CN117063797A

CN117063797A - Strip-shaped ridge bed intercropping method for ginseng and asarum and application thereof

Info

Publication number: CN117063797A
Application number: CN202311088337.8A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 赵露; 韦福慧; 周大朴; 张建勋
Original assignee: Jilin Agricultural University
Current assignee: Jilin Agricultural University
Priority date: 2023-08-28
Filing date: 2023-08-28
Publication date: 2023-11-17
Anticipated expiration: 2043-08-28
Also published as: CN117063797B

Abstract

The invention provides a strip-shaped ridge bed intercropping method for ginseng and asarum, which optimizes the microecological environment of the rhizosphere soil of the ginseng, takes the ginseng as a main plant and takes the asarum as an intercropping plant, and the ginseng and the asarum are planted according to the following planting positions: the edge of one longitudinal side of the bed is sequentially provided with an edge herba asari belt, a wide ginseng belt, a middle herba asari belt, a wide ginseng belt and an edge herba asari belt, specifically, one row of herba asari is planted on each side of the longitudinal center line of the bed, and the two rows of herba asari form a middle herba asari belt; two wide ginseng belts are respectively planted on two sides of the middle asarum belt, and each ginseng belt comprises six rows of ginseng; a row of asarum is planted on the bed surface at the outer sides of the two wide ginseng belts, a row of asarum is planted at the slopes at the two longitudinal edges of the bed, and the four rows of asarum form two edge asarum belts; the optimal planting proportion configuration and the planting hole position arrangement shape of the two plants which are participated in the intercropping of the asarum are selected, the microecological environment of the rhizosphere soil of the ginseng is improved, and the continuous cropping obstacle of the ginseng is relieved.

Description

Strip-shaped ridge bed intercropping method for ginseng and asarum and application thereof

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of ginseng cultivation, relates to a farmland ginseng and asarum strip intercropping technology, and in particular relates to a ginseng and asarum strip ridge bed intercropping method and application thereof in optimizing the microecological environment of ginseng rhizosphere soil.

Background

The two plants related in the invention are ginseng and asarum, and the ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer) has various pharmacological effects of improving immunity of organisms, resisting tumors, improving cardiovascular and cerebrovascular conditions, resisting fatigue and the like. Asarum sieboldii Miq is a plant for crude drugs of Aristolochiaceae for years, is a common traditional Chinese medicinal material and a biological pesticide raw material, and has good effects on insect prevention and disease prevention.

The ginseng planted in farmlands forms a large-area single plant group, the ginseng planted in the same land in continuous cropping mode can cause nutrient imbalance of ginseng rhizosphere soil, accumulation of chemical self-toxic substances, imbalance of microbial community structures, reduction of the quantity of soil bacteria and actinomycetes, and increase of fungus diversity, so that the soil is transformed from bacterial type to fungus type, pathogen microorganism enrichment, soil-borne disease aggravation and reduction of soil microorganism diversity, and the growth of ginseng is not facilitated. Thereby causing weakening of ginseng growth, high incidence, and reduced yield and quality. The farmland long-term cultivated ginseng has no space isolation effect of intercropping and mixed cropping of other plants, and local disease can cause large-area transmission to cause serious harm, so that the farmland long-term cultivated ginseng is one of the important reasons of continuous cropping obstacle of ginseng. The ginseng is planted continuously in one land for 4-6 years or planted in continuous cropping, serious continuous cropping obstacle phenomenon occurs, and therefore the ginseng planting needs to be continuously moved to a planting field. Due to the continuous cropping-avoiding characteristic of ginseng, after more than twenty years of farmland planting, the ginseng main producing area is about to face the situation of no land availability, the problem of 'ginseng grain competition for land' is aggravated, and the development of ginseng planting industry is limited. If the continuous cropping obstacle of ginseng is relieved by adopting a soil disinfection and pesticide control mode, the chemical pollution of the soil can be greatly increased, and a large amount of pesticide residues seriously affect the quality of ginseng and bring about health hidden trouble.

Therefore, strip intercropping of ginseng and asarum is adopted at present, isolation is formed on the plant canopy at the upper part of the ground, and large-area spread of diseases is effectively prevented; in the underground part, the root secretions of two plants increase the types and the contents of soil organic matters and adjust the acid-base and nutrient balance of the soil; improving microbial community structure, reducing pathogenic bacteria population quantity and abundance, improving soil micro-ecological environment and keeping soil health. The intercropping mode has no pollution, good disease control effect and environmental protection; optimizing the microecological environment of the rhizosphere, and comprehensively improving the soil has good effect; the method reduces the migration of the planting field and is effective and feasible for relieving the' ginseng grain competition.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a strip-shaped ridge bed intercropping method for ginseng and asarum, which selects the most proper planting proportion configuration and planting hole position arrangement shape of two plants participating in asarum intercropping, improves the microecological environment of ginseng rhizosphere soil and relieves the continuous cropping obstacle of ginseng.

The aim of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:

the strip-shaped bed intercropping method of ginseng and asarum, which optimizes the microecological environment of the rhizosphere soil of the ginseng, wherein the ginseng and asarum are planted on the bed, the ginseng is mainly used as a plant, the asarum is an intercropping plant, the bed is manufactured after soil to be treated is ploughed, and a longitudinal empty zone between adjacent beds is a working channel; then planting ginseng and asarum according to the following planting positions:

the edge of one longitudinal side of the bed is sequentially provided with an edge herba asari belt, a wide ginseng belt, a middle herba asari belt, a wide ginseng belt and an edge herba asari belt, specifically, one row of herba asari is planted on each side of the longitudinal center line of the bed, and the two rows of herba asari form a middle herba asari belt; two wide ginseng belts are respectively planted on two sides of the middle asarum belt, and each ginseng belt comprises six rows of ginseng; a row of asarum is planted on the bed surface outside the two wide ginseng belts, a row of asarum is planted on the slope of two longitudinal edges of the bed, and the four rows of asarum form two edge asarum belts.

As a more preferable technical scheme of the invention, the proportion of the area of the bed is 70-80%, and the proportion of the area of the more preferable bed is 75%.

As a better technical scheme of the invention, the ploughing depth is 0.20-0.25 m.

As a better technical scheme of the invention, when the main plant is perennial, the time plant is also perennial; when the main plant is low-annual, the intercropping plant is also low-annual.

As a better technical scheme of the invention: each row of ginseng plants of the wide ginseng band is aligned in the transverse direction, one row of ginseng plants at the edge of the wide ginseng band and an adjacent row of asarum plants are distributed in a zigzag shape, two rows of asarum plants of the middle asarum band are distributed in a zigzag shape, and two rows of asarum plants of the edge asarum band are distributed in a zigzag shape.

As a better technical scheme of the invention: herba asari and Ginseng radix in the middle herba asari zone are planted simultaneously.

As a better technical scheme of the invention: herba asari in the edge herba asari zone can be planted in synchronization with Ginseng radix, or transplanted in dormancy stage of herba asari in summer and autumn.

The invention also aims to provide a method for optimizing the microecological environment of the rhizosphere soil of the ginseng, which comprises the following steps:

firstly, ploughing soil to be treated, and then making bed, wherein longitudinal empty belts between adjacent bed are working channels;

then planting ginseng and asarum according to the following planting positions:

The beneficial effects are as follows:

the optimal treatment time for improving the soil by strip intercropping of the ginseng II asarum disclosed by the invention is 3 years, the strip intercropping increases basic nutrients of the soil, adjusts the acid-base balance of the soil, improves the structure and abundance of microbial communities and functional flora, and reduces the abundance of soil-borne pathogenic bacteria. The intercropping asarum has good synergistic and synergistic effects on ginseng rhizosphere soil, effectively slows down continuous cropping obstacle, improves the condition of ginseng soil, has lasting effect, can improve the yield and quality of crops, avoids chemical input into the soil to a certain extent, and reduces soil pollution and ginseng pesticide residues. Wherein, the asarum is used as a raw material of biological pesticide, has the functions of expelling parasites and resisting bacteria, can reduce the use of topdressing and pesticide in cultivation and reduce the cost.

In the invention, the ginseng and asarum plants are both perennial herbaceous plants, and repeated soil preparation, re-planting and repeated construction of a sunshade are not needed; and the distribution position and the area ratio of crops in the furrow bed are not adjusted, so that the cultivation time is shortened. The asarum can be sown or transplanted at a certain time, so that the symbiotic period with the intercropping of the ginseng is shortened, and the yield of the main plant is improved.

The invention adopts strip intercropping, reasonable intercropping row spacing and plant spacing of ginseng and asarum, utilizes farmland planting space intensively, is convenient for separate management and mechanized operation, improves labor productivity, is simple and easy to operate, and has low requirements on technicians. Through ecological planting, the method not only promotes the superiority of yield and efficiency increase of the farmland ginseng, brings considerable economic benefits for ginseng farmers, but also realizes green, sustainable, large-scale and standardized development of ginseng planting, and has development prospects for popularization and application.

The invention can effectively increase the diversity of plants and microorganisms in the field, improve the microecological environment of the rhizosphere soil of the ginseng, reduce the occurrence frequency and severity of continuous cropping obstacles and prolong the service time of the planted field. Compared with the mixed planting of other crops, the economic value of the medicinal material asarum is higher and the income is larger.

Drawings

For the purpose of further illustrating the various embodiments, the present invention is provided with drawings in which reference numerals are not drawn to scale and which are provided solely for the purposes of understanding the contents of the specification and illustrating the embodiments.

Fig. 1 is a plan view of a ridge-up bed for strip intercropping ginseng and asarum according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a ridge-up bed for intercropping ginseng and asarum according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a plan view showing the interplanting of ginseng and asarum in comparative example 1 of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the ginseng and asarum herb of comparative example 1 of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a graph showing the pH of soil with different age limits according to the examples of the present invention and the comparative examples.

FIG. 6 is a graph showing the organic matter content in soil with different age limits according to the examples of the present invention and the comparative examples.

FIG. 7 is a graph showing the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen content in soil with different age limits according to the examples of the present invention and the comparative examples.

FIG. 8 is a graph showing the amounts of quick-acting phosphorus in soil of different ages according to the examples of the present invention and the comparative examples.

FIG. 9 is a graph showing the effective calcium, iron, magnesium, and potassium contents in soil of different age limits according to the examples of the present invention and the comparative examples.

FIG. 10 is a graph showing the effective zinc, manganese and copper contents in soil of different years of the inventive examples and comparative examples.

FIG. 11 is a graph showing the enzyme activity levels in soil with different age limits according to examples of the present invention and comparative examples.

FIG. 12 shows the "target" level abundance of various fungal community species in soil according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 13 shows the "target" level abundance of different sample bacterial community species in soil according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 14 shows the prediction of the function of the different bacterial communities of the soil of the present invention, tax4 Fun.

FIG. 15 shows functional predictions (nutritional patterns) of different fungal communities in soil according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 16 shows the proportion of Class 14 non-targeted metabolites in a sample at the Class I level in the soil according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 17 is a graph showing the proportion of 115 non-targeted metabolites in a sample in soil according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 18 is a field chart of a field trial of an embodiment of the present invention.

Detailed Description

The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the following examples and drawings, in order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent.

FIGS. 1-2 are schematic views showing the bed layout of the strip intercropping method of ginseng and asarum according to the present invention, the method comprising the steps of:

step one, making a furrow: ploughing soil to be treated, and then making bed, wherein longitudinal empty bands between adjacent bed are working channels;

step two, determining planting positions: the edge of one longitudinal side of the bed is sequentially provided with an edge herba asari belt, a wide ginseng belt, a middle herba asari belt, a wide ginseng belt and an edge herba asari belt, specifically, one row of herba asari is planted on each side of the longitudinal center line of the bed, and the two rows of herba asari form a middle herba asari belt; two wide ginseng belts are respectively planted on two sides of the middle asarum belt, and each ginseng belt comprises six rows of ginseng (the number of ginseng rows is increased when the low-annual ginseng is planted); a row of asarum is planted on the bed surface outside the two wide ginseng belts, a row of asarum is planted on the slope of two longitudinal edges of the bed, and the four rows of asarum form two edge asarum belts.

The invention creates a brand new strip intercropping mode of ginseng II asarum. After farmland cleaning and soil preparation treatment, a bed is made, and the farmland is directly sown or transplanted in a proper planting time. The method for intercropping the ginseng and the asarum is formed by selecting the most proper planting proportion configuration and planting hole position arrangement shape of two plants which are participated in the asarum intercropping by people. The method is a strip intercropping planting method of ginseng II asarum, and aims to improve the microecological environment of the rhizosphere soil of the ginseng so as to relieve the continuous cropping obstacle of the ginseng. Planting Ginseng radix and herba asari in each bed in the planting area, and alternately planting the Ginseng radix and herba asari in strip shape. The ginseng is planted in a transverse bed, the row spacing between the ginseng and the ginseng is 0.20m, and the plant spacing is 0.10m. Asarum and asarum have a row spacing of 0.20m. In the strip intercropping mode, 12 rows of ginseng are planted on one ginseng bed, and 6 rows of asarum are planted.

And (5) building an arched ginseng shade shed after ginseng sowing is completed. And the space structure layout of the planted field is reasonably coordinated, the maximum proportion of the area of the bed is considered, the ventilation and light transmission principle is ensured, the positions and the trend of the bed are arranged, and the good microclimate environment of the field is ensured. After strip intercropping and field planting of ginseng II and asarum, the field management measures are that the water and fertilizer requirements of the ginseng II and asarum are coordinated, and the ginseng and asarum are subjected to conventional field management operation.

The strip intercropping planting mode has a duration of 5 years, namely, continuous intercropping planting of ginseng and asarum for 5 years. Harvesting after 5 years of planting, and removing the ginseng shed when harvesting. The edge asarum belts are collected before the ginseng is collected, and the middle asarum belts are collected together with the ginseng.

In some embodiments, the proportion of the area of the bed is 70% -80%, more preferably the proportion of the area of the bed is 75%.

In some embodiments, the soil of the planting field is ploughed first to a depth of 0.20-0.25 m, and then the dead branches and fallen leaves of the field are removed, and weed impurities are removed. Finally, making a bed by leveling land, wherein the proportion of the bed area is 70% -80%, the length of the bed is not limited, the width of the bed and the width of the operation channel are 3:1, for example, the width of the bed is 1.50m, the width of the operation channel between the beds is 0.50m, and the height of the bed is 0.30m; the operation channel is favorable for drainage and field management operation. Certain base fertilizer can be applied on the ginseng bed within the range of not damaging the effect of the invention, which is beneficial to the growth and development of ginseng and asarum plants.

In some embodiments, when the primary plant is perennial, the temporary plant is also perennial; when the main plant is low-annual, the intercropping plant is also low-annual. The main plant of the invention is ginseng, the intercropping plant is asarum, and the asarum can be purchased from market for planting, or transplanted or directly sown according to the conventional method. The ginseng is a plant which grows normally, healthily and has no disease and grows for 3 years or less or 4 years or more. The asarum is a plant which has 2 years or less or 3 years or more and has normal growth and development, developed root system and intact overwintering spores. The higher the annual asarum, the more developed the root system, the more secretions the root system releases into the soil, and the greater the influence on the chemical properties of the soil and the microbial community. The high-year-old asarum is used for accompanying the ginseng, so that the micro-ecological environment of the soil can be better regulated. The height of the ginseng plant below 3 years old is greater than that of the asarum below 2 years old, the height of the ginseng plant above 4 years old is greater than that of the asarum above 3 years old, the heights of the two plant canopy layers are different by 1-2 times, and the canopy layers are not overlapped.

The row spacing and plant spacing of the low-annual main crop and the intercropping crop during planting can be properly reduced with reference to the above, so as to increase the planting density. The plant spacing of ginseng rows is 0.1m and 0.05m; the row and plant spacing of asarum are 0.1m and 0.05m. But the distribution position and area ratio of 2 crops in the bed are not adjusted.

The invention matches the plant height difference of ginseng and asarum herb with different growth years.

In some embodiments, ginseng is selected to be 3 years old and less, and asarum is selected to be 2 years old and less.

In some embodiments, ginseng is selected to be 4 years old and above, and asarum is selected to be 3 years old and above.

In some embodiments, each row of ginseng plants of the broad ginseng band is aligned in a lateral direction, one row of ginseng plants at the edge of the broad ginseng band is in a "zig-zag" distribution with an adjacent row of asarum plants, and two rows of asarum plants of the middle asarum band are in a "zig-zag" distribution.

The invention forms a two-wide three-narrow strip intercropping mode of ginseng II asarum of 2 wide ginseng strips and 3 narrow asarum strips. Specifically, 2 columns of asarum are planted in the range of about 0.05m of the longitudinal midline of the bed as the middle asarum belt. Ginseng radix with a width of 0.60m is planted on both left and right sides of the middle herba asari belt as wide Ginseng radix belt. 1 row of asarum is planted on the bed surface of the edge of the bed, 1 row of asarum is planted near the bed side of the bed surface, the two rows of asarum form edge asarum belts, and the number of the edge asarum belts is two.

Adjusting proper strip intercropping planting time of ginseng II asarum: the middle herba asari zone and Ginseng radix are planted in the same period, and the edge herba asari zone and Ginseng radix can be planted in the same period, or transplanted in dormancy period of herba asari in summer and autumn.

In some embodiments, the asarum within the middle asarum zone is planted contemporaneously with the ginseng.

In some embodiments, asarum with edge asarum belts can be planted contemporaneously with ginseng, and also transplanted during sleep of asarum in summer and autumn.

The invention adopts a drill sowing method (the ginseng and the asarum can be planted in autumn or spring) or a seedling transplanting method (the asarum can be planted in summer or autumn) to intercrop the ginseng and the asarum.

Planting Ginseng radix (3 years old and below) herba asari (2 years old and below) by drill method. 2 wide ginseng strips of the ginseng bed are grooved in transverse ridges, the groove depth is 0.15 m-0.20 m, and the groove distance is 0.20m. And a distance of 0.10m is respectively reserved near the two sides of the bed side. Ginseng (below 3 years old) is vertically placed in the ditch along the inclined surface of the ditch and is smoothed along the fibrous root, the row spacing is 0.20m, the plant spacing is 0.05m, and the ginseng and the bed surface form an angle of 60 degrees. The ginseng seedlings are covered by soil, the thickness of the covering soil of the spore part is about 0.02m, and the soil is compacted by scraping the surface of the bed after the covering soil. Each ginseng band is used for planting 12 rows of ginseng, and 24 rows of ginseng are planted on one ginseng bed.

The shallow trenches are respectively arranged on 3 asarum belts on the ginseng bed, the spacing is 0.10m, the depth is about 0.02m, 4-5 asarum seeds are uniformly sown into the shallow trenches at a distance of 0.20m, and the soil is covered by 0.01m; or digging a shallow hole every 0.20m, sowing 4-5 seeds in each hole, and covering soil by 0.01m. Asarum row spacing is 0.10m and row spacing is 0.20m. The middle asarum belt and the two side asarum belts are both planted with 2 rows of asarum, and the two rows of planting holes are staggered and arranged into a zigzag shape. The middle asarum belt can only be sown simultaneously with ginseng, and the interval is 0.10m. 4 rows of ginseng beds are planted on the furrow surface, 1 row of ginseng beds are planted on two side walls of the ginseng beds, and 6 rows of asarum are planted on one ginseng bed.

Planting Ginseng radix (3 years old and below) herba asari (2 years old and below) by transplanting method. Transplanting the ginseng on the wide ginseng band according to the method. Digging pit holes on the middle herba asari belt and the two side herba asari belts in the bed, and alternately arranging the two rows of planting holes in a staggered manner. The pit depth is 0.06 m-0.10 m, the asarum is stroked along the fibrous root and placed in the planting pits, 2-3 asarum plants are planted in each pit, soil is covered, and the thickness of the soil at the spore part is 0.01m. The ginseng band and the middle asarum band are planted simultaneously (both autumn and spring), and the asarum bands on both sides are transplanted in the dormancy period of asarum in summer and autumn. The row spacing between asarum and asarum is 0.20m, the spacing is 0.10m, the spacing between ginseng and asarum is 0.10m, and the row spacing of the low-annual plants can be properly shortened. Transplanting time is 4 months or more, before the asarum bud in the middle ten days is sprouted in winter, and after the asarum is dormant in the late 9 months to the early 10 months in autumn. Asarum (2 years old) is planted with long root, intact spores and large quantity, no plant diseases and insect pests and developed fibrous roots. During transplanting, the root of asarum herb is carefully dug out, the damage to spores and roots is avoided, and sun shading and insolation are carefully avoided.

Transplanting method is adopted to plant Ginseng radix (4 years old or more) and herba asari (3 years old or more). The transplanting method and plant selection criteria are as described above. The row spacing of the ginseng is 0.20m, the plant spacing is 0.10m, 6 rows of ginseng are planted in each ginseng band, and 12 rows of ginseng are planted on one ginseng bed. The row spacing between the asarum and the asarum is 0.20m, and the spacing between the ginseng and the asarum and the spacing between the asarum and the asarum are all 0.10m. 4 rows of ginseng beds are planted on the furrow surface, 1 row of ginseng beds are planted on two side walls of the ginseng beds, and 6 rows of asarum are planted on one ginseng bed.

Ginseng and asarum are all pudendum plants, an arched shed is needed to be built on a ginseng bed according to the effective configuration proportion of the width of the bed and the height of a ginseng shed after sowing, and the two sides of a shading curtain of the ginseng shed, namely a flower curtain, can be slightly longer for asarum planted on the two sides of the ginseng bed. The seedlings which grow for more than 3 years have strong light resistance, can grow normally under the ginseng shed, and do not need an additional sunshade net. Aiming at pest control, the pesticide can be properly sprayed under the condition that the research effect of the invention and the growth of two planting plants of ginseng and asarum are not affected. No additional fertilization is needed during cultivation, irrigation is proper, and the tree leaves and the plastic films are used for preventing freezing in winter, and meanwhile, the soil moisture can be kept.

In order to further illustrate the present invention, embodiments and effects of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to examples and comparative example 1, but the scope of the present invention should not be construed as being limited thereto.

Example 1. Ginseng (3 years and below) Manchurian wildginger (2 years and below) strip intercropping optimizes the microecological environment of the rhizosphere soil of the Ginseng.

Optionally: the experiment is carried out on the mountain ginseng land of the yellow elm in Yongji county of Jilin province, and the yellow elm county belongs to the northern temperate continental monsoon climate, and has clear four seasons and sufficient illumination; elevation 315 meters; the annual average temperature is 5.3 ℃, and the annual average time of frost free is 138 days; annual average precipitation is 700mm; the slope direction is toward south and the gradient is 15-20 degrees. The soil of the land block is black brown soil, has a granular structure and is uniform in soil quality. According to the specific implementation method of the invention, the planted man participates in the asarum herb in the intercropping of the land.

Preparing land: according to the concrete implementation method of the invention, farmland is cleaned and treated for 3 months to 4 months in 2019, soil blocks are uniformly mixed and smashed by turning over and ploughing, leveling and ridging are carried out, and loose soil environment is maintained. The width is 1.50m, the height of the bed is 0.30m, and the operation track width between beds is 0.50m.

Along the length trend of the bed, two rows of 2 columns of asarum planted in the range of 0.05m around the midline of the bed are used as middle asarum belts. Ginseng radix with a width of 0.60m is planted on both left and right sides of the middle herba asari belt as wide Ginseng radix belt. 1 row of asarum is planted on the bed surface of the edge of the bed in the wide ginseng band, and 1 row of asarum is planted at the position close to the bed side of the bed surface as an edge asarum band. The two rows of asarum plants of the manyflower asarum herb and the middle asarum herb are distributed in a zigzag shape. Form a intercropping mode of two wide strips, three narrow strips of ginseng (i.e. a Chinese wild ginger) with 2 wide ginseng strips and 3 narrow asarum strips.

Selecting: the ginseng (main crop) grows for 3 years and below, and has normal, healthy and disease-free plants. Asarum (intercropping crop) is a plant with normal growth and development, developed root system and intact overwintering spores for 2 years or less. Ginseng radix and herba asari are purchased from Qingyuan Manchurian county herb planting base in Qingshun city.

Sowing: the sowing method of the ginseng comprises the following steps: 2 wide ginseng belts of the ginseng bed are all grooved in transverse furrows, the depth of the furrows is 0.15 m-0.20 m, and the distance of the furrows is 0.20m. And a distance of 0.10m is respectively reserved near the two sides of the bed side. Planting ginseng (3 years old and below) vertically and orderly along the inclined surface of the groove in the groove, and smoothing fibrous roots, wherein the row spacing is 0.20m and the plant spacing is 0.50m, so that the ginseng forms an angle of 60 degrees with the soil bed surface. And the ginseng seedlings are covered by large soil, the thickness of the covering soil of the spore part is about 0.02m, and the covered soil is scraped to level the bed surface and pressed, so that the soil is compacted. Each ginseng band is planted with 12 rows of ginseng, and 24 rows of ginseng are planted on one ginseng bed.

The sowing method of asarum comprises the following steps: according to the specific implementation method of the invention, people participate in digging pit holes on the middle asarum belt and the edge asarum belt of the bed, and the two rows of planting holes are staggered and arranged in a 'character' shape. The pit depth is 0.06 m-0.10 m, the asarum is stroked along the fibrous root and placed in the planting pits, 2-3 asarum plants are planted in each pit, soil is covered, and the thickness of the soil at the spore part is 0.01m. Row spacing between asarum and asarum is 0.10m×0.20m, and ginseng and asarum spacing is 0.10m. Planting 4 rows on the ginseng bed surface; planting 2 rows on the upper, and 1 row on each side; a total of 6 columns of asarum are planted in one ginseng bed.

And (3) field management: according to the specific embodiment of the invention, the distance between two greenhouse columns is 1.50m in the longitudinal direction of the ginseng bed, the height from the greenhouse top to the bed surface is about 1.00m, a blue or yellow plastic film is covered, and a layer of sunshade net is covered on the plastic film. For asarum planted on two sides of a ginseng bed, the two sides of a shading curtain of a ginseng shed, namely a flower-carried curtain, can be slightly larger. The flower arrangement can be used for shading the sun in summer at high temperature or under strong illumination.

In rainy season of 6-8 months in summer, asarum planted on two sides of the bed is washed out by rainwater and loses soil, soil needs to be cultivated timely, plants are fixed, and sufficient nutrients are provided for root systems; meanwhile, the ginseng is periodically loosened and weeding is carried out, weeds around the asarum are removed and loosened to the side of the bed, and attention needs to be paid to the fact that soil on the side of the bed cannot be too loose, so that the asarum root system is prevented from being exposed due to soil sliding.

Both ginseng and asarum herb are cool and moist in shade and are not drought-enduring. When the asarum herb and the ginseng are intercropped, the asarum herb and the ginseng are positioned at two sides of a bed, are easy to drought when being subjected to illumination, and can be watered in time by being assisted by manpower.

The strip intercropping of ginseng and asarum does not need to apply base fertilizer and does not need to additionally add fertilizer to spray pesticide. Except for paying attention to the coordination of the water and fertilizer requirements of the ginseng and the asarum, the field management operation is carried out according to the conventional ginseng and asarum.

Harvesting: and harvesting is not needed. The ginseng and asarum plants are suitable for winter protection, irrigation and pine needle plastic film mulching, and the plastic film mulching is used for improving the ground winter protection temperature and preserving the soil moisture.

Example 2. Ginseng (4 years and below) Manchurian wildginger (3 years and below) strip intercropping optimizes the microecological environment of the rhizosphere soil of the Ginseng.

Optionally, field management and harvesting are the same as the method of example 1 according to the invention.

Preparing land: in order to not influence the soil improvement effect and time, effectively relieve continuous cropping obstacle, and in order to reduce the cost, the ginseng and the asarum planted in the last year are used for continuous cropping, and the ginseng and the asarum are not required to be started. The field structure configuration was not adjusted as in example 1 with respect to the distribution position and area ratio of ginseng and asarum herb in the furrow. After the temperature rise in spring of 3-4 months in 2020 is stabilized at 10 ℃, removing pine needle mulch, cleaning weeds, preserving soil moisture and watering properly.

Selecting: an overwintering seedling of ginseng (4 years and more) and asarum (3 years and more) was planted for one year for example 1.

Sowing: the row spacing of field plants is observed without re-sowing, proper seedling transplanting and seedling supplementing are carried out, the row spacing of ginseng and ginseng is adjusted to be 0.20m multiplied by 0.10m, 6 rows of ginseng are planted in each ginseng band, and 12 rows of ginseng are planted on one ginseng bed. The rest planting modes are the same as the method described in the embodiment 1 for sowing and transplanting.

Harvesting: according to the specific implementation mode of the invention, ginseng and asarum are intercropped in strips. Continuous intercropping of ginseng and asarum for 5 years was performed according to the methods described in examples 1 and 2. Harvesting after 5 years of planting, and removing the ginseng shed when harvesting.

Collecting herba asari seed, wherein the peel of herba asari turns from green to white, pulp is in powder state, and fruit is soft; the root of asarum is harvested, the growth of asarum is slow, and the seedlings can be harvested after 5 years. Harvesting root in autumn for 8-9 months, removing dead leaves and yellow leaves after the growth period reaches 5 years, carefully digging herba asari from the position 0.1m around, shaking off soil, and transporting into a frame for processing. Herba asari at both sides is collected before collecting Ginseng radix, and herba asari at the middle is collected together with Ginseng radix.

The seeds of the ginseng are harvested, the fruits are swelled in the last ten days of 8 months each year, the fruits are changed from green to purple, and then the fruits are sequentially harvested when the fruits are changed from purple to red; the roots of ginseng are collected in the last 9 months, leaves are withered and fall off, and stems are collected when the stems are hollow and inverted. Firstly, digging out the soil on both sides of the ginseng bed side for planting asarum, removing the soil on the operation path, digging out the soil from one end of the bed, taking out the ginseng, shaking out the soil, and neatly loading the ginseng into a frame for carrying out the processing.

Comparative example 1, ginseng and single row asarum were intercropped.

The method of selecting land, harvesting, selecting goods and managing field is the same as the method of the embodiment 1 and the embodiment 2.

Preparing land: after the soil preparation is carried out in the period of 3 months to 4 months in 2019, the distribution position and the area ratio of the field structure configuration of the ginseng in the bed are not adjusted as those of the ginseng in the embodiment 1. Along the length of the bed, 1 row of herba asari is planted in the middle line of the bed, and the middle of the bed is planted with herba asari. Ginseng (wide ginseng band) with a width of 0.60m is planted on each of the left and right sides of the middle asarum belt. And 1 row of asarum is planted on the bed surface of the edge of the bed, and the asarum is planted on two sides. The human being participates in the Chinese character 'zhi' distribution between two plants of the asarum.

Sowing: sowing method of ginseng and asarum, sowing was performed according to the sowing method of ginseng and asarum described in example 1. The different way from the embodiment 1 and 2 is that 3 columns of asarum are planted on the ginseng bed; middle row 1 column, two side rows 1 column each.

Harvesting was performed in the "harvesting" manner described in example 2 of the present invention.

Comparative example 2, ginseng alone.

Optionally: the procedure is as described in example 1.

Preparing land: and in 2019, 3-4 months, farmland cleaning and soil preparation are carried out, soil blocks are uniformly mixed and smashed by turning over, soil is raked, leveling and ridging are carried out, and loose soil environment is maintained. The width is 1.50m, the height of the bed is 0.30m, and the operation track width between beds is 0.50m.

Selecting: ginseng is a plant which grows normally, healthily and has no disease and has the growth of 3 years or less, and is purchased from the Chinese herbal medicine planting base of Qingyuan Manchu county in Qingshun city.

Sowing: the ginseng planting method described in examples 1 and 2 and comparative example 1 was used.

"field management, harvesting" is the same as the methods of examples 1, 2 and comparative example 1 described herein. Harvesting is the same as the harvesting of ginseng planting and the harvesting of ginseng roots described in example 2 and comparative example 1.

Comparative example 3 soil without ginseng and asarum herb planted.

Alternatively, soil preparation was the same as in comparative example 1, without planting ginseng and asarum, and without soil of other crops, as a blank.

Comparative example 4, human involved in the intercropping of three rows of asarum.

Selecting and preparing land, planting 3 rows of asarum herb in the center line of the bed, planting 0.60m ginseng (wide ginseng band) on each of the left and right sides of the middle asarum herb band, and planting 1 row of asarum herb on the bed surface at the edge of the bed.

The field test was designed during the planting period of ginseng and asarum, and in order to verify the soil improvement effect of the method of the present invention, the rhizosphere soil of ginseng of different ages in the examples of the present invention and the comparative examples was measured. Namely, 2020 (intercropping 2 nd year), 2021 (intercropping 3 year) 7 months and 10 months.

Experimental examples 1 and 2 were set as experimental groups, comparative example 1, comparative example 2, comparative example 3 were control groups, and comparative example 3 was a blank control group. To further illustrate the test results of the present invention, the planting patterns described in examples 1 and 2 are referred to as "double row intercropping", the planting pattern described in comparative example 1 is referred to as "single row intercropping", the planting pattern described in comparative example 2 is referred to as "ginseng single, and the method described in comparative example 3 is referred to as" blank ", and the sample names sampled at different times in the different patterns are shown in table 1.

Table 1 shows the test designs of the examples of the present invention and the comparative examples

In table 1, "2" represents the sampling in 2020, "3" represents the sampling in 2021, and "7" represents the sampling time of 7 months. "10" means that the sampling time was 10 months.

The test method comprises the following steps:

five sampling methods are adopted, five sampling formulas of 1.00m multiplied by 1.50m are randomly arranged in an experimental group and a control group of a test plot, soil attached to ginseng root systems is collected, rhizosphere soil of 5 ginseng plants is taken from each sampling formula, 5 sampling formulas are taken in total, the collected rhizosphere soil is uniformly mixed, and the obtained rhizosphere soil is stored by an ice bag and brought back to a laboratory. Dividing into two parts, and preserving one part at-80deg.C for detecting rhizosphere microorganism and non-targeted metabolite; and the other part is screened by a 40-mesh sieve after being naturally air-dried and is used for detecting physical and chemical properties and enzyme activity indexes of soil.

The soil index changes in examples 1 to 3 and comparative examples 1 to 3 were counted, and the statistical results were as follows:

the results of the physical and chemical property analysis of the soil show that the pH value of the soil in double intercropping is slightly higher than that in single-row intercropping and is close to that of a blank group in the same intercropping period and period (7 months in 2020, 10 months and 7 months in 2021). The intercropping pH in 3 years is improved by 5.71% and 11.90% compared with that of single ginseng, as shown in figure 5.

As shown in FIG. 6, the organic matter content of the rhizosphere soil of the ginseng in the intercropping mode is higher than that of single ginseng, the organic matter content of the intercropping of the two lines is more stable than that of single ginseng, and the organic matter content of the intercropping of the two lines is higher than that of single ginseng by up to 21.64% when the intercropping of the two lines is carried out for 2 years.

As shown in fig. 7, compared with the control group, the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen content in the double-row intercropped ginseng rhizosphere soil is highest; especially, the intercropping of 3 years is improved by 36.71 percent and 50.73 percent compared with single cropping; 14.77% and 7.54% higher than single-row intercropping.

As shown in fig. 8, 9 and 10, the contents of quick-acting phosphorus, quick-acting potassium of mineral elements, effective calcium, iron, magnesium, copper, manganese and zinc in the rhizosphere soil of the ginseng are reduced along with the increase of the planting period, but the contents of quick-acting phosphorus, quick-acting potassium of mineral elements, effective calcium, iron, magnesium, copper, manganese and zinc in the rhizosphere soil of the ginseng intercropped with the asarum in the same year are higher than those in the ginseng single plant, and the nutrient content of the double-row intercropped soil is the highest as a whole, and the single-row intercropped ginseng single plant is the lowest. Therefore, the intercropping treatment of the ginseng and the asarum, especially double-row intercropping, can effectively eliminate the accumulation in the soil, improve the pH value of the soil, relieve the problem of soil acidification, increase the content of organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and the like in the soil, recover the microbial activity, improve the soil fertility and the like.

Analysis of soil enzyme activity as shown in fig. 11, the single and single-row intercropping of ginseng was significantly reduced as the planting time and the rhizosphere soil enzyme activity of ginseng tended to decrease. Compared with single ginseng, the enzyme activity of the intercropping mode is higher, wherein the activity of the sucrase reaches the highest after 2 years of double intercropping, and is 14.92mg/g; after 3 years of intercropping, the sucrase is higher than 26.20 percent and 24.60 percent of that of the ginseng alone; single row intercropping is 3.99 percent and 14.34 percent, and the enzyme activity of double row intercropping is closer to that of a blank group; the catalase is 30.02% higher than that of single ginseng, 29.30% higher than that of single ginseng intercropping by 34.12% and 29.50% higher than that of single ginseng, and the intercropping time is 3 years later than that of the blank group.

The microbial diversity analysis of the ginseng rhizosphere soil by the high-throughput sequencing technology shows that the data of table 2 shows that compared with the single ginseng plant, the double-row intercropping fungus diversity and the bacterial richness are increased and the bacterial diversity and the fungus richness are reduced in 7 months after planting for 2 years, but the change trend is smaller; the bacterial diversity and the richness are increased and the fungal diversity and the richness are reduced within 10 months, so that the transformation from the fungal type to the bacterial type is promoted, and the microbial diversity is increased. Compared with different months of 3 years, the abundance and diversity of the fungi and bacteria in the rhizosphere soil of the ginseng intercropped in double rows are increased to 12.60%, 57.68%, 2.31% and 5.03% most obviously. Overall comparison, the microbial diversity and abundance of double intercropping are higher than that of single intercropping, and both single intercropping and intercropping are higher than that of blank microbes.

The variation trend of bacterial diversity and fungal diversity and abundance of the double-row intercropping soil is similar, the bacterial colony diversity and abundance are increased, the fungal bias of the ginseng rhizosphere soil is prevented from being increased to form fungal soil, and the continuous cropping obstacle of the ginseng is relieved to a certain extent.

TABLE 2 Ginseng asarum two plant rhizosphere soil microbial alpha diversity index (fungi and bacteria)

As shown in fig. 12, at 2 years of intercropping, double-row intercropping significantly increased the abundance of the hypocreatles and pleospora pseudobulb of the dominant mycosphaerella species compared to single-row ginseng, and both were close to the blank fungus abundance; reducing the abundance of Sordariales of the Chaetomium; the abundance of Motifella meshes is reduced in 7 months, the abundance of Motif meshes is increased in 10 months, and the change trend is small. Compared with 2 years of intercropping for 3 years, the dominant bacteria Motier eleles of double intercropping are reduced to a certain extent, and the abundance is close to that of a blank.

As shown in fig. 13, the gaiella dominant flora was reduced by 5.64% in 7 months and increased by 4.7% in 10 months in 3 years compared with 2 years in double intercropping, and the change was more stable; the dominant bacterial colony of the Rhizobiales is increased by 20.7% in 7 months and is reduced by 14.70% in 10 months; the dominant bacteria of Vicina mibacteria are reduced by 17.17 percent and 42.81 percent in 7 months and 10 months respectively, and the change trend of the bacteria is larger.

As shown in FIG. 14, the function prediction analysis of the bacterial community shows that the function of double intercropping bacteria is mostly higher than that of single ginseng; in 3 years of intercropping, compared with 2 years of intercropping, the bacterial metabolism function of 3PdA7 and 3PdA is increased, compared with single ginseng, double-row intercropping reduces the soil pathogenic fungus group and fungus group symbiotic with plants, increases the bacterial metabolism function, is more beneficial to the accumulation of soil nutrients, can remarkably improve the soil fertility, ensures the requirement of ginseng on basic compounds, and comprehensively improves the yield and quality of ginseng.

As shown in FIG. 15, the symbiotic nutrition type of the double-row intercropping soil fungi tends to be reduced from the saprophytic nutrition type to the pathological nutrition type from 2 years to 3 years, and the proportion of the saprophytic nutrition type of the double-row intercropping is 68.66% and 74.28% respectively at the highest. The ginseng rhizosphere soil rotten-growing nutrition type fungus community of double-row intercropping accounts for the main nutrition type, is more beneficial to accumulation of humus, and the overall structure change of the fungus community tends to be more towards blank soil.

The data of the results of human participation in the intercropping of three rows of asarum were inferior to those of single row intercropping (comparative example 1) in the dominant flora, the reduced soil pathogenic flora and the fungus flora symbiotic with the plants, and the increased bacterial metabolism function data were inferior to those of single row intercropping (comparative example 1). And from the economic aspect, the small quantity of ginseng is not beneficial to the economic benefit.

According to the data, compared with single ginseng, the variety and abundance of bacteria and fungi in double-row intercropping soil are increased, the microbial community structure of the ginseng rhizosphere soil is improved along with the increase of the planting period, and the condition of continuous cropping obstacle of the ginseng rhizosphere soil is relieved.

As shown in fig. 16 and 17, 115 compounds were detected in total from 12 samples based on a phase chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of non-targeted metabolites of rhizosphere soil of ginseng intercropped for 3 years. Indicating high diversity of rhizosphere secretions of ginseng and asarum, and showing high uniformity of rhizosphere soil metabolites after 3 years of intercropping of ginseng and asarum. The highest alcohol ratios were 28.68%, 30.40% respectively in 3PdA, 3PdA, followed by esters, acids and saccharides, and 23.13%, 19.51%, 15.59%, 16.74%, 12.72% and 11.92% respectively in 3PdA, 3PdA 10.

In the present invention, "x" represents asarum herb and "x" represents ginseng. The letter a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j and its combinations are not intended to have any meaning in themselves, and are intended to represent whether there is a statistically significant difference in values between the different treatment groups. For example, the numerical table for one treatment is a and the numerical table for the other treatment is b, indicating a significant difference in the effectiveness of the two treatments; if the table of values for one treatment is a, the values for the other treatment are ab, indicating that the effect of the two treatments is not significantly worse, and so on.

In the present invention, the "length" direction of the bed is longitudinal, the "width" direction of the bed is transverse, and the "strips" and "columns" refer to the longitudinal direction of the bed.

In the present invention, the "working channel" is used for field mechanized operation and field management operation, drainage, etc.

According to the embodiment of the invention, the results of the physical and chemical properties, microbial communities and all data of the soil are combined, so that the strip intercropping of ginseng and asarum can obviously improve the rhizosphere soil of the ginseng and relieve the condition of continuous cropping obstacle of the ginseng. The soil improvement method for the crop continuous cropping land provided by the invention can regulate the micro-ecological environment of the soil while improving the quality of the soil, reduce the abundance of pathogenic bacteria, reduce the dosage of pesticides and fertilizers, improve the yield and quality of ginseng, and provide technical support for benign sustainable development of the ginseng industry.

The intercropping mode for relieving the continuous cropping obstacle of the ginseng provided by the invention can be used by a person skilled in the art to properly improve the process flow by referring to the content, and all similar substitutions and modifications are included in the protection scope of the invention. The method and application of the present invention have been described by way of preferred embodiments. Those skilled in the art can make modifications and appropriate changes and combinations of the methods and applications described herein to practice the techniques of the invention without departing from the spirit, scope and scope of the invention.

While the foregoing has been directed to the preferred embodiments of the present invention, other and further embodiments of the invention may be devised, and it is understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative and that any changes, equivalents, modifications and variations that come within the spirit and scope of the inventions are desired to be protected by the following claims.

Claims

1. The strip-shaped bed intercropping method for ginseng and asarum, wherein ginseng and asarum are planted on the bed, and the method is characterized in that:

the method is used for optimizing the microecological environment of the ginseng rhizosphere soil;

the ginseng is a main plant, the asarum is an intercropping plant, first, soil to be treated is ploughed, then, a bed is manufactured, and a longitudinal empty zone between adjacent beds is a working channel;

then planting ginseng and asarum according to the following planting positions:

the edge of one side along the longitudinal direction of the bed is sequentially provided with an edge herba asari belt, a wide ginseng belt, a middle herba asari belt, a wide ginseng belt and an edge herba asari belt; planting a row of asarum herb on each side of the longitudinal center line of the bed, wherein the two rows of asarum herb form a middle asarum herb belt; two wide ginseng belts are respectively planted on two sides of the middle asarum belt, and each ginseng belt comprises six rows of ginseng; a row of asarum is planted on the bed surface outside the two wide ginseng belts, a row of asarum is planted on the slope of two longitudinal edges of the bed, and the four rows of asarum form two edge asarum belts.

2. A strip-shaped inter-furrow bed for ginseng and asarum according to claim 1, wherein: the area of the furrow bed accounts for 70-80 percent.

3. A strip-shaped inter-furrow bed for ginseng and asarum according to claim 1, wherein: the ploughing depth is 0.20-0.25 m.

4. A strip-shaped inter-furrow bed for ginseng and asarum according to claim 1, wherein: when the main plant is perennial, the intercropping plant is perennial; when the main plant is low-annual, the intercropping plant is also low-annual.

5. A strip-shaped inter-furrow bed for ginseng and asarum according to claim 1, wherein: each row of ginseng plants of the wide ginseng band is aligned in the transverse direction, one row of ginseng plants at the edge of the wide ginseng band and an adjacent row of asarum plants are distributed in a zigzag shape, two rows of asarum plants of the middle asarum band are distributed in a zigzag shape, and two rows of asarum plants of the edge asarum band are distributed in a zigzag shape.

6. A strip-shaped inter-furrow bed for ginseng and asarum according to claim 1, wherein: herba asari and Ginseng radix in the middle herba asari zone are planted simultaneously.

7. A strip-shaped inter-furrow bed for ginseng and asarum according to claim 1, wherein: herba asari in the edge herba asari zone can be planted in synchronization with Ginseng radix, or transplanted in dormancy stage of herba asari in summer and autumn.

8. A method for optimizing the microecological environment of rhizosphere soil of ginseng comprises the following steps:

then planting ginseng and asarum, wherein the planting positions are as follows: