱油加入到内燃机如火花点火式(SI)发动机的曲轴箱中，本申请的发动机处理油添加剂使油和发动机的性能均得以协合地提高。本发明的配方适合于发动机的润滑保用要求，即美国API滑油分类“SH”。
以下，将结合附图对本发明作更详细地叙述，附图中相同的数字代表相同的部件。
图1所示为ASTM D4172四球磨损结果与润滑组合物的柱状图表；
图2所示为ASTM顺序IIIE试验中与添加油相比基础油的多参数图表，其中表明粘度和酸值均随时间增加而增大；
图3所示为含本发明添加剂的油与一般发动机油的平均和最大凸轮磨损的ASTM顺序VE试验结果的柱状圆表；
图4所示为顺序VE试验中使用含本发明添加剂的油与一般发动机油，发动机清洁性有很大改善的柱状图表；
图5所示为ASTM顺序VI试验节油柱状图表，其中当使用本发明添加剂时，有17％之改善；以及
图6所示为CRC-L-38曲轴箱氧化试验的柱状图表，其中当使用本发明包括硼酸酯的添加剂时，有36.7％之改善。
以下，将讨论协合发动机处理油添加剂配方中每一优选组份，其是否是指定的或者可选择的。
合成物
合成润滑油包括烃油和卤代烃油，例如，聚合和共聚烯烃类(例如，聚丁烯、聚丙烯、丙烯-异丁烯共聚物、氯化聚丁烯、聚(1-辛)、聚(1-癸烯)等及其混合物；烷基苯类(例如，十二烷基苯、十四烷基苯、二壬基苯、二-(2-乙基己基)苯、等)；聚苯类(例如，联苯、三联苯、烷基化聚苯等)、烷基化联苯、酯类和烷基化二苯硫及其衍生物、类似物和同系物等。
烯化氧聚合物和共聚物及其衍生物，若末端羟基由酯化醚化改性，则构成公知合成油的另一类。举例说明，通过环氧乙烷或环氧丙烷、这些聚氧化烯聚合物的烷基和芳基醚类(例如，平均分子量为1000的甲基聚异丙烯乙二醇醚、分子量为500-1000的聚二醇的二苯醚、分子量为1000-1500的聚丙二醇的二苯醚等)或者其一元和多元羧酸酯，例如，乙酸酯、混合C3-C8-脂肪酸酯、或者三水缩四乙二醇的C13O×O酸之聚合制备该油类。
为一类适合的合成油包括二羧酸(例如苯二甲酸、丁二酸、烷基丁二酸和链烯基丁二酸、马来酸、壬二酸、辛二酸、癸二酸、富马酸、己二酸、链烯基丙二酸等)与各种醇类(例如，丁醇、己醇、十二醇、2-乙基己基醇、乙二醇二乙二醇单醚、丙二醇等)的酯类。这些酯类具体包括己二酸二丁酯、二(2-乙基己基)癸二酸酯、二-己基富马酸酯、癸二酸二辛酯、壬二酸二异辛酯、壬二酸二异癸酯、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯、邻苯二甲酸二癸酯、癸二酸双二十酯、亚油酸二聚物的2-乙基己基双酯、由1摩尔癸二酸与2摩尔三水缩四乙二醇和2摩尔2-乙基乙酸等反应所生成的复杂酯。
用作合成油的酯类也包括由C5-C12一元羧酸和多元醇以及多元醇醚，例如，新戊二醇、羟三甲基丙烷、季戊四醇、二季戊四醇、三季戊四醇等制成的。
硅基油例如多烷基、多芳基、聚烷氧基或聚芳氧基硅氧烷油和硅油包括另一类合成油(例如，四甲基硅、四异丙基硅、四-(2-乙基己基)硅、四-(4-甲基-2-乙基己基)硅、四-对-叔丁基苯基硅、己基-(4-甲基-2-戊氧)二硅氧烷、聚(甲基)硅氧烷、聚(甲基苯基)硅氧烷等)。其它合成油包括含亚磷酸的液酯(例如，磷酸三对甲苯酯、磷酸三辛酯、癸基膦酸二乙酯等)、聚合四氢呋喃等等。
本发明的配方中优先使用大约为10-95％(体积)，较好使用大约为25-90％(体积)、最好使用大约60-85％(体积)的合成物，其可以为聚α-烯烃类、聚酯类或者其混合物。具有上述百分比的配方以一般的瓶装浓度添加到曲轴箱的一般油中。
酯类
最佳合成基油酯添加剂为多羟基酯类和双酯，例如，烷基羧酸的双脂族双酯，如二-2-壬二酸乙基己酯、己二酸二异癸酯以及二-己二酸三癸酯，其在Waynick的美国专利第4,859,352号中说明为Emery Chemiclsa公司以商品名Emery2960销售。其它合适的多羟基酯类由Mobil Oil公司制造。具体来说，优先采用Mobil多羟基酯类P-43和Hatco公司的2939。
双酯和其它合成油业已用作替换润滑剂中的矿物油。双酯具有极低温流动性能以及良好的抗氧化破坏性。双酯油可以包括二元羧酸的脂族酯，或者双酯油可以包括烷基二元羧酸的二烷基脂族酯，例如，二-2-壬二酸乙基乙酯、二-壬二酸异癸酯、二-壬二酸三癸酯、二-己二酸异癸酯、二-己二酸三癸酯。诸如，二-2-壬二酸乙基乙酯为Emery Chemicals公司以商品名Emery2958销售。
聚α-烯烃(PAO)
聚α-烯烃(PAO)在高温如内燃机工作温度下为一种合成的液体。在低温下也极其有效。在双酯存在下特别有效。聚α-烯烃提供较好的氧化和水解稳定性以及高油膜强度。聚α-烯烃也具有高分子量，较高的闪点，较高的燃点、较低挥发性、较高粘度指数以及比矿物油低的流动点。美国专利第4,859,352提供附加的聚α-烯烃衍生物。
优选的聚α-烯烃(PAO)包括Mobil Chemical公司销售的SHF液和Ethyl公司以商品名ETHYLFLO或“ALBERMARLE”销售的。聚α-烯烃包括Ethyl公司的Ethyl系列如Ethyl-folw162、164、166、168及174，其粘度范围为大约2-460厘沲。所使用的还可以如美国专利第5,348,668号中所提出的大约56％的粘度约为460厘沲产品和大约44％的粘度为45厘沲产品的混合物。
Mobil Chemical公司的Mobil SHF-42、Emery3004和3006及QuantumChemical公司提供附加聚α-烯烃基料。例如，Emery3004聚α-烯烃在212°F(100℃)粘度为3.86厘沲，在104°F(40℃)粘度为16.75厘沲。其粘度指数为125，流动点为-98°F，闪点为432°F，燃点为478°F。而Emery3006聚α-烯烃在212°F粘度为5.88厘沲，在104°F为31.22厘沲。粘度指数为135、流动点为-87°F，闪点为464°F及燃点为514°F。其分子量为1450，则闪点为550°F及燃点为605°F。
另一些满意的聚α-烯烃为Uniroyal公司以商品名“Synton PAO-40”销售的产品，其粘度为40。另一些可应用的产品为由Chevron Chemical公司制作的商品名为Oronite的聚α-烯烃。可以预期，还可以应用GulfSynfluid4厘沲聚α-烯烃，其由Gulf Oil Chemicals公司(Chevron公司的子公司)销售并在许多方面与Emery3004相似。另外，MobilChemical公司销售的Mobil SHF-41PAO在许多方面也同Emery3004相似。
聚α-烯烃在100℃下的粘度较好约为2-10厘沲，而最好为4和6厘沲。
双酯和聚α-烯烃混合物
特别好的合成基料为双酯和聚α-烯烃混合物。可应用的为多羟基酯类，例如，Henkel公司的Emery集团的Emery2935，2936及2939；Ohtani等人的美国专利第5,344,579号中所述的Hatco公司的Hatco2352、2962、2925、2938、2939、2970、3178及4322多羟基酯类；以及Mobil Chemical公司的Mobil酯P24。Mobil酯类，诸如通过使二元羧酸、二醇类以及一价酸或者一元醇反应制备，如Enery2936，可以应用Quantum Chemical公司的合成润滑油基料及Mobil Chemical公司的MobilP24。
多羧基酯类为另一类合成油，其具有良好的抗氧化性，及水解稳定性。其中优选使用的多羧基酯的流动点约为-100℃或者低于-40℃以及其100℃下粘度约为2-460厘沲。
分散阻聚剂(DI)
虽然严格来说分散阻聚剂(DI)并非关键，但作为例子其包含烷基二硫代磷酸锌，琥珀酰亚胺或者Mannich分散剂；磺酸钙、镁、磺酸钠、酚及胺抗氧化剂，加上各种摩擦改进剂，例如硫化脂肪酸。分散阻聚剂易于Lubrizol、Ethyl及Oronite(Chevron Chemical的一部门及)Paramains(Exxon Chemical公司的部门)买到。
通常，在为满足API SHCD性能规定配制发动机油中所用的市售袋装清洁抑制剂是可以接受的。
具体优选的为Lubrizol8955、Ethyl Hitec 1111和1131以及由Paramains(Exxon Chemical的一部门)Oronite(Chevron Chemical的一部门)卖到的相似配方。
分散阻聚剂(DI)的浓度大致上在0.5-35％(总配方的体积)范围内，较好为1.0-25％(体积)，最好为5-20％(体积)。浓缩物一般要稀释到上述范围。
二硫代磷酸锌还起防腐蚀剂、抗磨剂以及抗氧化剂作用，添加到有机物中起推迟氧化作用。
其它可应用的金属二硫代磷酸盐，例如，异丙基、甲基戊基二硫代磷酸锌、异丙基、异辛基二硫代磷酸锌、二(壬基)二硫代磷酸钡、二(环己基)二硫代磷酸锌、二(异丁基)二硫代磷酸铜、二(己基)二硫代磷酸钙、异丁基异戊基二硫代磷酸锌、以及异丙基二代丁基二硫代磷酸锌。这些磷酸酯的金属盐一般通过金属基体与磷酸酯反应如美国专利第5,354,485号中所述来制备。
粘度指数改进剂(VI)
粘度改进剂(VI)包括聚异丁烯类、聚甲基丙烯酸酯类、聚丙烯酸酯类、二烯聚合物类、多烷基苯乙烯类、链烯基芳基共轭二烯共聚合物类、聚烯烃类以及多种作用的粘度改进剂以及Shellvis90(矿物油基料中的苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶)，但不仅限于这些。
粘度改进剂组份优先为曲轴箱润滑油的0.05-5％(重量)，较好为0.07-3％(重量)，最好为0.1-2％(重量)。
矿物油基料
作为矿物油基料，具体优选的为Ashland Oil公司的Valvoline部门及其它人制备的Valvoline325 Neutral和100Neuthral。
其它的可以接受的石油基润滑油组成包括粘度约为20-400厘沲的白矿物油、石腊油及MVI环烷油。白矿物油最好包括那些由Witco公司、ArcoChemical公司、PSI及Penreco销售的产品。石腊油最好包括由ExxonChemical公司销售的溶剂中性润滑油、由Shell Chemical公司销售的HVI中性润滑油以及由Arco Chemical公司销售的溶剂处理中性润滑油。MVI环烷油最好包括Exxon Chemical公司销售的溶剂提取的海湾浅色润滑油、Shell Chemical公司销售的MVI提取/酸处理润滑油以及Calumet以商品名“Hydrocal”和“Calsol”销售的环烷油并且在Oldiges的美国专利第5,348,668号中叙述。
矿物油基料优先由5-95％的润滑油体积组成，较好的为65-90％(体积)，最好的为75-80％(体积)，但严格来说其并非关键的。
钼添加剂
最好的钼添加剂为一种油溶性可分解的有机钼化合物，例如，Molyvan855。一般来说，优选有机钼化合物是因为其良好的溶解性及效果。
另一种效果稍差的钼添加剂为MolyvanL，其在引证的Howell的美国专利第5,055,174中叙述为磺化氧化钼二烷基二硫代磷酸酯(sulfonatedoxymolybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate)。
美国纽约R.T.Vanderbilt公司生产的Molyvan A也是另一种添加剂，其含有Mo约为28.8％(重量)、C约为31.6％(重量)、H约为5.4％(重量)以及S约为25.9％(重量)。降低选择等级也可使用Molyvan855、822、856以及807。
还可以使用Sakura Lube-500，其为可更多溶解Mo的二硫代氨基甲酸盐及含有Asahi Denki公司生产的润滑油添加剂，其组份有Mo约为20.2％(重量)、C约为43.8％(重量)，H约为7.4％(重量)及S约为22.4％(重量)。
再一种为Molyvan807，其由R.T.Vanderbilt生产，以抗氧化剂及抗磨剂在市场销售，其是一种双十三烷基二硫代碳酸钼约为50％(重量)以及芳族油约为50％(重量)的混合物，其比重约为38.4sus并含有Mo约为4.6％(重量)。
其它还有Mo(Co)16、辛酸钼、MoO(C7H15CO2)2约含8％(重量)Mo，由Aldrich Chemical公司(Milwaukee，Wisconsin，U.S.A.)销售以及环烷基二硫代辛酸钼，由Shephard Chemical公司(Cincinnati，Ohio，U.S.A)销售。
无相钼化合物例如硫化钼和氧化钼的选择大大不如上述Molyvan855、822、856及807的有机化合物的选择。最佳为有机硫代磷酸化合物，例如，Vanderbilt公司的代表性产品以及其它一些上述具体指出的钼化合物。
总润滑油中Mo的用量约为0.05-5％(重量)，较佳用量约为0.07-3％(重量)，最好用量约为0.1-2％(重量)。
功能添加剂
油溶性功能添加剂可以包括某些固体润滑剂，例如，钼及聚四氟乙烯。“油溶性”不溶水的功能添加剂是指一种水中不溶，即25℃每100毫升水约1克的量以上，但在矿物油中可溶，即25℃下每升至少1克的量的功能添加剂。
功能添加剂还可包括摩擦聚合物形成物，其是聚合物，以低浓度液体载体中分散的物料在摩擦或者接触表面上聚合在该表面上形成保护性聚合物膜。聚合被认为是由摩擦所产生的热量以及可能是由新鲜暴露表面上的催化和/或化学反应而产生的。
还可以应用两种或者两种以上任何上述的功能添加剂的混合物。
聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)
从理论上来说，含润滑材料的聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)起增强润滑作用，这是由于PTFE粒子以某种方式附着在发动机的表面上而起润滑作用，由此建立一种可更新的PTFE涂层。组合物可以含有一种载体润滑介质如矿物油及一些氟聚合物粒子，例如，经研磨和烧结的聚四氟乙烯粒子的混合物，其中PTFE粒子均匀地分散在载体润滑油中。重要的是这些粒子要均匀地分散在载体润滑油中，以便防止凝聚、附聚和/或沉降。
为了将细微的固体氟聚合物粒子如聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)加入到液体润滑剂中。Reick的美国专利第3,933,656号揭示了一种改进的内燃机润滑油，其包含主要数量的一般发动机油和少量的超微细粒PTFE以及一种中和剂，使分散稳定，以防微粒附聚及凝聚。然而，Reich的配方加入钼的磷酸化合物，其与本发明中所用的钼化合物大不相同而有很强腐蚀性。
超微细粒PTFE有市售，例如杜邦“TEFLON”水分散体T-42和T-30，其粒度在0.5-0.05微米或者相当的产品。预期ICI公司(Imperial ChemicalIndustries，Ltd.)生产的“Fluon”ADC 38 TFE胶态分散体也可提供可接受的PTFE粒度。
如美国专利第4,613,917号所述，氟聚合物的粒子可以被研磨和烘结成聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)的粒子。可以使用研磨的粒子，因为其耐用性及其惰性和静电中性，其后者的特性在保持粒子不附聚是很重要的。
PTFE粒度的选择要考虑到PTFE粒子实际上会附着在涂敷表面的孔隙中。组合物被添加之后，发动机活动部件所施加的摩擦力通过摩擦将多余的润滑油及作用的润滑油推到受热和压力作用的表面上，从而增强润滑油渗透到表面中。因此，可以认为，PTFE被附着在表面上，特别附着在表面的空隙中。
可以认为，袋装添加剂中的其他添加剂则有助于PTFE粒子粘附于表面上，降低表面的摩擦系数以及减小表面上的液体阻力。例如，美国专利第4,333,840号建议，在构成轻武器的金属材料有抗PTFE粒子表面浸渍的情况下，钼化合物再加上表面活化剂则有助于在金属上形成PTFE耐磨层。
本发明中所用的PTFE最好为一种细粒在胶态中的分散体。优选的平均粒度约为0.05-3.0微米以及可以置于任何合适的非水介质中，如合成的或者矿物的基油，并可与配方中的其余组份相容。适合于本发明的市售PTFE分散体包括Acheson Colloids公司(Michigan.U.S.A)生产的AchinsonSLA1612。Reick的美国专利第4,333,840号讨论了一种以发动机油为载体，用大量合成润滑油稀释的PTFE润滑组成物，其具有低粘度和高粘度指数。
PTFE在总曲轴箱润滑油中的优选用量约为0.01-10％(重量)，较好的约为0.05-5％(重量)，最好约为0.1-3％(重量)。
硼酸酯类
硼酸酯，一种硼耐磨/抗极压剂，最好为水解稳定的并用于改进耐磨性、抗焊性、抗极压性和/或抗磨性以及用作铜轴套及其它发动机金属构件之防锈剂和防腐蚀剂。硼酸酯类用作金属锈蚀抑制剂，以防止铁基或者非铁基金属(例如，铜、青铜、黄铜、钛、铝等)或者两者的合金，其含量为抑制腐蚀的有效量。
硼的酸类包括硼酸、硼酸酯类、酸性硼酸酯类等。硼化合物包括硼氧化物、硼酸以及硼酸酯类。揭示制备磺酸、羧酸及其混合物碱式盐的工艺的专利包括美国专利第5,354,485；2,501,731；2,616,911；2,777,874；3,384,585；3,320,162；3,488,284及3,629,109(列出供参考)。美国专利第4,744,920和4,792,410号以及PCT公开说明书WO88/03144揭示了高碱性含硼组合物的制备方法(列出供参考)。碱金属或者碱土金属的油溶中性或碱盐类也可以与硼化合物反应。
最佳实施例中使用的硼酸酯是由Mobil Chemical公司生产，商品名为″MCP1286″。实验数据表明，采用D-445方法100℃下粘度为2.9厘沲；采用D-445方法40℃下粘度为11.9厘沲；采用D-93方法闪点为146；采用D-97方法流动点为-69；用ICP方法测定的硼含量为5.3％。
PTFE在总曲轴箱润滑油中的优选用量为0.01-10％(体积)，较好为0.05-7％(体积)，最好为0.1-5.0％(体积)。
如图6中所示，可以看出，在曲轴箱氧化试验中，用含有发动机处理油添加剂的组份的协合混合物与API SG 5W-30发动机油作总调整轴承重量损失(Total Adjusted Bearing Weight Loss)比较，发动机处理油添加剂配方符合发动机添加剂技术条件CRC L-38的所有要求。试验表明，结果令人惊奇的好，总调整轴承重量损失从30.9mg(没有加入发动机处理油添加剂的发动机油)减少到22.6mg(加入发动机处理油添加剂的发动机油)。
本发明还考虑在本发明的润滑和功能油组合物中使用其它添加剂。这些添加剂包括诸如洗涤剂和产生尘或无尘型分散剂、耐蚀和抗氧化剂、流动点降低剂、辅助极压和/或耐磨剂、颜色稳定剂以及泡沫消除剂。
协合效果
新型发动机处理油添加剂包括一种化学组份的协合组合物，其包括一种油溶钼添加剂、聚α-烯烃、酯如多酯或者双酯、聚四氟乙烯、含有二硫代磷酸锌的分散阻聚剂、矿物油基料以及粘度指数改进剂。硼酸酯也可以加入到混合物中，以便对其抗氧化能力有更大的改进。协合混合物一般加入到通常的曲轴箱润滑油中约为20-25％(体积)。与通常曲轴箱润滑油相比，发动机添加剂性能得以改进的主要原因在于本发明每一化学组份的设计参数优化及化学组份的组合的协合效果，从而获得令人感到惊奇的好的试验结果，其中包括提高耐磨和抗氧化性、改进粘度稳定性、发动机清洁度、节油、冷起动及抑制酸的形成。新型发动机添加剂配方包括化合物、组份或组元的协合组合物，仅仅其中之一不足以达到要求的性能，但是当一齐使用时，则达到突出的润滑性能。
从理论上来说，本发明的化学组份的组合物提供一种协合效果，即导致发动机活动部分之间的摩擦减小，在工作中，金属表面上形成一层化学组元的极薄膜。在发动机中高温和高压下，起表面作用的组元对连续形成极薄润滑层且在其上具有极低摩擦系统以及在极温和极压下磨损的薄膜起作用，在发动机启动和连转期提供优良的润滑性。
实验评定
以下的实施例提供本发明的配方组份的协合组合物与一般的API SG发动机油对比所作的试验结果。实施例作为上述工艺的例子。实施例中配方组份的协合组合物在高温下具有良好的性能，而在中、高温和常温下也具有良好的性能，以及提供抗铁和铜腐蚀、改善耐磨性、抗氧化性、粘度稳定性、发动机清洁度、节油、冷起动、防止酸形成以及比单一组份呈现的性能为高的其它所要求的性能。
实施例1
(本发明应用钼、合成、PTFE、DI及VI添加剂)
一种袋装添加剂(标明商标″TM″)用作添加到内燃机曲轴箱中一般发动机油中，其在2000加仑套式搅拌容器中加热到大约40℃制备。首先添加600加仑Ethyl公司的商标为″Durasyn164″的聚α-烯烃(PAO 4厘沲)、43加仑″Durasyn 166″聚α-烯烃(6厘沲)以及93加仑商品名为″Emery 2960″的双酯。在添加上述组份中要不断搅拌。上述的混合物称″合成物″，是一种合成基料。将123加仑Lubrizol公司生产商品名为″Lubrizol 8955″袋装分散阻聚剂(DI)、5加仑浓度为8％的Shell Vis 1990粘度指数改进剂、25加仑R.T.Vanderbilt公司生产的Molyvan 855以及52加仑AchesonColloids公司生产的SLA 1612(一种浓度为20％的胶态杜邦″特氟隆″名为PTFE)加入到合成物中。对所得混合物再搅拌30分钟，取样并测试粘度、金属含量以及其它质量控制检验。
将所得的浓缩物装入到一夸脱容器中，再把一容器内容物加入到5夸脱汽车曲轴箱中的4夸脱一般发动机油中。
试验结果为，改进耐磨性(图1和图3)、抗氧化性(图2)、粘度稳定性(图2)、发动机清洁度(图4)、节油(图5)、冷起动性(表2)以及阻止酸的形成(图2)。
实施例2
(标准试验中的发明)
当按照一般润滑油试验程序对实施例1中所制备的一夸脱配制物作测试，其结果如表1和表2以及图1至图5中所示。请注意，图1和表1的Shell四球耐磨试验ASTM D4172为表明润滑剂耐磨性能的台架试验。
当以实施例1中的相同组份配制而少放入一种或者多种组份，则对比结果示于表1和图1。
                                               表1ASTM 4172 Shell四球试验
试验   AC   SYN   AC+SYN   AC+TEF   AC+MOLY   AC+SYN+TEF   AC+SYN+MOLY   AC+MOLY+TEF   AC+SYN+MOLY+VI+DI
Shell四球磨损量(mm)   0.405   0.360   0.373   0.422   0.330   0.375   0.332   0.335     0.308
MO        发动机油，Valvoline 10W30(全气候型)SYN       合成valvoline 5W30(包括DI和VI)AC+SYN    全气候型10W30+合成5W30(20％)MOLY      钼TEF       特氟隆实施例1的发明
                                    表2ASTM 4742-88氧化试验
  试样     RFOUT(min)**   TFOUT(min)* RLULER*** CCS@20℃cP  TP1@20°FcP
    A     180     138     211     3,030     12,540
    C     370     279     322     2,160     9,360
注： A   全气候型发动机油10W30(发动机油控制)C   80％控制+20％添加剂*  薄膜氧气上升道** ASTM 4742的改进试验***保持使用寿命评定的程序
从表1和表2以及图1至图5可以看出，与不加本发明添加剂的一般发动机油相比，加有这种添加剂的试验结果表明有明显改善。
实施例3
将实施例1中所配制的添加剂加入到工业研磨机、攻丝机、挤压机、车床、铰孔机及滚齿机中所用的切割油中，试验结果表明，润滑性得以改善，冷却液和润滑液的使用寿命均增长。
实施例4
本发明的润滑脂组合物通常与脂肪酸的锂皂混合，使该组合物变稠，这种改进的润滑脂具有良好的试验结果。
实施例5
实施例1中所制备的添加剂并含有硼酸酯。如图6所示，可以看出，在曲轴箱氧化试验中，用含有发动机处理油添加剂的组份的协合混合物与APISG 5W-30发动机油作总调整轴承重量损失比较，发动机处理油添加剂配方符合发动机添加剂技术条件CRC L-38的所有要求。试验表明，结果令人惊奇的好，总调整轴承重量损失从30.9mg(没有加发动机处理油添加剂的发动机油)减少到22.6mg(加发动机处理油添加剂的发动机油)。
如下所述，表3中所列为各种添加剂组合物以及优选的配方(以重量和/或体积百分比表示)。
                                            表3
                                       添加剂组合物
    参数     单位     一般     较好     最好   目标组成％(体积)
  合成基料   ％(体积)     10～95     25～90     60～85     74
  聚烯烃   ％(体积)     15～85     25～80     50～75     65
    双酯   ％(体积)     1～25     3～20     5～15     9.5
粘度改进剂(100％)   ％(重量)     0.05～5     0.07～3     0.1～2     6.5
  钼(Mo)   ％(重量)     0.05～5     0.07～3     0.1～2     2.5
聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)   ％(重量)     0.01～10   0.0005～5     0.1～3     20
  分散剂(12.3％(体积))   ％(体积)     0.5～35     1～25     5～20     12.3
使用前稀释 润滑剂体积添加剂体积 0.25 0.5～15 1～10 4～5
  硼酸酯   ％(体积)     0.01～10     0.05～7     0.1～5     1
改型
以上讨论的具体组合物、方法或者实施例仅仅为了说明由本说明书所揭示的发明。基于本说明书的揭示，组合物、方法或者实施例方面的改型对于本技术领域的技术人员来说是显而易见的，故而，改型应当被包括作为所揭示的发明的一部分。
说明书中所提及的文件给出对比文件中所引证的专利或者参考文献。当如果说明书中详细提到的，则还包括在这种文件中所引证的任何专利或者其它参考文献。
上述的详细说明主要是为着清楚地理解本发明，而不要由此理解为一些不必要的限制，本领域技术人员在阅读本发明的揭示后，一些改型将成为显而易见的，并且在不脱离本发明的精神及所附权利要求的范围内可以作出各种改型。因此，本发明不应仅限于上述的具体实施例。更确切地说，本发明想要保护什么应在所附的权利要求的精神和范围之内。

Claims (17)

1.一种与约为20-25％(体积)的一般曲轴箱润滑油一起使用的发动机处理油添加剂组合物，其特征在于所说的组合物包括一种化学组份的协合组合物，其又包括：
一种油溶钼添加剂；
一种聚α-烯烃；
一种酯；
一种聚四氟乙烯；
一种含有二硫代磷酸锌的分散阻聚剂；
一种矿物油基料；
一种粘度指数改进剂；
以及一种硼酸酯。
2.根据权利要求1所述的组合物，其特征在于所说的组合物包括：
a.约为0.05-5％(重量)的所说的油溶钼添加剂；
b.约为0.01-10％(重量)的所说的聚四氟乙烯以及一般和/或合成发动机油或脂。
3.根据权利要求1所述的组合物，其特征在于所说的组合物还包括约为10-90％(体积)的合成基料，所说的合成基料包括双酯和/或聚α-烯烃。
4.根据权利要求1所述的组合物，其特征在于所说的组合物还包括约为0.5-5％(重量)的粘度指数改进剂。
5.根据权利要求1所述的组合物，其特征在于所说的合成基料包括至少10％(体积)的聚α-烯烃。
6.根据权利要求1所述的组合物，其特征在于所说的聚四氟乙烯包括一种胶态分散聚四氟乙烯。
7.根据权利要求1所述的组合物，其特征在于所说的组合物还包括一种分散阻聚剂。
8.根据权利要求7所述的组合物，其特征在于所说的分散阻聚剂包括ZDP。
9.根据权利要求4所述的组合物，其特征在于所说的粘度指数改进剂包括聚异丁烯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚丙烯酸酯、二烯聚合物、聚烷基苯乙烯、链烯基芳基共轭二烯共聚物和/或聚烯烃。
10.一种以一般和/或合成发动机油稀释用的聚集物，其特征在于所说的聚集物包括：
a.约为0.35-15％(重量)油溶钼添加剂；
b.约为0.25-25％(重量)聚四氟乙烯，(与一般和/或合成发动机油或脂在一起)；
c.约为0-90％(体积)的包括双酯和/或聚烯烃的合成基料；以及
d.约为0.35-25％(重量)粘度指数改进剂，当用约为0.5-15份(体积)内燃机曲轴箱中发动机油稀释时，所说的聚集物使发动机磨损、节油及粘度稳定性均得到改善。
11.一种制备改进的润滑油添加剂组合物的方法，其特征在于所说的方法包括在大约0-100℃下，使以下组份混合在一起的步骤：
a.约为0.35-15％(重量)油溶钼添加剂；
b.约为0.25-25％(重量)聚四氟乙烯(与一般和/或合成发动机油或脂在一起)；
c.约为0-90％(体积)包括双酯和/或聚烯烃的合成基料；以及
d.约为0-15％(重量)粘度指数改进剂；当用约为0.5-15份内燃机曲轴箱中发动机油稀释时，所说的浓缩物使发动机磨损、节油及粘度稳定性均得到改善。
13.根据权利要求1所述的组合物，其特征在于所说的组合物进一步包括：
a.约为0.35-15％(重量)油溶钼添加剂；
b.约为0.25-25％(重量)聚四氟乙烯(与一般和/或合成发动机油或脂在一起)；
c.约为0-90％(体积)包括双酯和/或聚烯烃的合成基料；以及
d.约为0-15％(重量)粘度指数改进剂；当用约为0.5-15份内燃机曲轴箱中发动机油稀释时，所说的聚集物使发动机磨损、节油及粘度稳定性均得到改善。
14.根据权利要求1所述的组合物，其特征在于所说的酯为多羟基酯。
15.根据权利要求1所述的组合物，其特征在于所说的酯为双酯。
16.一种与约为20-25％(体积)的一般曲轴箱润滑油一起使用的发动机处理油添加剂，其特征在于所说的添加剂包括一种化学组份的协合组合物，其中包括：
一种油溶钼添加剂；
一种聚α-烯烃；
一种酯；
一种聚四氟乙烯；
一种含有二硫代磷酸锌的分散阻聚剂；
一种矿物油基料；
以及一种粘度指数改进剂。
17.根据权利要求16所述的发动机油添加剂，其特征在于所说的添加剂包括硼酸酯。
18.根据权利要求17所述的发动机油添加剂，其特征在于所说的酯为多羟基酯。
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CA2203997A1 (en) 1996-05-23
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CN1046759C (zh) 1999-11-24
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MX9703312A (es) 1997-07-31
FI971858A (fi) 1997-07-01

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