CN116675550A - 一种电磁屏蔽复合材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种电磁屏蔽复合材料及其制备方法。所述制备方法包括如下步骤:(1)对碳纤维预制体进行表面预处理,随后将碳纤维预制体进行真空浸渍。(2)对浸渍后的CF进行CVD处理得到CNTs/CF预制体。(3)将CNTs/CF预制体作为基底,对预制体沉积基体并进行致密化处理,最终得到CNTs‑C/SiC复合材料。本发明提供的电磁屏蔽复合材料表现出优异的电磁屏蔽性能,在航空航天的电磁防护领域具有广阔的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于复合材料技术领域,特别涉及一种CNTs-C/SiC复合材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
近年来,随着电子信息技术和便携式通讯设备的快速发展,特别是5G通信的迅速应用,生活中的电磁波密度日益增加,与之而来的电磁辐射成为了第四种污染源。由于其危害大,难防护的特点,防止电磁辐射受到了社会及科学界的高度关注。因此,为保护电路中的敏感元件免受环境中辐射源的伤害,学者们对防止电磁辐射进行了广泛的研究,电磁屏蔽材料的研发也因此成为研究热点。
碳材料因类金属的电学性能、较高的抗拉强度、化学惰性和良好的热稳定性在电磁屏蔽材料引起了大量关注,但是使用单一碳纤维作为电磁屏蔽材料存在磁导率低、介电常数高、吸收效能低等明显不足。碳化硅(SiC)是一种宽禁带半导体,具有高热导率、耐高温、宽吸收频带等特点。此外,它与CF的化学相容性良好,目前CF增强SiC陶瓷基复合材料在电磁屏蔽领域具有广阔的应用前景。然而,SiC相对较低的电导率不能满足商用高屏蔽效率材料要求。碳纳米管具有优良的导电性和良好的介电损耗角正切值及较低的趋肤深度,且比表面积较大,是理想的EMI屏蔽材料。尤其是螺旋状CNTs(碳微线圈)具有更高的电磁波吸收效率,为CF/SiC陶瓷基复合材料的改性提供了一种途径。
电磁屏蔽材料可以利用反射、吸收和多重反射损耗机制对电磁波进行有效屏蔽。随高频电磁波在民用领域的广泛应用,例如智能通讯和柔性穿戴手表等电子设备,对电磁屏蔽材料也提出了更高的要求,包括轻、薄、宽、强,可抵抗化学腐蚀、自然天气和机械损伤等环境干扰,而传统的单一材料如铁氧体、磁性金属、本征聚合物已经难以满足理想电磁屏蔽材料的种种要求。因此,如何制备一种制备工艺简单、性能优异的电磁屏蔽复合材料成为亟待解决的问题。
发明内容
本发明的主要目的在于提供一种电磁屏蔽复合材料及其制备方法,以克服现有技术的不足。
为实现前述发明目的,本发明实施例提供了一种电磁屏蔽复合材料的制备方法,所述制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)对2D叠层缝合碳纤维预制体进行表面预处理:在氩气下热处理,随后在硝酸中刻蚀,最后用去离子水清洗并烘干;
(2)将刻蚀后的碳纤维预制体放入真空浸渍釜,抽至真空后加入催化剂前驱体盐溶液进行浸渍得到载催化剂碳纤维预制体;
(3)将载催化剂碳纤维预制体烘干后进行CVD处理,得到CNTs/CF预制体;
(4)将CNTs/CF预制体作为基底,基于SiC化学气相沉积的动力学特征,对预制体沉积基体并进行致密化处理,最终得到CNTs-C/SiC复合材料。
优选地,在步骤(1)中,所述热处理的温度为950~1050℃,处理时间为1.5~2.5h。硝酸刻蚀时间为3~5h。
优选地,所述步骤(1)中硝酸为80℃。
优选地,在步骤(2)中,使用的催化剂为Fe、Co、Ni硝酸盐,真空浸渍时间为2h~10h。
优选地,在步骤(3)中,所述CVD处理的具体方法为:第一步,以5℃/min升至还原温度400℃~600℃,在N2气氛中进行热处理,保温时间为20min~40min,随后将气氛由N2换成H2进行还原,保温时间为30min~60min。第二步,在N2气氛中继续升温至700℃~1100℃,最后在C2H2+H2气氛中生长CNTs,保温时间为10min~60min。
优选地,在所述步骤(3)中:烷烃类气体属于烷烃与氢气混合气体,烷烃类气体为甲烷或乙炔或丙烯或烷烃,与氢气的质量比为1:5~1:9。
优选地,在步骤(4)中,所述致密化处理的具体方法为:沉积温度为1000~1100℃,滞留时间为0~1s,气氛使用MTS-H2-N2前驱体系统,气体摩尔比为0.5~1:4.5~5.5:3.5~4.5,压强为9.0~15kPa。
本发明提供了一种CNTs-C/SiC复合材料,采用上述所述的制备方法制备得到,其具有优异的电磁屏蔽性能,在X波段的屏蔽效能不小于30dB。
本发明与现有技术相比的有益效果在于:
(1)在多尺度碳纤维预制体内原位生长CNTs,结合烷烃气相/表面反应动力学和催化剂颗粒催化反应,优化催化颗粒的负载工艺和化学气相沉积工艺;
(2)深入探索CVD过程各参数对碳纤维预制体梯度生长CNTs的影响。
具体实施方式
鉴于现有技术的缺陷,本案发明人经长期研究和大量实践,得以提出本发明的技术方案,下面将对本发明的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
本发明中电磁屏蔽复合材料通过CNTs的引入构建了多尺度的导电结构,使入射电磁波产生感生电流,电导损耗能力增强,转换为热能将电磁波衰减耗散。碳纳米管由碳原子sp2杂化后形成,碳链表面的π电子垂直管壁分布,在交变电磁场的作用下发生弛豫-极化现象。其次,碳纳米管弯折表明管壁存在高密度的缺陷结构,由五元环和六元环组成,使材料的缺陷极化能力增强。同时,CNTs的引入产生了SiC-CNTs、CNTs-Cata、SiC-Cata等多种界面,界面在电磁场作用下发生界面极化,从而提高电磁屏蔽能力。
具体的,作为本发明技术方案的一个方面,提供一种电磁屏蔽复合材料的制备方法,该制备方法包括如下步骤:
所述电磁屏蔽复合材料的制备方法包括,对2D叠层缝合碳纤维预制体进行表面预处理,随后将碳纤维预制体进行真空浸渍。对浸渍后的碳纤维预制体进行CVD处理得到CNTs/CF预制体。将CNTs/CF预制体作为基底,对预制体沉积基体并进行致密化处理,最终得到CNTs-C/SiC复合材料。
在一些优选实施方案中,所述对碳纤维预制体的表面预处理条件为:在1000℃下氩气中进行热处理,随后在80℃硝酸中刻蚀,最后用去离子水清洗并烘干。
进一步地,热处理时间为2h,刻蚀时间为4h。
在一些优选实施方案中,所述真空浸渍使用的催化剂为Fe、Co、Ni硝酸盐,时间为10h,获得载催化剂碳纤维预制体。
在一些优选实施方案中,对碳纤维预制体负载催化剂及催化生长CNTs的处理条件为:第一步,以5℃/min升至还原温度400℃~600℃,在N2气氛中进行保温处理,随后将气氛由N2换成H2进行还原。随后在N2气氛中继续升温至700℃~1100℃,最后在C2H2/H2气氛(1:9)中生长CNTs。
进一步地,热处理保温时间为30min,还原时间为60min,生长CNTs的时间为60min。
在一些优选实施方案中,对预制体沉积基体进行致密化处理的具体方法为:沉积温度为1050℃,滞留时间为0.5s,气氛使用MTS-H2-N2前驱体系统,气体摩尔比为1:5:4,压强为10kPa。
本发明提供的CNTs-C/SiC复合材料表现出优异的电磁屏蔽效果,在航空航天的电磁防护领域具有广阔的应用前景。
为了更加清楚地说明本发明的技术方案及优点,下面通过几个实施例对一种CNTs-C/SiC复合材料及其制备方法进行详细说明。下列实施例在以发明技术方案为前期下进行实施,给出了详细的实施方式和具体的操作过程,但本发明的保护范围不限于下述的实施例。
下面所用的实施例中所采用的试验材料,如无特殊说明,均可由常规的生化试剂公司购买得到。
实施例1
(1)对2D叠层缝合碳纤维预制体进行表面预处理:在1000℃下氩气中热处理2h,随后在80℃硝酸中刻蚀4h,最后用去离子水清洗并烘干;
(2)将刻蚀后的碳纤维预制体放入真空浸渍釜中并加入催化剂前驱体盐溶液进行浸渍,使用的催化剂为Co硝酸盐,时间为10h,得到载催化剂碳纤维预制体;
(3)将载催化剂碳纤维预制体烘干后进行CVD处理,具体方法为:第一步,以5℃/min升至还原温度450℃,在N2气氛中进行热处理,保温时间为30min,随后将气氛由N2换成H2进行还原,保温时间为60min。第二步,在N2气氛中继续升温至700℃,最后在C2H2/H2气氛(1:9)中生长CNTs,保温时间为60min。得到CNTs/CF预制体;
(4)将CNTs/CF预制体作为基底,对预制体沉积基体并进行致密化处理,具体方法为:沉积温度为1050℃,滞留时间为0.5s,气氛使用MTS-H2-N2前驱体系统,气体摩尔比为1:5:4,压强为10kPa。最终得到CNTs-C/SiC复合材料。
实施例2
(1)对2D叠层缝合碳纤维预制体进行表面预处理:在1000℃下氩气中热处理2h,随后在80℃硝酸中刻蚀4h,最后用去离子水清洗并烘干;
(2)将刻蚀后的碳纤维预制体放入真空浸渍釜中并加入催化剂前驱体盐溶液进行浸渍,使用的催化剂为Ni硝酸盐,时间为10h,得到载催化剂碳纤维预制体;
(3)将载催化剂碳纤维预制体烘干后进行CVD处理,具体方法为:第一步,以5℃/min升至还原温度450℃,在N2气氛中进行热处理,保温时间为30min,随后将气氛由N2换成H2进行还原,保温时间为60min。第二步,在N2气氛中继续升温至700℃,最后在C2H2/H2气氛(1:9)中生长CNTs,保温时间为60min。得到CNTs/CF预制体;
(4)将CNTs/CF预制体作为基底,对预制体沉积基体并进行致密化处理,具体方法为:沉积温度为1050℃,滞留时间为0.5s,气氛使用MTS-H2-N2前驱体系统,气体摩尔比为1:5:4,压强为10kPa。最终得到CNTs-C/SiC复合材料。
实施例3
(1)对2D叠层缝合碳纤维预制体进行表面预处理:在1000℃下氩气中热处理2h,随后在80℃硝酸中刻蚀4h,最后用去离子水清洗并烘干;
(2)将刻蚀后的碳纤维预制体放入真空浸渍釜中并加入催化剂前驱体盐溶液进行浸渍,使用的催化剂为Fe硝酸盐,时间为10h,得到载催化剂碳纤维预制体;
(3)将载催化剂碳纤维预制体烘干后进行CVD处理,具体方法为:第一步,以5℃/min升至还原温度450℃,在N2气氛中进行热处理,保温时间为30min,随后将气氛由N2换成H2进行还原,保温时间为60min。第二步,在N2气氛中继续升温至650℃,最后在C2H2/H2气氛(1:9)中生长CNTs,保温时间为60min。得到CNTs/CF预制体;
(4)将CNTs/CF预制体作为基底,对预制体沉积基体并进行致密化处理,具体方法为:沉积温度为1050℃,滞留时间为0.5s,气氛使用MTS-H2-N2前驱体系统,气体摩尔比为1:5:4,压强为10kPa。最终得到CNTs-C/SiC复合材料。
实施例4
(1)对2D叠层缝合碳纤维预制体进行表面预处理:在1000℃下氩气中热处理2h,随后在80℃硝酸中刻蚀4h,最后用去离子水清洗并烘干;
(2)将刻蚀后的碳纤维预制体放入真空浸渍釜中并加入催化剂前驱体盐溶液进行浸渍,使用的催化剂为Fe硝酸盐,时间为10h,得到载催化剂碳纤维预制体;
(3)将载催化剂碳纤维预制体烘干后进行CVD处理,具体方法为:第一步,以5℃/min升至还原温度450℃,在N2气氛中进行热处理,保温时间为30min,随后将气氛由N2换成H2进行还原,保温时间为60min。第二步,在N2气氛中继续升温至700℃,最后在C2H2+H2气氛中生长CNTs,保温时间为60min。得到CNTs/CF预制体;
(4)将CNTs/CF预制体作为基底,对预制体沉积基体并进行致密化处理,具体方法为:沉积温度为1050℃,滞留时间为0.5s,气氛使用MTS-H2-N2前驱体系统,气体摩尔比为1:5:4,压强为10kPa。最终得到CNTs-C/SiC复合材料。
实施例5
(1)对2D叠层缝合碳纤维预制体进行表面预处理:在1000℃下氩气中热处理2h,随后在80℃硝酸中刻蚀4h,最后用去离子水清洗并烘干;
(2)将刻蚀后的碳纤维预制体放入真空浸渍釜中并加入催化剂前驱体盐溶液进行浸渍,使用的催化剂为Fe硝酸盐,时间为10h,得到载催化剂碳纤维预制体;
(3)将载催化剂碳纤维预制体烘干后进行CVD处理,具体方法为:第一步,以5℃/min升至还原温度450℃,在N2气氛中进行热处理,保温时间为30min,随后将气氛由N2换成H2进行还原,保温时间为60min。第二步,在N2气氛中继续升温至1000℃,最后在CH4/H2气氛(1:9)中生长CNTs,保温时间为60min。得到CNTs/CF预制体;
(4)将CNTs/CF预制体作为基底,对预制体沉积基体并进行致密化处理,具体方法为:沉积温度为1050℃,滞留时间为0.5s,气氛使用MTS-H2-N2前驱体系统,气体摩尔比为1:5:4,压强为10kPa。最终得到CNTs-C/SiC复合材料。
对比例1
对比例1与实施例1的沉积基体以及致密化处理的步骤相同,但对比例1没有上述的步骤(1)到步骤(6),对比例1使用CF作为基底,对CF沉积基体并进行致密化处理,具体方法为:沉积温度为1050℃,滞留时间为0.5s,气氛使用MTS-H2-N2前驱体系统,气体摩尔比为1:5:4,压强为10kPa。最终得到C/SiC复合材料。
本发明的各项电磁屏蔽性能测试采用本领域技术人员的常规测试方法测试得到。需要说明的是,下列各实施例的性能测试结果为复合材料在X波段的平均电磁屏蔽效能。
表1
由表1可知,通过本发明的实施例的CNTs-C/SiC复合材料的制备方法,制备的复合材料具有优异的电磁屏蔽性能。
此外,本案发明人还参照前述实施例,以本说明书述及的其它原料、工艺操作、工艺条件进行了试验,并均获得了较为理想的结果。
应当理解,本发明的技术方案不限于上述具体实施案例的限制,凡是在不脱离本发明宗旨和权利要求所保护的范围情况下,根据本发明的技术方案做出的技术变形,均落于本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (9)
1.一种电磁屏蔽复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)对碳纤维预制体进行表面预处理:在氩气下热处理,随后在硝酸中刻蚀,最后用去离子水清洗并烘干;
(2)将刻蚀后的碳纤维预制体放入真空浸渍釜中,抽至真空后加入催化剂前驱体盐溶液进行浸渍得到负载催化剂碳纤维预制体;
(3)将负载催化剂碳纤维预制体烘干后进行CVD处理,通入烷烃类碳源前驱体,得到CNTs/CF预制体;
(4)将CNTs/CF预制体作为基底,基于SiC化学气相沉积的动力学特征,对预制体沉积基体并进行致密化处理,最终得到CNTs-C/SiC复合材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种电磁屏蔽复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,在所述步骤(1)中:所述碳纤维预制体是叠层缝合。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种电磁屏蔽复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤1)中热处理的温度为950~1050℃,处理时间为1.5~2.5h,硝酸刻蚀时间为3~5h。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种电磁屏蔽复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)中硝酸为80℃。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种电磁屏蔽复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,在所述步骤(2)中:加入所述盐溶液前浸渍釜内的压强≤0.1MPa,使用的催化剂为Fe、Co、Ni硝酸盐中的任何一种,浸渍时间为2~10h。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种电磁屏蔽复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,在所述步骤(3)中:所述CVD处理的具体方法为:第一步,以5℃/min升至还原温度400℃~600℃,在N2气氛中进行热处理,保温时间为20min~40min,随后将气氛由N2换成H2进行还原,保温时间为30min~60min;第二步,在N2气氛中继续升温至700℃~1100℃,最后在烷烃类气氛中生长CNTs,生长时间为10min~60min。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种电磁屏蔽复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,在所述步骤(3)中:烷烃类气体属于烷烃与氢气混合气体,烷烃类气体为甲烷或乙炔或丙烯或烷烃,与氢气的质量比为1:5~1:9。
8.根据权利要求1所述的一种电磁屏蔽复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,在所述步骤(4)中:沉积温度为1000~1100℃,滞留时间为0.1~1.5s,气氛使用MTS-H2-N2前驱体系统,气体摩尔比为0.5~1:4.5~5.5:3.5~4.5,压强为9~15kPa。
9.根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的一种电磁屏蔽复合材料的制备方法制备的电磁屏蔽复合材料,其特征在于,其具有优异的电磁屏蔽性能,在X波段的屏蔽效能不小于30dB。
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