CN116138101A - Light-weight efficient early-fruiting kiwi fruit planting method - Google Patents
Light-weight efficient early-fruiting kiwi fruit planting method Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/04—Supports for hops, vines, or trees
- A01G17/06—Trellis-work
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
- A01G24/12—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material containing soil minerals
- A01G24/15—Calcined rock, e.g. perlite, vermiculite or clay aggregates
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
- A01G24/22—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material containing plant material
- A01G24/25—Dry fruit hulls or husks, e.g. chaff or coir
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
- A01G24/28—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material containing peat, moss or sphagnum
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/20—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions in agriculture, e.g. CO2
- Y02P60/21—Dinitrogen oxide [N2O], e.g. using aquaponics, hydroponics or efficiency measures
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention discloses a light high-efficiency early-fruiting kiwi fruit planting method which comprises the steps of matrix composition, matrix disinfection, root controller selection, root controller placement, seedling planting, trellis construction, early-fruiting tree rapid culture, fertilizer and water management and pest control. According to the invention, the kiwi fruits are cultivated by adopting the light matrix cultivation, the one-trunk double-main-vine multi-side vine high-efficiency high-yield tree type, the water and fertilizer integrated sword dropping system and the on-demand fertilizer preparation method, so that the problems of weak kiwi fruits growth, slow production, low yield, poor quality and the like caused by soil property and the like in a garden building field can be effectively avoided, the production period of the kiwi fruits is obviously shortened, the field planting of the kiwi fruits is performed in spring in the year, fruits are obtained in about 20% in the second year, fruits are obtained in more than 80% in the third year, and all fruits are obtained in the fourth year basically, so that the management efficiency can be improved, the management cost is saved, and the method has great guiding significance for producing high-quality kiwi fruits.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of kiwi fruit planting and planting, in particular to a light high-efficiency early-fruiting kiwi fruit planting method.
Background
Kiwi fruit is a perennial hermaphrodite vine plant, is more and more favored by consumers because of rich nutritional value and good medicinal value, and becomes one of 26 fruits with the largest world consumption. The roots of the kiwi fruits are fleshy roots, have large water content, more fibrous roots, fewer main roots, shallow distribution, poor soil penetrating property and weak self-protection capability, and like loam or sandy loam which is rich in organic matters and has a pH value of 5.5-7 and loose and breathable. The main production areas of the kiwi fruits in China are mainly concentrated in the places such as Shaanxi, sichuan, guizhou, hunan, jiangxi, henan and the like, and the kiwi fruit garden is mainly formed by reconstruction of dry lands, paddy fields, sloping lands and the like, and the problems of soil hardening, thin and barren soil layers, high pH value, low organic matter content, easiness in drought and waterlogging and the like generally exist, so that the development of the kiwi fruit industry in China is severely restricted.
In order to improve the soil, the method of deep turning and applying organic fertilizer is often adopted for the kiwi fruit garden construction and soil improvement, but the method is easy to turn the soil at the bottom layer to the surface, and the soil improvement is difficult to mix evenly after the application of excessive organic fertilizer, so that the problems of root burning and the like are easily caused, and the kiwi fruit seedlings are low in survival rate, slow in growth, weak in growth, poor in resistance, long in production period, higher in soil management cost, low in yield and the like.
In the southern area, because of high groundwater level, heavy soil viscosity, poor water permeability and air permeability, etc., waterlogging, root rot, etc. often occur in rainy and humid seasons. In order to prevent waterlogging and reduce root rot, the kiwi fruit garden is built by digging the ditch and draining water, but the garden building cost is increased, and the agricultural operation in the garden is greatly influenced because of the longitudinal and transverse arrangement of the ditch, and particularly, the mechanized operation is greatly influenced.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems, the invention aims to provide a light and efficient early-fruiting kiwi fruit planting method which can effectively avoid the problems of weak kiwi fruit growth, slow production, low yield, poor quality and the like caused by soil property and the like in a garden, obviously shortens the production period of kiwi fruits, improves the management efficiency and saves the management cost.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: a light-weight efficient early-fruiting kiwi fruit planting method is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) Composition of planting substrate
Adopting high-quality coconut chaff with the EC less than or equal to 1mS/cm, vermiculite with the length of 2-4 mm, peat soil with the length of 5-30 mm and earthworm fertilizer as matrix main materials, wherein the high-quality coconut chaff with the EC less than or equal to 1mS/cm can ensure low salt content in the yearn, and is more beneficial to the growth of kiwi fruits;
2-4 mm vermiculite and 5-30 mm peat soil ensure the air permeability of the matrix and simultaneously maintain good water and fertilizer retaining effects;
according to the coconut husk: vermiculite: peat soil: the earthworm fertilizer is prepared by mixing the components in a volume ratio of 2:2:4:6 to prepare a planting matrix of the kiwi fruit seedlings, and the pH value is 5.5-6.5;
the yerba mate and vermiculite are mainly used for increasing the air permeability of the matrix, and peat soil and earthworm fertilizer increase the organic matter content and other mineral nutrients in the matrix. The content of peat soil and earthworm fertilizer accounts for about 70%, which is favorable for the early-stage rapid growth and the rapid putting on shelf of kiwi fruits and accelerates the early putting on shelf of kiwi fruits.
The pH value is limited to 5.5-6.5, which is the pH range suitable for the growth of the kiwi fruits;
(2) Substrate sterilization
Adding 50g/m to the mixed matrix 3 5% phoxim particles for combating pests in a substrate, 50g/m are added 3 Copper sulphate or 800g/m 3 The 50% carbendazim wettable powder is used for killing harmful bacteria in a matrix;
(3) Root controller selection
Selecting a root controller with the diameter of 120-200 cm and the depth of 60cm and without a chassis;
(4) Root controller placement and seedling planting
According to the vigor of different kiwi fruit varieties, placing root control devices according to the distance of 3×4m or 4×5m, for example, adopting 3×4m plant-line spacing for the kiwi fruit with relatively weak vigor such as 'red sun' kiwi fruit; the varieties of Donghong (red) No. 2 (Jin Shi) No. 1 (Haihawod) with long-term vigour are 4×5m plant-row spacing.
The sterilized substrate is arranged at the position of about 55cm of a root controller, and then the kiwi fruit grafted seedlings with developed root systems and strong and disease-free growth are planted in the substrate, and root fixing water is poured;
(5) Construction of shed frame
(6) Early-junction tree-type rapid culture
After field planting and sprouting, reserving 1 strong scion bud as a main stem for cultivation, removing all redundant scion buds, erasing all Jiang Wang stock sprouts when the main stem buds grow to about 15-20 cm long, reserving 1-2 intermediate stock sprouts as water lifting branches, and restricting the growth of the reserved stock sprouts by pinching or cutting off the tips repeatedly when the reserved stock sprouts grow to about 50cm long until the stock leaves fall in autumn;
when the scion buds grow to more than 50cm, pulling the scion buds by ropes or bamboo poles to enable the scion buds to vertically grow upwards, after the scion buds are pulled to be put on the shelf to exceed the shelf surface by about 30cm, cutting off the scion buds from the place 30cm below the shelf surface to enable the scion buds to be extracted, keeping 2 robust secondary branches extracted from the top ends as main vines, removing all the rest secondary branches, putting the scion buds on a central steel wire in a left-right crossing mode when the 2 main vines grow to about 1.0m, keeping the length of 1.5-2.0 m and picking the scion buds for many times when the main vines grow to 1.8-2.3 m, and enabling all the side vines to be extracted without picking the center;
when pruning in winter, all the fully lignified side tendrils which are extracted and generated in spring and summer are cut off from the position with the thickness of about 0.6cm, all the side tendrils which are extracted and generated in autumn and not fully lignified are cut off again, and only 2-3 buds are reserved;
the sprouts on the trunk, the main vines and the lateral vines are erased in spring every year, if a plurality of sprouts exist on one node, only 1 strong sprout is selected and reserved;
removing part of overgrown branches, excessive dense branches and weak branches in summer, and retaining side branches which are extracted from the main vines;
cutting long branches and tendrils which are fully lignified into a position with the thickness of 0.6cm after defoliation in winter, cutting the branches and tendrils which are not fully lignified into short branches and tendrils with obvious updated branches on the base part, retracting the branches and tendrils to the sprouting position of the updated branches, and fixing the tendrils on the frame surface by using a binding branch clip/rope;
the kiwi fruit pollinating tree is cultivated into a trunk or multi-trunk multi-main-vine multi-side-vine tree according to the space position.
Further preferably, in the step (4), the proportion of the male and female kiwi fruit seedlings in field planting is 4:1-8:1, and artificial pollination can be omitted by adopting the proportion, so that pollination quality and yield can be ensured.
Further, the planting method also comprises fertilizer and water management, including adopting a fertilizer and water integrated sword dropping system;
for young trees in childhood, 10-20 g of water-soluble fertilizer of 15-15-15+TE or high nitrogen, low phosphorus, high potassium and TE is applied for 1 time every half month;
for the fruit trees, about 1 time of 15-15-15+TE or 10-20 g/plant of water-soluble fertilizer of high nitrogen, low phosphorus, high potassium and TE is applied before the wounded flow starts in spring and before flowering;
spraying 0.1% boron fertilizer on leaf surfaces for 2-3 times from about one week before flowering to about 10 days after flowering;
after flowers are removed, within 50 days after flowers are removed, 10-20 g of water-soluble fertilizer of high nitrogen, medium phosphorus, low potassium and TE is applied for 1 time every 10 days;
in the fruit expanding period, 10-20 g of water-soluble fertilizer of high nitrogen, low phosphorus, high potassium and TE is applied for 1 time every half month;
in the mature period of fruits, 10-20 g of water-soluble fertilizer of low nitrogen, high phosphorus, high potassium and TE is applied for 1 time every half month;
spraying 0.3% monopotassium phosphate on the leaf surface for 1 time every 7 days about 1 month before fruit picking;
within 1 month after fruit picking, 10-20 g/plant of 15-15-15+TE water-soluble fertilizer is applied for 1 time every half month.
Since the substrate will settle every year, the substrate is newly added to the root controller at a position of about 55cm in autumn and winter (10-12 months).
Further, the planting method further comprises pest control: in winter, the kiwi fruit is combined with pruning, the ill branch tips and leaves are pruned, old skin, tilted skin and scab on main vines of the trunk are thoroughly scraped, dried branches, fallen leaves, stiff fruits, weeds and the like in an orchard are timely cleaned, and the harmless treatment of burning or deep burying is performed in a concentrated manner, so that the overwintering base number of the sick insects is reduced. After trimming in winter, smearing and sealing the larger cut with water paint containing 10 percent of copper master; after cleaning the garden in winter, 50g of crystal lime sulphur, 1kg of quicklime and 5kg of water are mixed into lime liquid or pine liquid medicine film is selected to whiten the main branches of the trunk, 100-120 times of crystal lime sulphur is used for evenly spraying Quan Yuan branches and tendrils, and then the garden is sealed.
Further, pest control still includes installation insecticidal lamp: the frequency vibration type insecticidal lamp or the solar insecticidal lamp is hung in an orchard for 3-11 months each year, 1 is hung according to about 50 mu in a flat dam area, 1 is hung in about 30 mu in a mountain area, adults such as cuvettes, leaf rollers and diatom moths are trapped and killed, and the egg drop quantity in the field is reduced, and the number of insect ports is reduced.
Further, the pest control further comprises a hanging insect attracting color plate: in early stage of pest, when the number of pest mouths is smaller, 20-30 yellow plates are hung per mu, the specification of the yellow plates is 20x 25cm, and small-sized pests such as aphids and leafhoppers are trapped and killed.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows: the method for cultivating the kiwi fruits by adopting the light matrix cultivation, the double main vines and multi-side vines high-efficiency high yield tree type and the water and fertilizer integrated sword dripping system and the on-demand fertilizer preparation method can effectively avoid the problems of weak growth vigor, slow production, low yield, poor quality and the like of the kiwi fruits caused by soil property and the like of a built garden, remarkably shortens the production period of the kiwi fruits (field planting in spring in the year, fruiting in the second year is about 20%, fruiting in the third year is about 80%, and fruit can be basically and completely achieved in the fourth year), improves the management efficiency, saves the management cost and has great guiding significance for producing high-quality kiwi fruits.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an elevation view of the installation of a cement pile of a kiwi fruit greenhouse frame.
FIG. 2 is a top view of the kiwi fruit greenhouse frame of the invention.
In the figure: 1-cement upright posts; 2-hot dip galvanized rectangular steel; 3-ground; 4-hot dip galvanized steel wire; 5-steel strand wires.
Detailed Description
In order to enable those skilled in the art to better understand the technical solution of the present invention, the technical solution of the present invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.
Example 1
A light and efficient early-fruiting kiwi fruit planting method comprises the following steps:
(1) Composition of planting substrate
Adopting EC=1 mS/cm high-quality coconut husk, 2mm vermiculite, 20mm peat soil and earthworm fertilizer as matrix main materials, and according to the volume ratio: vermiculite: peat soil: earthworm fertilizer=2:2:4:6, and the pH value is 5.5.
The high-quality coconut husk with EC=1mS/cm is selected to ensure the low salt content in the yerba mate, and the lower salt content is more beneficial to the growth of kiwi fruits;
the functions of selecting 2mm vermiculite and 20mm peat soil are as follows: the grain sizes of vermiculite and peat soil cannot be too fine, so that the air permeability is poor; too thick is not needed, and the water and fertilizer retention effect is not good;
limiting the pH value to 5.5: the pH value of the kiwi fruit suitable for growth is the same as that of the kiwi fruit;
the volume ratio of the defined 2:2:4:6 has the following effects: the yerba mate and vermiculite are mainly used for increasing the air permeability of the matrix, and peat soil and earthworm fertilizer increase the organic matter content and other mineral nutrients in the matrix. The content of peat soil and earthworm fertilizer accounts for about 70%, which is favorable for the early-stage rapid growth and the rapid putting on shelf of kiwi fruits and accelerates the early putting on shelf of kiwi fruits.
(2) Substrate sterilization
Adding 50g/m into mixed matrix 3 Phoxim with 5% of particles and 50g/m 3 Copper sulfate;
(3) Root controller selection:
the root controller with the diameter of 120cm and the depth of 60cm and without a chassis is selected to facilitate the downward growth of the root system of the kiwi plant to absorb the nutrients of the soil seeds in the local garden.
(4) Root controller placement and seedling planting
Placing a root controller according to a plant row spacing of 3m multiplied by 4m, wherein the plant row spacing is suitable for planting a variety of 'red sun' kiwi fruits with relatively weak growth vigor;
then the prepared sterilized matrix is arranged at the position of about 55cm of a root controller, and the kiwi fruit grafted seedlings with developed root systems and strong and disease-free growth are planted in the matrix and watered with root fixing water; the configuration of male plants is paid attention to during field planting of kiwi seedlings, the proportion of male and female plants is 4:1-8:1, artificial pollination can be omitted by adopting the proportion, and pollination quality and yield can be ensured.
(5) Construction of shed frame
As shown in fig. 1-2, two adjacent cement columns in the same row are separated by 6m, and the row spacing is 4m. Two upright posts at two ends of each row of upright posts are 20cm multiplied by 20cm thick and 3.2m long, 4 cold-drawn steel bars with diameters of about 1cm are arranged in the upright posts, four sides about 10cm below the top end of each upright post are drilled with mutually perpendicular small holes with diameters of 1.5cm, and the small holes are used for penetrating and pulling hot dip galvanized steel wires or steel strands; two mutually perpendicular grooves with the width of 9cm and the depth of 6cm are formed at the top end of the upright post and are used for placing the rectangular steel cross beam. The middle upright post is 12cm multiplied by 12cm thick and 3.0m long, and comprises 6 cold-drawn steel wires with the length of about 0.4cm, and four sides about 8cm below the top end of the upright post are drilled with mutually perpendicular small holes with the diameter of 1.5cm; two mutually perpendicular grooves with the width of 5cm and the depth of 6cm are formed at the top end of the upright post and are used for placing the rectangular steel cross beam. The height of all the upright posts after being installed is at least 1.9m from the ground surface at the top ends of the upright posts.
The top ends of the cement upright posts at the tail ends of two adjacent rows are connected by hot dip galvanized rectangular steel with the thickness of 8cm multiplied by 6cm and 0.4cm, and the middle cement upright posts of two adjacent rows are connected by hot dip galvanized rectangular steel with the thickness of 4cm multiplied by 6cm and the thickness of 0.3cm at intervals of one row; and each row of upright posts is connected in series by 10# hot dip galvanized steel wires or hot dip galvanized steel strands with the diameter of 0.6cm, and then a 12# hot dip galvanized steel wire is pulled between each row of upright posts at intervals of about 50cm to form a net-shaped frame surface.
(6) Early-junction tree-type rapid culture
After field planting and sprouting, reserving 1 strong scion bud as a main stem for cultivation, removing all redundant scion buds, erasing all Jiang Wang stock sprouts when the main stem buds grow to about 15-20 cm long, reserving 1-2 intermediate stock sprouts as water lifting branches, and restricting the growth of the reserved stock sprouts by pinching or cutting off the tips repeatedly when the reserved stock sprouts grow to about 50cm long until the stock leaves fall in autumn;
when the scion buds grow to more than 50cm, the scion buds are pulled by ropes or bamboo poles to vertically grow upwards, after the scion buds are pulled to be put on the shelf to exceed the shelf surface by about 30cm, the scion buds are cut off from the place 30cm below the shelf surface, secondary branches are extracted, 2 robust secondary branches extracted from the top end are reserved as main vines, all the other secondary branches are removed, when the 2 main vines grow to about 1.0m, the scion buds are put on the central steel wire in a left-right crossing mode, when the main vines grow to 1.8-2.3 m, the length of 1.5-2.0 m is reserved, and the scion buds are plucked for many times, so that side vines are not plucked.
When pruning in winter, all the fully lignified side tendrils which are extracted in spring and summer are cut off from the position with the thickness of about 0.6cm, all the side tendrils which are extracted in autumn and are not fully lignified are cut off again, and only 2-3 buds are reserved.
And erasing the sprouting on the trunk, the main vines and the lateral vines in the spring every year, if a plurality of buds exist on one node, only 1 strong bud is selected.
Removing part of overgrown branches, excessive dense branches and weak branches in summer, and retaining side branches which are extracted from the main vines;
cutting long branches and tendrils which are fully lignified into a position with the thickness of 0.6cm after defoliation in winter, cutting the branches and tendrils which are not fully lignified into short branches and tendrils with obvious updated branches on the base part, retracting the branches and tendrils to the sprouting position of the updated branches, and fixing the tendrils on the frame surface by using a binding branch clip/rope;
the kiwi fruit pollinating tree (male plant) is cultivated into a trunk or multi-trunk multi-main-vine multi-lateral vine tree according to the space position. The male plants mainly provide pollen, and the winter shears mainly remove thin and weak dried branches, twisted wound branches, pest branches, sprout tillered branches and inappropriately located overgrown branches, retain all branches and tendrils which grow fully, and slightly shear the branches and tenacious branches. After flowering, the flowers are re-sheared to germinate more flowering branches in the next year.
(7) Fertilizer and water management: the method adopts a fertilizer and water integrated sword dripping system, and the system can improve the fertilizer and water management efficiency of kiwi fruits and the fertilizer and water utilization rate.
For young trees in childhood, 10-20 g of water-soluble fertilizer of 15-15-15+TE or high nitrogen, low phosphorus, high potassium and TE is applied for 1 time per half month to ensure the rapid growth of kiwi fruit seedlings.
For the fruit trees, about 1 time of 15-15-15+TE or 10-20 g/plant of water-soluble fertilizer of high nitrogen, low phosphorus, high potassium and TE is applied before the wounded flow starts in spring and before flowering;
spraying 0.1% boron fertilizer on leaf surfaces for 2-3 times from about one week before flowering to about 10 days after flowering;
after flowers are removed, within 50 days after flowers are removed, 10-20 g of water-soluble fertilizer of high nitrogen, medium phosphorus, low potassium and TE is applied for 1 time every 10 days;
in the fruit expanding period, 10-20 g of water-soluble fertilizer of high nitrogen, low phosphorus, high potassium and TE is applied for 1 time every half month;
in the mature period of fruits, 10-20 g of water-soluble fertilizer of low nitrogen, high phosphorus, high potassium and TE is applied for 1 time every half month;
spraying 0.3% monopotassium phosphate on the leaf surface for 1 time every 7 days about 1 month before fruit picking;
within 1 month after fruit picking, 10-20 g/plant of 15-15-15+TE water-soluble fertilizer is applied for 1 time every half month.
Since the substrate will settle every year, the substrate is newly added to the root controller at a position of about 55cm in autumn and winter (10-12 months).
(8) Disease and pest control
In winter, the kiwi fruit is combined with pruning, the ill branch tips and leaves are pruned, old skin, tilted skin and scab on main vines of the trunk are thoroughly scraped, dried branches, fallen leaves, stiff fruits, weeds and the like in an orchard are timely cleaned, and the harmless treatment of burning or deep burying is performed in a concentrated manner, so that the overwintering base number of the sick insects is reduced.
After trimming in winter, the larger openings are smeared and sealed by water paint containing 10 percent of copper master, so as to prevent diseases such as kiwi fruit canker and the like from being infected.
After the garden is cleared in winter, 50g of crystal lime-sulfur mixture and 1kg of quicklime are used for adding 5kg of water into lime liquid or pine liquid medicine film is selected for whitewashing trunk and main branches, so that the invasion of diseases and insects into the tree body is reduced, the frost damage is reduced, and the freezing resistance and the disease and insect resistance of the tree body are enhanced. And meanwhile, uniformly spraying Quan Yuan branches and tendrils with 100-120 times of crystal lime sulphur, and sealing the garden. The larger cut is smeared and sealed by 'Yitai' medicinal mud.
And (3) mounting a frequency vibration insecticidal lamp: by utilizing the characteristics of phototactic, wave-tactic and the like of pests, the frequency vibration type pest killing lamp or the solar pest killing lamp is hung in an orchard for 3-11 months each year, 1 pest is hung according to about 50 mu in a flat dam area, 1 pest is hung about 30 mu in a mountain area, adults such as cudrania pseudolaricis, leaf rollers, diatom moths and the like are trapped and killed, and the egg drop quantity in the field is reduced, and the pest port base number is reduced.
Hanging insect attracting color plate: by utilizing the color chemotaxis of pests, when the number of the insect population is smaller in early pest occurrence period, 20-30 yellow plates (Huang Bangui grids, 20cm x25 cm) are hung per mu, and aphids, leafhoppers and other small pests are trapped and killed.
Example two
(1) Composition of planting substrate
Adopting EC <1mS/cm high-quality coconut husk, 3mm vermiculite, 15mm peat soil and earthworm fertilizer as matrix main materials, and according to the volume ratio: vermiculite: peat soil: earthworm fertilizer=2:2:4:6, and the kiwi fruit seedling planting matrix and the pH value are 6.
(2) Substrate sterilization
Adding 800g/m to the mixed matrix 3 50% carbendazim wettable powder.
(3) Root controller selection:
a root controller with the diameter of 150cm and the depth of 60cm and without a chassis is selected to facilitate the downward growth of the root system of the kiwi plant to absorb the nutrients of the soil seeds in the local garden.
(4) Root controller placement and seedling planting
Placing root control devices according to a distance of 4m multiplied by 5m, wherein the plant line distance is suitable for planting varieties with vigorous vigor such as 'Donghong' Hongshun No. 2 'Jin Shi No. 1' Haiwaode 'sunshine golden fruits';
then the prepared sterilized matrix is arranged at the position of about 55cm of a root controller, and the kiwi fruit grafted seedlings with developed root systems and strong and disease-free growth are planted in the matrix and watered with root fixing water; the configuration of male plants is paid attention to during field planting of kiwi seedlings, the proportion of male and female plants is 4:1-8:1, artificial pollination can be omitted by adopting the proportion, and pollination quality and yield can be ensured.
The construction of the canopy frame, the rapid cultivation of the early-maturing tree, the fertilizer and water management and the pest control of the second embodiment are the same as those of the first embodiment.
Example III
(1) Composition of planting substrate
Adopting EC=1 mS/cm high-quality coconut husk, 4mm vermiculite, 8mm peat soil and earthworm fertilizer as matrix main materials, and according to the volume ratio: vermiculite: peat soil: earthworm fertilizer=2:2:4:6, and the kiwi fruit seedling planting matrix is prepared by mixing, wherein the pH value is 5.5-6.5.
(2) Substrate sterilization
Adding 50g/m to the mixed matrix 3 5% content of phoxim particles and 50g/m 3 Copper sulfate.
(3) Root controller selection:
a root controller with the diameter of 200cm and the depth of 60cm and without a chassis is selected to facilitate the downward growth of the root system of the kiwi plant to absorb the nutrients of the soil seeds in the local garden.
(4) Root controller placement and seedling planting
Placing root control devices according to a distance of 4m multiplied by 5m, wherein the plant line distance is suitable for planting varieties with vigorous vigor such as 'Donghong' Hongshun No. 2 'Jin Shi No. 1' Haiwaode 'sunshine golden fruits';
then the prepared sterilized matrix is arranged at the position of about 55cm of a root controller, and the kiwi fruit grafted seedlings with developed root systems and strong and disease-free growth are planted in the matrix and watered with root fixing water; the configuration of male plants is paid attention to during field planting of kiwi seedlings, the proportion of male and female plants is 4:1-8:1, artificial pollination can be omitted by adopting the proportion, and pollination quality and yield can be ensured.
The third embodiment has the same shed frame construction, early-junction tree type rapid culture, fertilizer and water management, pest control and control as the first embodiment.
The method of the invention is as follows: the method for cultivating the kiwi fruits by adopting the light matrix cultivation, the double main vines and multi-side vines high-efficiency high yield tree type and the water and fertilizer integrated sword dripping system and the on-demand fertilizer preparation method can effectively avoid the problems of weak growth vigor, slow production, low yield, poor quality and the like of the kiwi fruits caused by soil property and the like of a built garden, obviously shortens the production period of the kiwi fruits (field planting in the spring of the year, fruiting starts about 20% in the second year and basically results in all the third year), improves the management efficiency, saves the management cost and has great guiding significance for producing high-quality kiwi fruits.
The foregoing has shown and described the basic principles, principal features and advantages of the invention. The present invention is subject to various changes and modifications without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, and such changes and modifications fall within the scope of the invention as hereinafter claimed.
Claims (7)
1. A light-weight efficient early-fruiting kiwi fruit planting method is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) Composition of planting substrate
Adopting high-quality coconut coir with EC less than or equal to 1mS/cm, vermiculite with 2-4 mm, peat soil with 5-30 mm and earthworm fertilizer as matrix main materials according to the following steps: vermiculite: peat soil: the earthworm fertilizer is prepared by mixing the components in a volume ratio of 2:2:4:6 to prepare a planting matrix of the kiwi fruit seedlings, and the pH value is 5.5-6.5;
(2) Substrate sterilization
Adding 50g/m to the mixed matrix 3 5% phoxim particles for combating pests in a substrate, 50g/m are added 3 Copper sulphate or 800g/m 3 50% carbendazim wettable powder of (a) for killing harmful fungi in a matrix；
(3) Root controller selection
Selecting a root controller with the diameter of 120-200 cm and the depth of 60cm and without a chassis;
(4) Root controller placement and seedling planting
Placing a root controller according to the growth vigor of different kiwi fruits and the distance of 3X 4m or 4X 5m between plant rows, then placing the sterilized matrix at the position of about 55cm of the root controller, planting the kiwi fruit grafted seedlings which have developed root systems and are strong and healthy and have no diseases, and watering root fixing water;
(5) Construction of shed frame
(6) Early-junction tree-type rapid culture
After field planting and sprouting, reserving 1 strong scion bud as a main stem for cultivation, removing all redundant scion buds, erasing all Jiang Wang stock sprouts when the main stem buds grow to about 15-20 cm long, reserving 1-2 intermediate stock sprouts as water lifting branches, and restricting the growth of the reserved stock sprouts by pinching or cutting off the tips repeatedly when the reserved stock sprouts grow to about 50cm long until the stock leaves fall in autumn;
when the scion buds grow to more than 50cm, pulling the scion buds by ropes or bamboo poles to enable the scion buds to vertically grow upwards, after the scion buds are pulled to be put on the shelf to exceed the shelf surface by about 30cm, cutting off the scion buds from the place 30cm below the shelf surface to enable the scion buds to be extracted, keeping 2 robust secondary branches extracted from the top ends as main vines, removing all the rest secondary branches, putting the scion buds on a central steel wire in a left-right crossing mode when the 2 main vines grow to about 1.0m, keeping the length of 1.5-2.0 m and picking the scion buds for many times when the main vines grow to 1.8-2.3 m, and enabling all the side vines to be extracted without picking the center;
when pruning in winter, all the fully lignified side tendrils which are extracted and generated in spring and summer are cut off from the position with the thickness of about 0.6cm, all the side tendrils which are extracted and generated in autumn and not fully lignified are cut off again, and only 2-3 buds are reserved;
the sprouts on the trunk, the main vines and the lateral vines are erased in spring every year, if a plurality of sprouts exist on one node, only 1 strong sprout is selected and reserved;
removing part of overgrown branches, excessive dense branches and weak branches in summer, and retaining side branches which are extracted from the main vines;
cutting long branches and tendrils which are fully lignified into a position with the thickness of 0.6cm after defoliation in winter, cutting the branches and tendrils which are not fully lignified into short branches and tendrils with obvious updated branches on the base part, retracting the branches and tendrils to the sprouting position of the updated branches, and fixing the tendrils on the frame surface by using a binding branch clip/rope;
the kiwi fruit pollinating tree is cultivated into a trunk or multi-trunk multi-main-vine multi-side-vine tree according to the space position.
2. The method for planting light and efficient early-maturing kiwi fruits, which is characterized by comprising the following steps of: in the step (4), the proportion of the male and female preparation during the field planting of the kiwi fruit seedlings is 4:1-8:1.
3. The method for planting light and efficient early-maturing kiwi fruits according to claim 1, wherein the planting method further comprises fertilizer and water management, and the method comprises the step of adopting a fertilizer and water integrated drip sword system;
for young trees in childhood, 10-20 g of water-soluble fertilizer of 15-15-15+TE or high nitrogen, low phosphorus, high potassium and TE is applied for 1 time every half month;
for the fruit trees, about 1 time of 15-15-15+TE or 10-20 g/plant of water-soluble fertilizer of high nitrogen, low phosphorus, high potassium and TE is applied before the wounded flow starts in spring and before flowering;
spraying 0.1% boron fertilizer on leaf surfaces for 2-3 times from about one week before flowering to about 10 days after flowering;
after flowers are removed, within 50 days after flowers are removed, 10-20 g of water-soluble fertilizer of high nitrogen, medium phosphorus, low potassium and TE is applied for 1 time every 10 days;
in the fruit expanding period, 10-20 g of water-soluble fertilizer of high nitrogen, low phosphorus, high potassium and TE is applied for 1 time every half month;
in the mature period of fruits, 10-20 g of water-soluble fertilizer of low nitrogen, high phosphorus, high potassium and TE is applied for 1 time every half month;
spraying 0.3% monopotassium phosphate on the leaf surface for 1 time every 7 days about 1 month before fruit picking;
within 1 month after fruit picking, 10-20 g/plant of 15-15-15+TE water-soluble fertilizer is applied for 1 time every half month;
the substrate is newly added into the root controller at a position of about 55cm in the root controller within 10-12 months per year.
4. The method for planting light and efficient early-maturing kiwi fruits according to claim 1, further comprising pest control: after cleaning the garden in winter, 50g of crystal lime sulphur, 1kg of quicklime and 5kg of water are mixed into lime liquid or pine liquid medicine film is selected to whiten the main branches of the trunk, 100-120 times of crystal lime sulphur is used for evenly spraying Quan Yuan branches and tendrils, and then the garden is sealed.
5. The method for planting light and efficient early-maturing kiwi fruits, which is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the pest control further comprises an installation insecticidal lamp: the frequency vibration type insecticidal lamp or the solar insecticidal lamp is hung in an orchard 3-11 months each year, 1 is hung according to about 50 mu of a flat dam area, and 1 is hung in about 30 mu of a mountain area.
6. The method for planting light and efficient early-maturing kiwi fruits, which is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the pest control further comprises a hanging insect attracting color plate: and in early insect pest occurrence period, when the number of insect pest port is smaller, hanging 20-30 yellow boards per mu.
7. The method for planting light and efficient early-maturing kiwi fruits according to claim 6, wherein the pest control further comprises the steps of applying bactericidal paint: after winter trimming, the larger shears were sealed with 10% "copper master" containing aqueous paint.
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