CN116761731A - 夹层玻璃 - Google Patents

夹层玻璃 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN116761731A
CN116761731A CN202280009885.4A CN202280009885A CN116761731A CN 116761731 A CN116761731 A CN 116761731A CN 202280009885 A CN202280009885 A CN 202280009885A CN 116761731 A CN116761731 A CN 116761731A
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
vehicle
laminated glass
glass
transmittance
light control
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
CN202280009885.4A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
仪间裕平
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
AGC Inc
Original Assignee
Asahi Glass Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Asahi Glass Co Ltd filed Critical Asahi Glass Co Ltd
Publication of CN116761731A publication Critical patent/CN116761731A/zh
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10431—Specific parts for the modulation of light incorporated into the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10467—Variable transmission
    • B32B17/10495—Variable transmission optoelectronic, i.e. optical valve
    • B32B17/10504—Liquid crystal layer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
    • B32B17/10036—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
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    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
    • B32B17/10082—Properties of the bulk of a glass sheet
    • B32B17/1011—Properties of the bulk of a glass sheet having predetermined tint or excitation purity
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10174—Coatings of a metallic or dielectric material on a constituent layer of glass or polymer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10174—Coatings of a metallic or dielectric material on a constituent layer of glass or polymer
    • B32B17/10201—Dielectric coatings
    • B32B17/10211—Doped dielectric layer, electrically conductive, e.g. SnO2:F
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10431—Specific parts for the modulation of light incorporated into the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1044—Invariable transmission
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
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    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10431—Specific parts for the modulation of light incorporated into the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10467—Variable transmission
    • B32B17/10486—Variable transmission photochromic
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10431—Specific parts for the modulation of light incorporated into the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10467—Variable transmission
    • B32B17/10495—Variable transmission optoelectronic, i.e. optical valve
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10431—Specific parts for the modulation of light incorporated into the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10467—Variable transmission
    • B32B17/10495—Variable transmission optoelectronic, i.e. optical valve
    • B32B17/10513—Electrochromic layer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10431—Specific parts for the modulation of light incorporated into the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10467—Variable transmission
    • B32B17/10495—Variable transmission optoelectronic, i.e. optical valve
    • B32B17/10532—Suspended particle layer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/10605—Type of plasticiser
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/10651—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer comprising colorants, e.g. dyes or pigments
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    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/10678—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer comprising UV absorbers or stabilizers, e.g. antioxidants
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    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
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Abstract

一种封入调光元件的夹层玻璃，其抑制从车外侧看到的外观的恶化。本夹层玻璃为车辆用夹层玻璃，其具有车内侧玻璃板和车外侧玻璃板、位于所述车内侧玻璃板与所述车外侧玻璃板之间的中间膜、以及封入所述中间膜的调光元件，所述调光元件具有一对基材、和位于所述一对基材之间的调光层，所述中间膜包含夹着所述调光层位于车内侧的车内侧部分、和夹着所述调光层位于车外侧的车外侧部分，将所述车外侧玻璃板、所述中间膜的车外侧部分和夹着所述调光层配置于车外侧的所述基材的透射率设为Tout，并将所述车内侧玻璃板、所述中间膜的车内侧部分和夹着所述调光层配置于车内侧的所述基材的透射率设为Tin时，满足Tout＜Tin的关系。

Description

夹层玻璃
技术领域
本发明涉及夹层玻璃。
背景技术
机动车或火车的窗玻璃中，已知有将能够用电来改变透射率的调光元件封入中间膜而成的夹层玻璃。为了提升乘客的隐私性，这样的夹层玻璃例如在调光元件关闭的状态下会使光散射而成为磨砂玻璃那样，而在调光元件打开的状态下会变透明。作为调光元件，例如采用液晶元件(例如参照专利文献1)。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1：日本专利第3296096号
发明内容
发明所要解决的技术问题
但是，封入调光元件的夹层玻璃存在夹层玻璃内部的调光元件表面上变得凹凸而产生反射变形导致从车外侧看到的外观恶化的问题。
本发明基于上述情况而完成，其目的在于，对封入调光元件的夹层玻璃抑制从车外侧看到的外观的恶化。
解决技术问题所采用的技术方案
本夹层玻璃为车辆用夹层玻璃，其具有车内侧玻璃板和车外侧玻璃板、位于所述车内侧玻璃板与所述车外侧玻璃板之间的中间膜、以及封入所述中间膜的调光元件，所述调光元件具有一对基材、和位于所述一对基材之间的调光层，所述中间膜包含夹着所述调光层位于车内侧的车内侧部分、和夹着所述调光层位于车外侧的车外侧部分，将所述车外侧玻璃板、所述中间膜的车外侧部分和夹着所述调光层配置于车外侧的所述基材的透射率设为Tout，并将所述车内侧玻璃板、所述中间膜的车内侧部分和夹着所述调光层配置于车内侧的所述基材的透射率设为Tin时，满足Tout＜Tin的关系。
发明效果
根据本公开的一个实施方式，能够对封入调光元件的夹层玻璃抑制从车外侧看到的外观的恶化。
附图说明
图1A所示为例示第1实施方式的夹层玻璃的图。
图1B所示为例示第1实施方式的夹层玻璃的图。
图2所示为说明低放射涂层的图。
图3所示为说明实施例的图。
具体实施方式
以下参照附图对本发明的实施方式进行说明。各图中，相同构成部分标以相同符号标记，有时会省略重复说明。此外，各图中，为了便于理解本发明的内容，有时会夸张显示一部分尺寸或形状。
另外，车辆典型地是指机动车，但是认为应指包括电车、船舶、飞机等在内的具有玻璃的移动物体。
此外，俯视是指从夹层玻璃的车内侧面的法线方向看夹层玻璃的规定区域，平面形状是指从夹层玻璃的车内侧面的法线方向看夹层玻璃的规定区域所看到的形状。
〈第1实施方式〉
图1A和图1B所示为例示第1实施方式的夹层玻璃的图。图1A示意性地示出将夹层玻璃安装在车辆上时从车厢外识别车厢内的情形。图1B所示为沿着图1A的A-A线的剖视图。
参照图1A和图1B，夹层玻璃10为具有玻璃板11、玻璃板12、中间膜13、遮蔽层14和调光元件15的车辆用夹层玻璃。其中，遮蔽层14可以根据需要设置。
另外，图1A和图1B中将夹层玻璃10显示为平板形状，但是夹层玻璃10也可以是在长边方向和短边方向上弯曲的形状。或者，夹层玻璃10可以是仅在长边方向上弯曲的形状、或仅在短边方向上弯曲的形状。
此外，图1A和图1B中，夹层玻璃10的平面形状为矩形，但是夹层玻璃10的平面形状并不限于矩形，也可以是包含梯形等在内的任意形状。
夹层玻璃10例如可以适用于车辆用天窗玻璃、后窗玻璃、后侧窗玻璃、后三角窗玻璃、门玻璃、附加窗(エクストラウインドウ)、前窗玻璃等。另外，附加窗是指为了提升车辆驾驶员的后方识别性而安装在车辆后侧的玻璃。
玻璃板11为将夹层玻璃10安装在车辆上时成为车内侧的车内侧玻璃板。而玻璃板12为将夹层玻璃10安装在车辆上时成为车外侧的车外侧玻璃板。玻璃板11和玻璃板12可以具有规定的曲率。
玻璃板11与玻璃板12为彼此相向的一对玻璃板，中间膜13和调光元件15位于一对玻璃板之间。玻璃板11与玻璃板12以夹持着中间膜13和调光元件15的状态固定。
中间膜13是将玻璃板11和玻璃板12接合的膜。中间膜13例如具有与玻璃板11接合的中间膜131、与玻璃板12接合的中间膜132、和位于中间膜131与中间膜132之间并包围调光元件15外周的画框状的中间膜133。中间膜13中，中间膜131为相对于调光层153位于车内侧的车内侧部分，中间膜132为相对于调光层153位于车外侧的车外侧部分。
但是，中间膜13也可以具有与玻璃板11接合的中间膜131、与玻璃板12接合的中间膜132而不具有中间膜133。即使在中间膜13不具有中间膜133的情况下，在夹层玻璃10的制造工序中的压接时中间膜131和/或132仍包围调光元件15的外周。
另外，在没有必要特别区分中间膜131、132和133的情况下，简单称为中间膜13。关于玻璃板11、玻璃板12和中间膜13在后文中详述。
遮蔽层14是不透明的层，例如可以沿着夹层玻璃10的周缘部设置成带状。遮蔽层14例如为不透明的(例如黑色的)着色陶瓷层。遮蔽层14可以是具有遮光性的着色中间膜或着色膜，也可以是中间膜或着色膜中的至少一者与着色陶瓷层的组合。着色膜可以与红外线反射膜等一体化。
由于夹层玻璃10具有不透明的遮蔽层14，因此能够抑制将夹层玻璃10的周缘部保持在车身上的聚氨酯等树脂因紫外线而导致的劣化。此外，遮蔽层14能够遮蔽与调光元件15电连接的电极或与电极连接的布线，使其不易从车外侧和/或车内侧识别到。
遮蔽层14例如可以通过利用丝网印刷等将包含含有黑色颜料的熔融性玻璃料的陶瓷色浆涂布在玻璃板上并烧成来形成，但并不限于此。遮蔽层14例如也可以通过利用丝网印刷等将含有黑色或深色颜料的有机油墨涂布在玻璃板上并使其干燥来形成。
在图1A和图1B的示例中，遮蔽层14设置于玻璃板11的车内侧面的周缘部和玻璃板12的车内侧面的周缘部。但是，遮蔽层14也可以根据需要仅设置在玻璃板11的车内侧面的周缘部，也可以仅设置在玻璃板12的车内侧面的周缘部。
调光元件15是能够切换夹层玻璃10的光的透射率的元件。调光元件15例如能够在透射率低的状态与高的状态间切换。透射率可以多级别切换，也可以无级别(连续)切换。调光元件15根据需要可以配置在夹层玻璃10的几乎整面，也可以仅配置在一部分。调光元件15的平面形状例如为比夹层玻璃10的平面形状更小的矩形。在图1A和图1B的示例中，调光元件15的周缘部位于与遮蔽层14在俯视下重叠的位置。
调光元件15具备基材151、调光层153、基材155和一对电极156，被封入中间膜13中。即，调光元件15的周围被中间膜13包围。基材151具有支持构件151a、和配置于支持构件151a上的导电膜151b。基材155具有支持构件155a、和配置于支持构件155a上的导电膜155b。
调光元件15的形状例如为膜状。调光元件15的厚度例如在0.05mm以上0.5mm以下，优选0.1mm以上0.4mm以下。另外，调光元件15的一对电极156分别与用于将电极156与外部电路连接的布线(未图示)连接。
支持构件151a和155a为透明的树脂层。支持构件151a和155a的厚度例如在5μm以上500μm以下，优选在10μm以上200μm以下，更优选在50μm以上150μm以下。
支持构件151a和155a例如选自聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚酰胺、聚醚、聚砜、聚醚砜、聚碳酸酯、聚芳酯、聚醚酰亚胺、聚醚醚酮、聚酰亚胺、芳族聚酰胺、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯、三乙酰基纤维素、聚氨酯、环烯烃聚合物中的任一种。
导电膜151b形成于支持构件151a的玻璃板12侧的面上，与调光层153的玻璃板11侧的面相接。导电膜155b形成于支持构件155a的玻璃板11侧的面上，与调光层153的玻璃板12侧的面相接。即，导电膜151b和155b是夹持调光层153的一对导电膜。
作为导电膜151b和155b，例如能够使用透明导电性氧化物(TCO：transparentconductive oxide)。作为TCO，可例举掺锡氧化铟(ITO：tin-doped indium oxide)、掺铝氧化锌(AZO：aluminum doped zinc oxide)、掺铟氧化镉等，但并不限于此。
作为导电膜151b和155b，可以有利地使用聚(3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩)(PEDOT)或聚(4,4-二辛基环戊二噻吩)等透明导电性聚合物。此外，作为导电膜151b和155b，也可以适宜地使用金属层和电介质层的层叠膜、银纳米线、银或铜的金属网等。
导电膜151b和155b例如能够用溅射法或真空蒸镀法或离子电镀法等物理蒸镀法(PVD：Physical Vapor Deposition)、化学蒸镀法(CVD：Chemical Vapor Deposition)或湿涂法形成。
导电膜151b和155b的表面上可以进一步赋予透明的阻隔层。阻隔层主要有助于提高与调光层153的密合力以及防止调光元件短路。阻隔层的材料例如可使用SiO2、SiN、聚氨酯、聚氨酯丙烯酸酯、丙烯酸等，但并不限于此。阻隔层的膜厚优选在1000nm以下，更优选在500nm以下，进一步优选在300nm以下。阻隔层例如可用溅射法或真空蒸镀法或离子电镀法等物理蒸镀法(PVD：Physical Vapor Deposition)、化学蒸镀法(CVD：Chemical VaporDeposition)或湿涂法形成。
调光层153位于形成有导电膜151b的支持构件151a与形成有导电膜155b的支持构件155a之间。调光层153例如选自悬浮粒子装置(SPD：Suspended Particle Device)、聚合物分散型液晶(PDLC)、聚合物网络型液晶(PNLC)、宾主效应型液晶、TN(扭曲向列)型液晶、PC(相变)型液晶、STN(超级扭曲向列)型液晶、ECB(电控双折射)型液晶、OCB(光学补偿弯曲)型液晶、IPS(平面转换)型液晶、VA(垂直取向)型液晶、FFS(边缘场开关)型液晶、FPA(电场感应光反应取向)型液晶、光致变色装置、电致变色装置、电动力装置、有机EL(电致发光)元件、无机EL中任一者。调光层153可以选自SPD、PDLC、PNLC、宾主效应型液晶、电致变色装置中的任一者，可以选自SPD、PDLC、宾主效应型液晶、电致变色装置中的任一者，也可以选自SPD、PDLC、宾主效应型液晶中任一者。
调光元件15的雾度优选在调光元件15的透射率最低的状态下在80％以上。该值例如可采用聚合物分散型液晶(PDLC)作为调光层153来达成。另外，雾度可用按照JIS R7136：1998的方法来测定。
另外，宾主效应型液晶是指在分子的长轴方向和短轴方向上对光的吸收具有各向异性的二色性色素和液晶的混合物。二色性色素具有1条光吸收轴，其仅吸收在光吸收轴方向上振动的光。因此，随着电场所引起的液晶运动而使二色性色素的取向发生变化、控制光吸收轴的取向，藉此使液晶单元的透射状态变化。
电极156例如配置于俯视时与遮蔽层14重叠的位置。一对电极156中的一个与导电膜151b电连接，另一个与导电膜155b电连接。于是，通过对导电膜151b和155b通电来驱动调光层153。
一对电极156的一个极例如为正极，介由引线等与车辆上所搭载的电池等电源的正侧连接。而一对电极156的另一极例如为负极，介由引线等与车辆上所搭载的电池等电源的负侧连接。
由电池等电源介由一对电极156对调光层153供应电压，根据电压来切换调光元件15的透射率。从提升对比度的观点考虑，夹层玻璃10的透射率最低时(调光元件15的透射率最低的状态)的总光线透射率优选2％～10％。
将调光元件15的透射率最低的状态下的夹层玻璃10的总光线透射率设为T，并将玻璃板11的车内面的可见光反射率设为Rin时，优选满足0.5＜T/Rin＜10的关系。若满足0.5＜T/Rin的关系，则车内面对透射光的反射影响少，能够进一步提升对比度。而若满足T/Rin＜10的关系，则能获得优异的遮光性。更优选满足T/Rin＜2的关系，因为能获得更优异的遮光性。
此外，可见光反射率Rin优选小于2.5％。例如，如图2所示，通过在玻璃板11的车内侧面设置低放射涂层18，能使可见光反射率Rin下降。作为低放射涂层18，例如可列举掺锡氧化铟(ITO：tin-doped indium oxide)。通过使可见光反射率Rin下降，能够进一步提升对比度。即，在夹层玻璃10的总光线透射率T低的情况下，由于车内面侧的反射是主要的，因此通过使可见光反射率Rin下降，能够提升对比度。另外，总光线透射率可以用按照JISR7361-1：1997的方法来测定。此外，可见光反射率Rin可以用按照JIS R 3106：1998的方法来测定。
电极156的材料只要是导电性材料即可，没有特别限定，例如可列举金属材料。作为金属材料的一个例子，可列举：金、银、铜、铝、钨、铂、钯、镍、钴、钛、铱、锌、镁或锡等。此外，这些金属可以进行镀覆加工，也可以构成为合金或与树脂的复合物。
从成本和获取容易性的观点考虑，电极156可以适宜地使用铜带或平纹编织铜线、FPC(柔性印刷电路)。铜带或平纹编织铜线可以镀覆有铜以外的金属。
电极156可以藉由导电性粘合材料(导电性粘接层)、各向异性导电膜、焊料中的任一者与导电膜151b和155b接合。此外，电极156也可以不藉由导电性粘合材料、各向异性导电膜、焊料而与导电膜151b和155b直接接触。或者，电极156可以通过丝网印刷、喷墨印刷、胶版印刷、柔板印刷或凹版印刷等印刷方式形成。
夹层玻璃10中，将玻璃板12、中间膜132和基材155的透射率设为Tout，并将玻璃板11、中间膜131和基材151的透射率设为Tin时，满足Tout＜Tin的关系。另外，本说明书中的中间膜的透射率为在将中间膜夹入2mm厚的2块透明玻璃中形成夹层玻璃的状态下测定的值。此外，玻璃板的透射率在玻璃板具有被膜的情况下包含该被膜的透射率。此外，基材的透射率为包含支持构件和导电膜的透射率。
此处，由于Tin无法直接测定，因此为了方便，将其定为玻璃板11的总光线透射率、中间膜131的总光线透射率、基材151的总光线透射率相乘而得的数值。此外，Tout也同样，将其定为玻璃板12的总光线透射率、中间膜132的总光线透射率、基材155的总光线透射率相乘而得的数值。
为了实现Tout＜Tin的关系，例如使夹着调光层153配置于车外侧的中间膜132的透射率比配置于车内侧的中间膜131的透射率低即可。具体而言，可以对中间膜131和中间膜132采用不同材料以满足Tout＜Tin的关系。中间膜131的透射率优选80％以上。例如，作为中间膜131可以采用透明中间膜，作为中间膜132则可以采用着色中间膜。
此处，透明中间膜为透明度高的中间膜。透明中间膜的可见光透射率例如在膜厚为0.38mm的情况下为85％～95％左右。例如，膜厚为0.38mm且可见光透射率为90％的制品由伊士曼化学日本公司(ソルーシア·ジャパン社)市售。
着色中间膜为透明度比透明中间膜低的中间膜。着色中间膜可以通过对〔中间膜〕的说明中后述的材料进行着色来制备。具体而言，主要是通过使包含热塑性树脂为主的组合物含有着色剂来制得着色中间膜。着色中间膜也可以含有用于调整玻璃化温度的增塑剂。
作为着色剂，只要能降低可见光透射率则没有特别限制，可列举染料、无机颜料、有机颜料等。其中，从长期使用所致退色的可能性较小的角度考虑，优选无机颜料或有机颜料，从耐光性优异的角度考虑，优选无机颜料。
作为有机颜料，可例举苯胺黑等黑色颜料、茜素色淀(アリザリンレーキ)等红色颜料等。作为无机颜料，可例举碳类颜料、金属氧化物类颜料。可列举炭黑、象牙黑、马斯黑(マルスブラック)、漆黑(ピーチブラック)、灯黑(ランプブラック)、磁力型四氧化三铁等黑色颜料，琥珀色、深茶色(バーントアンバー)、黄褐色(イエローウォーカー)、铁锈棕(ヴァンダイクブラウン)、赭色(シェンナ)、深赭色(バーントシェンナ)等茶色颜料，孟加拉红、钼红(モリブデンレッド)、镉红(カドミウムレッド)等红色颜料，赤道橙(赤口黄鉛)、铬朱红(クロムバーミリオン)等橙色颜料，群青蓝、藏青、钴蓝、天青蓝等蓝色颜料，氧化铬、翠绿(ピリジアン)、翡翠绿(エメラルドグリーン)、钴绿等绿色颜料，铅黄、镉黄、氧化铁黄、钛黄等黄色颜料，锰紫、矿物紫等紫色颜料等。这些着色剂可以1种或2种以上组合使用。
着色剂的掺和量例如为使中间膜132的可见光透射率达到50％以下的量。着色中间膜还可以含有红外线吸收剂、紫外线吸收剂、荧光剂、粘接性调整剂、偶联剂、表面活性剂、抗氧化剂、热稳定剂、光稳定剂、脱水剂、消泡剂、防静电剂、阻燃剂等各种添加剂的1种或2种以上。
着色中间膜可以通过在未着色的中间膜132表面以暗色形成印刷层而成为着色中间膜的方法来制备。暗色印刷层的形成方法通常可以使用对树脂基材应用有色材料的印刷方法。作为有色材料，可列举与上述着色剂相同的有机颜料或无机颜料。另外，该情况下的印刷层不需要像陶瓷制的遮蔽层那样在玻璃的软化点温度附近具有耐久性，因此可以使用例如含炭黑的有机颜料。印刷层的厚度例如可以适宜地调整至使得中间膜132的可见光透射率达到50％以下。
通过使用着色中间膜，可以大幅降低中间膜132的可见光透射率。例如，中间膜132的可见光透射率可以达到20％以下、10％以下、或5％以下。例如，膜厚为0.76mm且可见光透射率为18％的制品由积水化学工业株式会社(積水化学工業社)市售。此外，膜厚为0.76mm且可见光透射率为8％的制品由伊士曼化学日本公司市售。
具有调光元件15的夹层玻璃10有时会因夹层玻璃10内部的调光元件15表面上变得凹凸而产生反射变形，从而导致从车外侧看到的外观恶化。但是，若满足Tout＜Tin的关系，则车外侧的透射率变低，凹凸不易显眼，因此可以减少反射变形，能够改善从车外侧看到的外观。
Tout优选0.01％以上20％以下。若在该范围内，则可以充分获得减少从车外看到的反射变形的效果。此外，Tin优选30％以上，更优选35％以上，进一步优选50％以上，特别优选60％以上。若Tin在35％以上且Tout在0.01％以上20％以下，则不仅可以充分获得减少从车外看到的反射变形的效果，还可以获得良好的对比度。
另外，从车内看到的反射变形由于通常反射的光源亮度比从车外看时弱而不易显眼，因此若满足Tout＜Tin的关系，则能够更有效地减少反射显眼的从车外看到的反射变形。此外，Tout与Tin的差(Tin-Tout)优选20％以上，更优选30％以上，进一步优选50％以上。若Tout与Tin的差在20％以上，则不仅能够减少反射变形，而且还能够抑制对比度的下降。
下面对玻璃板11、玻璃板12以及中间膜13进行详述。
〔玻璃板〕
玻璃板11和12可以是无机玻璃，也可以是有机玻璃。作为无机玻璃，例如可以采用钠钙玻璃、铝硅酸盐玻璃、硼硅酸盐玻璃、无碱玻璃、石英玻璃等，没有特别限定。位于夹层玻璃10的外侧的玻璃板12从耐擦伤性的观点考虑优选无机玻璃，从成形性的观点考虑优选钠钙玻璃。玻璃板11和玻璃板12为钠钙玻璃的情况下，可以适宜地使用透明玻璃、含有规定量以上的铁成分的绿色玻璃和UV截止绿色玻璃。
无机玻璃可以是未强化玻璃、强化玻璃中的任一种。未强化玻璃是将熔融玻璃成形为板状并退火而成的玻璃。强化玻璃是在未强化玻璃的表面形成压缩应力层而成的玻璃。
强化玻璃可以是例如风冷强化玻璃等物理强化玻璃、化学强化玻璃中的任一种。在其为物理强化玻璃的情况下，可以通过例如在弯曲成形过程中将均匀加热后的玻璃板从软化点附近的温度急冷等退火以外的操作，利用玻璃表面与玻璃内部间的温度差在玻璃表面产生压缩应力层，从而将玻璃表面强化。
在其为化学强化玻璃的情况下，可以通过例如在弯曲成形后利用离子交换法等使玻璃表面产生压缩应力，从而将玻璃表面强化。此外，也可以使用吸收紫外线或红外线的玻璃，进一步优选为透明的玻璃，但也可以使用以不损害到透明性的程度着色过的玻璃板。
而作为有机玻璃的材料，可列举聚碳酸酯、例如聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯等丙烯酸树脂、聚氯乙烯、聚苯乙烯等透明树脂。
玻璃板11和12的形状并不特别限定为矩形，可以是加工成各种形状和曲率的形状。作为玻璃板11和12的弯曲成形可以使用重力成形、加压成形、辊成形等。对于玻璃板11和12的成形法也没有特别限定，但是例如在无机玻璃的情况下，优选由浮法等成形的玻璃板。
玻璃板12的板厚没有特别限定，一般而言在0.1mm～10mm的范围内，可以根据适用夹层玻璃10的车辆种类或部位等进行适当选择。从耐飞石冲击性的观点考虑，玻璃板12的厚度优选0.3mm以上，更优选0.5mm以上，进一步优选0.7mm以上，特别优选1.1mm以上，最优选1.6mm以上。
此外，玻璃板11的板厚也可以说与玻璃板12相同。另外，玻璃板11也可以具有与玻璃板12不同的组成和/或与玻璃板12不同的厚度。例如，玻璃板11可以比玻璃板12更薄。
此外，玻璃板11和12可以是平板形状也可以是弯曲形状。但是在玻璃板11和12为弯曲形状且玻璃板11的板厚不合适的情况下，若作为玻璃板11和12成形为曲率特别大的2块玻璃，则2块的形状产生不匹配，会对压接后的残留应力等玻璃品质产生很大影响。
玻璃板11和/或12的外侧可以设置具有拒水、紫外线截止或红外线截止功能的被膜或具有低反射特性、低放射特性的被膜、具有防结露特性的被膜。此外，玻璃板11和/或12的与中间膜13相接的一侧也可以设置具有紫外线截止或红外线截止功能的被膜、具有低放射特性的被膜、可见光吸收被膜、着色被膜等被膜。此外，玻璃板11的车内侧面上可以具有低放射涂层。
即，玻璃板11和/或12可以具有拒水层、紫外线遮断层、红外线反射层、低反射率层、低放射涂层、防结露层、可见光吸收层、着色层中的任一种以上。只要玻璃板11和/或12、中间膜13、调光元件15的基材151和/或155中的至少一者具有这些层即可。
但是，玻璃板12、中间膜132和基材155中的至少1者也可以不具有含金属的涂层。含金属的涂层具体可列举红外线反射层和低放射涂层等。若不具有红外线反射层和低放射涂层，则来自车外的可见光反射率不会变得过高，不易变成光闪的外观。
另外，将调光元件15的透射率最低的状态下的夹层玻璃10的玻璃板12的车外侧面的可见光反射率设为Rout时，可见光反射率Rout优选在8％以下。若可见光反射率Rout在8％以下，则无论有无含金属的涂层，都不易变成光闪的外观。另外，夹层玻璃10的可见光反射率Rout可以用按照JIS R3106：1998的方法来测定。可见光反射率Rout和Rin的测定中，作为测定对象的面不同。
在玻璃板11和12是弯曲形状的无机玻璃的情况下，玻璃板11和12可以在通过浮法成形后、介由中间膜13粘接前进行弯曲成形。弯曲成形通过加热使玻璃软化来进行。弯曲成形时的玻璃的加热温度约为550℃～700℃。
〔中间膜〕
作为中间膜13，常用热塑性树脂，可例举增塑性聚乙烯醇缩醛类树脂、增塑性聚氯乙烯类树脂、饱和聚酯类树脂、增塑性饱和聚酯类树脂、聚氨酯类树脂、增塑性聚氨酯类树脂、乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物类树脂、乙烯-丙烯酸乙酯共聚物类树脂、环烯烃聚合物树脂、离聚物树脂等以往用于该种用途的热塑性树脂。此外，也可以适宜地使用日本专利第6065221号中记载的含有改性嵌段共聚物氢化物的树脂组合物。
其中，从透明性、耐候性、强度、粘接力、耐贯穿性、冲击能量吸收性、耐湿性、隔热性以及隔音性等各项性能的平衡优异的观点考虑，适宜使用增塑性聚乙烯醇缩醛类树脂。此类热塑性树脂可以单独使用，也可以2种以上并用。上述增塑性聚乙烯醇缩醛类树脂中的“增塑性”表示可以通过添加增塑剂来增塑的含义。对于其它增塑性树脂也表示相同含义。
但是，在中间膜13中封入调光元件15的情况下，根据调光元件的种类，可能因特定的增塑剂而导致调光元件劣化。该情况下，优选使用实质上不含该增塑剂的树脂。即，有时优选中间膜13不含增塑剂。作为不含增塑剂的树脂，可例举乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物类树脂等。
作为上述聚乙烯醇缩醛类树脂，可列举通过使聚乙烯醇(PVA)和甲醛反应而得的聚乙烯醇缩甲醛树脂、使PVA和乙醛反应而得的狭义的聚乙烯醇缩乙醛类树脂、使PVA和正丁醛反应而得的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛树脂(PVB)等，特别是从透明性、耐候性、强度、粘接力、耐贯穿性、冲击能量吸收性、耐湿性、隔热性以及隔音性等各项性能的平衡优异的观点考虑，作为适宜材料可举出PVB。此类聚乙烯醇缩醛类树脂可以单独使用，也可以2种以上并用。
但是，形成中间膜13的材料并不限于热塑性树脂。中间膜13还可以包含红外线吸收剂、紫外线吸收剂、发光剂等功能性粒子。此外，中间膜13还可以具有被称为遮光带的着色部。
中间膜13的膜厚在最薄部分优选0.5mm以上。中间膜13最薄部分的膜厚为0.5mm以上时，作为夹层玻璃所必需的耐冲击性足够。中间膜13的膜厚在最厚部分优选3mm以下。若中间膜13膜厚的最大值为3mm以下，则夹层玻璃的质量不会过大。中间膜13膜厚的最大值更优选为2.8mm以下，进一步优选为2.6mm以下。
另外，中间膜13也可以具有4层以上的层。例如，由4层以上的层形成中间膜、通过增塑剂的调整等使得除两侧的层以外的若干层的剪切弹性模量小于两侧层的剪切弹性模量，则能够提高夹层玻璃10的隔音性。该情况下，两侧层的剪切弹性模量可以相同也可以不同。
此外，理想的是中间膜13中所包含的中间膜131、132和133全部由相同材料形成，但中间膜131、132和133的一部分或全部也可以由不同材料形成。该情况下，中间膜131、132和133各自的膜厚优选0.025mm以上1mm以下。
制造中间膜13时，例如适当选择形成中间膜23的上述树脂材料，使用挤出机，以加热熔融状态进行挤出成形。挤出机的挤出速度等挤出条件设定为使其均匀的条件。然后，使挤出成形而得的树脂膜匹配夹层玻璃的设计，例如根据需要进行拉伸以使树脂膜的上边和下边具有曲率，藉此完成中间膜13。
〔夹层玻璃〕
夹层玻璃10的总厚度优选2.8mm以上10mm以下。若夹层玻璃10的总厚度为2.8mm以上，则可以确保足够的刚性。若夹层玻璃10的总厚度为10mm以下，则能够在获得足够的透射率的同时降低雾度。
在夹层玻璃10的至少1条边处，玻璃板11和玻璃板12的板偏移优选1.5mm以下，更优选1mm以下。此处，玻璃板11和玻璃板12的板偏移是指俯视下玻璃板11的端部和玻璃板12的端部的偏移量。
在夹层玻璃10的至少1条边处，若玻璃板11和玻璃板12的板偏移为1.5mm以下，则在不损害外观的方面有利的。在夹层玻璃10的至少1条边处，若玻璃板11和玻璃板12的板偏移在1.0mm以下，则在不损害外观的方面更加有利。
〔夹层玻璃的制造方法〕
制造夹层玻璃10时，将中间膜13和调光元件15夹在玻璃板11与玻璃板12之间而制备层叠体。然后，例如将该层叠体放入橡胶袋中，在表压-65～-100kPa的真空中、约50～110℃的温度下进行预压接。预压接的加热条件、温度条件、真空条件和层叠方法考虑调光元件15的性质适当选择以使其在层叠中不发生劣化。
进一步，例如通过在温度80℃～150℃、绝对压力0.6MPa～1.3MPa的条件下用电炉进行加热加压的压接处理，可以获得耐久性更优异的夹层玻璃10。但是，根据情况，考虑到工序的简化以及夹层玻璃10中封入的材料的特性，有时也不使用该加热加压工序。
在制备层叠体的工序中，可以在玻璃板12上介由成为中间膜13的车外侧部分的中间膜132来粘接调光元件15而制成第1层叠体，而在第1层叠体的调光元件15侧介由成为中间膜13的车内侧部分的中间膜131粘接玻璃板11而制成层叠体。该情况下，中间膜13可以使用粘接膜，预压接工序可以使用辊代替橡胶袋来进行。温度条件、真空条件可以考虑中间膜13、调光元件15的性质适当选择以使其在层叠中不发生劣化。特别是，在常温下贴合是理想的，因为调光元件15所受负荷能够达到最小。此外，也可以追加位于中间膜131与中间膜132之间并包围调光元件15外周的画框状的中间膜133。
另外，在夹层玻璃10为弯曲形状的情况下，玻璃板11和玻璃板12可以通过以往已知的弯曲方法来进行弯曲成形。例如，可以将玻璃板11和玻璃板12重叠并载置于环状模具上，加热至软化点以上，通过其自重进行弯曲成形。此外，也可以在玻璃板11和玻璃板12经加热的状态下将其分别或重叠进行加压成形。
这样使预弯曲成形后的玻璃板11与玻璃板12不相互弹性变形地介由中间膜13接合的夹层玻璃制造方法也称为“热弯”。
夹层玻璃10的制备也可以使用玻璃板11或玻璃板12中的任意一块或两块玻璃板在弹性变形的状态下接合的称为“冷弯”的方法。冷弯可以通过使用由用胶带等临时固定手段固定的玻璃板11、玻璃板12和中间膜13及调光元件15构成的层叠体、以及以往公知的夹持辊或橡胶袋、橡胶室等预压接装置和高压釜来实现。
另外，在不损害本申请效果的范围内，玻璃板11和玻璃板12之间除了中间膜13和调光元件15以外还可以存在具有发热、红外线反射、发光、发电、调光、触摸屏、可见光反射、散射、装饰、吸收等功能的膜和装置。此外，夹层玻璃10的表面也可以存在具有防雾、拒水、隔热、低反射等功能的膜。此外，玻璃板11的车外侧面或玻璃板12的车内侧面还可以存在具有隔热、发热等功能的膜。
〈第1实施方式的变形例1〉
第1实施方式的变形例1示出了实现Tout＜Tin的关系的其他方法的示例。另外，在第1实施方式的变形例1中，对于与已经说明的实施方式相同的构成部分有时会省略其说明。
作为实现Tout＜Tin的关系的其他方法，例如可以使夹着调光层153配置于车外侧的玻璃板12的透射率比配置于车内侧的玻璃板11的透射率低。具体而言，可以对玻璃板11和玻璃板12采用不同材料，以满足Tout＜Tin的关系。例如，可以使用隐私玻璃作为玻璃板12，使用绿色玻璃或透明玻璃作为玻璃板11。
这里，绿色玻璃为透明度高的玻璃。绿色玻璃的可见光透射率例如在板厚为1.6mm～2.0mm的情况下为83％～88％左右。而透明玻璃为透明度比绿色玻璃高的玻璃，其可见光透射率例如在板厚为1.8mm～2.0mm的情况下为88％～92％左右。
隐私玻璃为透明度比绿色玻璃和透明玻璃低的玻璃，也称为深灰色玻璃。隐私玻璃可以通过调整玻璃板12中换算成Fe2O3的全铁含量来实现。隐私玻璃的可见光透射率例如可以调整至在板厚为1.8mm的情况下为40％～50％左右、在板厚为2.0mm的情况下为30％～45％左右。
若举隐私玻璃的组成的一例，则以氧化物基准的质量％表示，作为玻璃主要组成，含有SiO2：66～75％、Na2O：10～20％、CaO：5～15％、MgO：0～6％、Al2O3：0～5％、K2O：0～5％、FeO：0.13～0.9％、以Fe2O3表示的全铁：0.8％以上且小于2.4％、TiO2：大于1％且在5％以下，相对于该玻璃主要组成的成分的合计量，含有100质量ppm～500质量ppm的CoO、0质量ppm～70质量ppm的Se和0质量ppm～800质量ppm的Cr2O3，并且CoO、Se和Cr2O3的合计量小于0.1质量％。
此外，对于隐私玻璃例如在国际公开第2015/088026号中有详细的描述，其内容可以作为参考援引用于本说明书中。
作为实现Tout＜Tin的关系的另一方法，例如可以使夹着调光层153配置于车外侧的基材155的透射率比配置于车内侧的基材151的透射率低。具体而言，可以对基材151的支持构件151a和基材155的支持构件155a采用不同的材料，以满足Tout＜Tin的关系。例如，可以采用厚度50μm下透射率50％的PET膜作为基材155的支持构件155a，采用厚度50μm下透射率90％的PET膜作为基材151的支持构件151a。
这样，为了实现Tout＜Tin的关系，可以改变中间膜131和中间膜132的材料，可以改变玻璃板11和玻璃板12的材料，也可以改变基材151的支持构件151a和基材155的支持构件155a的材料。或者，也可以并用这些方法中的2者以上。还可以在此之外再通过改变各层的厚度来调整透射率。
但是，玻璃板12的厚度可以与玻璃板11的厚度相等。此外，作为中间膜13的车内侧部分的中间膜131的厚度可以与作为中间膜13的车外侧部分的中间膜132的厚度相等。此外，夹着调光层153配置于车外侧的基材155的支持构件155a的厚度可以与夹着调光层153配置于车内侧的基材151的支持构件151a的厚度相等。
其中，从能够达到比Tout低的值的角度考虑，最优选改变中间膜131和中间膜132的材料的方法。在改变玻璃板11和玻璃板12的材料的情况下，玻璃板11与玻璃板12的组成无法相同，因而两者的弯曲条件也会不同。因此，在玻璃板11和玻璃板12为弯曲形状的情况下，很难以能够容易地制备夹层玻璃10程度的形状精度使玻璃板11和玻璃板12弯曲。而在改变中间膜131和中间膜132的材料的情况下，玻璃板11和玻璃板12的组成可以相同，两者的弯曲条件也可以相同，因此夹层玻璃10容易制造。从这一点来说，也优选中间膜131与中间膜132的材料不同的构成。
[实施例]
以下对实施例进行说明，但是本发明不限定于这些示例。
(例1)
作为玻璃板11(车内侧玻璃板)和玻璃板12(车外侧玻璃板)，准备尺寸为长1000mm×宽1200mm×板厚2mm的绿色玻璃。此外，作为中间膜131，准备尺寸为长1000mm×宽1200mm×膜厚0.38mm的PVB膜RK11(伊士曼化学日本公司制)。此外，作为中间膜132，准备尺寸为长1000mm×宽1200mm×膜厚0.76mm的PVB膜7018(积水化学工业株式会社制)。此外，作为调光元件15，准备聚合物分散型液晶(PDLC)膜。另外，调光元件15中，支持构件151a和155a均为厚度50μm下透射率90％的PET膜。另外，导电膜151b和155b采用薄膜电阻80Ω/□的ITO。
接着，在玻璃板11与玻璃板12之间夹入中间膜131、调光元件15、中间膜132，制备层叠体。再将层叠体放入橡胶袋中，在表压-65kPa～-100kPa的真空中在温度约70℃～110℃下粘接，制备了具有图1B所示层结构的评价用夹层玻璃。
此外，测定玻璃板12的透射率T1、中间膜132的透射率T2、基材155的透射率T3、基材151的透射率T4、中间膜131的透射率T5和玻璃板11的透射率T6，算出Tout＝T1×T2×T3和Tin＝T4×T5×T6。此外，测定调光元件的透射率最低的状态下的评价用夹层玻璃的总光线透射率T、玻璃板11的车内侧面的可见光反射率Rin，算出T/Rin。
另外，玻璃板12的透射率T1和玻璃板11的透射率T6是测定玻璃板单体的总光线透射率。而中间膜132的透射率T2和中间膜131的透射率T5由于用中间膜单体难以测定，因此采用板厚2mm的透明玻璃2块来制备夹层玻璃，测定其总光线透射率。基材155的透射率T3和基材151的透射率T4则测定基材单体的总光线透射率。
(例2)
除了作为中间膜132采用尺寸为长1000mm×宽1200mm×膜厚0.38mm的PVB膜RK11(伊士曼化学日本公司制)以外，以与例1相同的方式制备评价用夹层玻璃。
(例3)
除了作为中间膜131采用尺寸为长1000mm×宽1200mm×膜厚0.76mm的PVB膜7018(积水化学工业株式会社制)以外，以与例1相同的方式制备评价用夹层玻璃。
(例4)
除了作为中间膜131采用尺寸为长1000mm×宽1200mm×膜厚0.76mm的PVB膜7018(积水化学工业株式会社制)而作为中间膜132采用尺寸为长1000mm×宽1200mm×膜厚0.38mm的PVB膜RK11(伊士曼化学日本公司制)以外，以与例1相同的方式制备评价用夹层玻璃。
(例5)
除了作为中间膜132采用尺寸为长1000mm×宽1200mm×膜厚0.76mm的PVB膜SL47-5208(伊士曼化学日本公司制)以外，以与例1相同的方式制备评价用夹层玻璃。
(例6)
除了作为玻璃板12采用尺寸为长1000mm×宽1200mm×膜厚2mm的隐私玻璃而作为中间膜132采用尺寸为长1000mm×宽1200mm×膜厚0.38mm的PVB膜RK11(伊士曼化学日本公司制)以外，以与例1相同的方式制备评价用夹层玻璃。
(例7)
除了作为中间膜132采用尺寸为长1000mm×宽1200mm×膜厚0.38mm的PVB膜RK11(伊士曼化学日本公司制)而作为调光元件15的支持构件155a采用厚度50μm下透射率50％的PET膜以外，以与例1相同的方式制备评价用夹层玻璃。
(例8)
除了作为玻璃板11和玻璃板12采用尺寸为长1000mm×宽1200mm×膜厚2mm的隐私玻璃而作为中间膜132采用尺寸为长1000mm×宽1200mm×膜厚0.76mm的PVB膜7018(积水化学工业株式会社制)以外，以与例1相同的方式制备评价用夹层玻璃。
(评价1)
对于例1～例8制备的评价用夹层玻璃分别进行外观评价。具体而言，在室内将评价用夹层玻璃水平放置，以从车外面侧45度的角度使其反射斑马线板(粗30mm的白色直线和黑色直线交替排列而成)，对夹层玻璃反射的斑马线板的反射像进行拍照。拍照用尼康株式会社(ニコン社)制的D5300并用18-55mmf/3.5-5.6G作为镜头以2992×2000像素的清晰度、300dpi实施。对于拍摄的照片，在数据上读取相对于斑马线板的标准线宽发生变化的部位的像素数并计数。相对于斑马线板的标准线宽发生变化的部位的像素数小于20万的情况记为优，20万以上且小于120万的情况记为良，120万以上的情况记为不合格。该评价以相对于标准斑马线板的标准线宽的偏差量作为反射变形的好坏来进行评价。评价结果和Tout、Tin、T/Rin等值一同示于图3。
(评价2)
对于例1～例8制备的评价用夹层玻璃分别进行对比度评价。具体而言，在机动车的天窗玻璃位置设置评价用夹层玻璃，从后部座椅朝斜前方向上看，确认调光元件15关闭/开启时的对比度。评价者选择具有1.5以上视力的任意10人，所有人都感到对比度充分的情况记为良，只要有1人感到对比度不足的情况就记为不合格。进一步，在良之中，所有人都感到遮光性充分的情况记为优。评价结果和Tout、Tin、T/Rin等值一同示于图3。
(评价结果)
根据图3的结果，通过满足Tout＜Tin的关系时，能够抑制从车外看产生剧烈的反射变形。特别是，若Tout在20％以下，则反射变形达到看不到的程度因而适宜。这样，从车外看的反射变形由于会因调光元件的调光层或导电膜的起伏而恶化，因此其在车外侧的透射率比调光元件低的情况下不易显眼。
此外，根据图3的结果，在满足0.5＜T/Rin＜10的关系的情况下，可以获得一定程度的对比度，但是若像例3那样T/Rin达到0.5以下，则无法充分地获得对比度。这样，在透射率过低的情况下，由于车内面侧的反射起主导作用，因此对比度恶化。而在透射率过高的情况下，由于调光元件在关闭状态下的遮光性低，难以识别与开启状态下的差异，因此恶化。
如上所述，优选满足Tout＜Tin的关系并进一步满足0.5＜T/Rin＜10的关系，若具备这些条件，则不仅能够抑制从车外看产生剧烈的反射变形，还能获得一定程度的对比度。特别是，在Tin在60％以上且Tout在20％以下并进一步满足0.5＜T/Rin＜10的关系的情况下，从车外看的反射变形达到看不出的程度，并且能够获得良好的对比度。进一步，在满足0.5＜T/Rin＜2的关系的情况下，能够获得良好的遮光性。
以上对优选的实施方式等进行了详细说明，但并不受上述实施方式等所限，在不脱离权利要求所记载的范围的情况下，可对上述实施方式等进行各种改变或替换。
另外，在这里引用2021年1月13日提出申请的日本专利申请第2021-003539号的说明书、权利要求书、附图和摘要的全部内容作为本发明说明书的公开。
符号说明
10 夹层玻璃
11、12 玻璃板
13、131、132、133 中间膜
14 遮蔽层
15 调光元件
18 低放射涂层
151、155 基材
151a、155a 支持构件
151b、155b 导电膜
153 调光层
156 电极

Claims (23)

1.一种夹层玻璃，
其为车辆用夹层玻璃，其具有
车内侧玻璃板和车外侧玻璃板、
位于所述车内侧玻璃板和所述车外侧玻璃板之间的中间膜、以及
封入所述中间膜的调光元件，
所述调光元件具有一对基材、和位于所述一对基材之间的调光层，
所述中间膜包含夹着所述调光层位于车内侧的车内侧部分、和夹着所述调光层位于车外侧的车外侧部分，
将所述车外侧玻璃板、所述中间膜的车外侧部分和夹着所述调光层配置于车外侧的所述基材的透射率设为Tout，并将所述车内侧玻璃板、所述中间膜的车内侧部分和夹着所述调光层配置于车内侧的所述基材的透射率设为Tin时，满足Tout＜Tin的关系。
2.如权利要求1所述的夹层玻璃，其中，所述中间膜的车外侧部分的透射率比所述中间膜的车内侧部分的透射率低。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的夹层玻璃，其中，所述车外侧玻璃板的透射率比所述车内侧玻璃板的透射率低。
4.如权利要求1～3中任一项所述的夹层玻璃，其中，夹着所述调光层配置于车外侧的所述基材的透射率比夹着所述调光层配置于车内侧的所述基材的透射率低。
5.如权利要求1～4中任一项所述的夹层玻璃，其中，所述调光元件的雾度在所述调光元件的透射率最低的状态下在80％以上。
6.如权利要求1～5中任一项所述的夹层玻璃，其中，所述Tin在30％以上。
7.如权利要求1～6中任一项所述的夹层玻璃，其中，所述Tin在60％以上。
8.如权利要求1～7中任一项所述的夹层玻璃，其中，所述中间膜的车内侧部分的透射率在80％以上。
9.如权利要求1～8中任一项所述的夹层玻璃，其中，所述Tin与所述Tout的差在20％以上。
10.如权利要求1～9中任一项所述的夹层玻璃，其中，所述车外侧玻璃板的厚度与所述车内侧玻璃板的厚度相等。
11.如权利要求1～10中任一项所述的夹层玻璃，其中，所述中间膜的车外侧部分的厚度与所述中间膜的车内侧部分的厚度相等。
12.如权利要求1～11中任一项所述的夹层玻璃，其中，夹着所述调光层配置于车外侧的所述基材的厚度与夹着所述调光层配置于车内侧的所述基材的厚度相等。
13.如权利要求1～12中任一项所述的夹层玻璃，其中，所述Tout在0.01％以上20％以下。
14.如权利要求1～13中任一项所述的夹层玻璃，其中，在所述调光元件的透射率最低的状态下，所述夹层玻璃的总光线透射率在2％以上10％以下。
15.如权利要求1～14中任一项所述的夹层玻璃，其中，将所述调光元件的透射率最低的状态下的所述夹层玻璃的总光线透射率设为T，并将所述车内侧玻璃板的车内侧面的可见光反射率设为Rin时，满足0.5＜T/Rin＜10的关系。
16.如权利要求15所述的夹层玻璃，其中，所述Rin小于2.5％。
17.如权利要求1～16中任一项所述的夹层玻璃，其中，所述车外侧玻璃板不具有红外线反射层和低放射涂层。
18.如权利要求1～17中任一项所述的夹层玻璃，其中，夹着所述调光层配置于车外侧的所述基材不具有红外线反射层和低放射涂层。
19.如权利要求1～18中任一项所述的夹层玻璃，其中，所述车内侧玻璃板、所述车外侧玻璃板、所述中间膜、一对所述基材中的至少一者具有红外线反射层、低放射涂层、拒水层、防结露层、紫外线遮断层中的任一者以上。
20.如权利要求19所述的夹层玻璃，其中，所述车内侧玻璃板的车内侧面具有低放射涂层。
21.如权利要求1～20中任一项所述的夹层玻璃，其中，将所述调光元件的透射率最低的状态下的所述夹层玻璃的所述车外侧玻璃板的车外侧面的可见光反射率设为Rout时，Rout在8％以下。
22.如权利要求1～21中任一项所述的夹层玻璃，其中，所述调光层选自悬浊粒子装置、聚合物分散型液晶、聚合物网络型液晶、宾主效应型液晶、电致变色装置中任一者。
23.如权利要求1～22中任一项所述的夹层玻璃，其中，一对所述基材的与所述调光层相接的面具有透明的阻隔层。
CN202280009885.4A 2021-01-13 2022-01-12 夹层玻璃 Pending CN116761731A (zh)

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