CN115443844A - Non-farming area management method suitable for mechanized cultivation of camellia oleifera - Google Patents
Non-farming area management method suitable for mechanized cultivation of camellia oleifera Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
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Abstract
The invention discloses a non-farming area management method suitable for mechanized cultivation of camellia oleifera. The non-farming area is in the forest or at the forest margin of the camellia oleifera cultivation area and comprises a wild pollination insect conservation area, a beneficial insect conservation area, a camellia oleifera waste treatment area, a fruit collection area and the like. By scientifically managing the non-farming areas, the fruit setting rate, the yield and the oil content of the camellia oleifera can be improved, the biological diversity of a camellia oleifera forest is improved, and the stability of an ecological system of the camellia oleifera forest is improved; enhancing the resistance to adverse weather. Compared with the traditional cultivation management method, the method can obviously improve the crop yield, reduce the production labor, improve the commercial benefit and simultaneously improve the ecological benefit of the camellia oleifera forest.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of camellia oleifera cultivation, in particular to a camellia oleifera ecological-friendly cultivation management method.
Background
The oil tea is an insect-mediated woody oil crop. The natural pollination insects of the camellia oleifera are soil inhabiting insects such as camellia oleifera geotrichum and macrophomus aphelioides; because the cultivation area is engaged in production activities such as fertilization, weeding and the like, especially the use of the herbicide kills the pollinating insects and destroys the inhabitation environment of the pollinating insects.
The natural fruit setting rate of the oil tea is low. In the absence of insects, the fruit setting rate is less than 5%. The camellia oleifera large-area construction has the advantages of single forest stand structure, low biodiversity index, few species and quantity of pollination insects and beneficial insects, serious pest and disease damage, low pollination rate, low fruit setting rate and low yield, and seriously influences the enthusiasm of camellia oleifera growers and the development of industries.
Branches under the pruning of camellia oleifera are important carbon sources. At present, the pests are usually discarded in forests or incinerated at will, the utilization rate of the treatment methods is low, and the treatment methods provide overwintering places for the pests. How to utilize resources, realize the ecological cultivation of tea-oil tree forest circulation, still remain the blank of research at present, can ferment tea-oil tree discarded object fast through smashing and adding nitrogen and adding oxygen and adding the fungus tectorial membrane, the product after the fermentation can directly return the tea-oil tree forest with the form of fertilizer, also can be used for feeding earthworm, increases the output value.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the above problems, the present invention relates to a non-farming area management method suitable for mechanized cultivation of camellia oleifera, which designs a non-farming area for camellia oleifera woodland. The non-cultivation area is in the middle forest or forest margin of the camellia oleifera cultivation area and comprises a wild pollination insect conservation area, a beneficial insect conservation area, a camellia oleifera waste treatment area, a fruit collection area and the like.
The non-farming area management method suitable for mechanized cultivation of camellia oleifera as described above, wherein the area management method of the wild pollinating insect nursery area comprises the following steps: every 10-15 mu of camellia oleifera forest is provided with 1 pollinating insect conservation area in the leeward sunny region, and the area is 20-30m 2 The shape of the area can be regular or irregular, no grass or only a few weeds are on the ground surface, and wild soil inhabiting pollinating insects such as oil tea wasps or large tongue separating wasps and the like are introduced.
Further, the wild pollinating insects in the wild pollinating insect nursing region are selected as follows: selecting oil tea tree wasps in soft loam areas, and selecting large tongue-separating wasps in sandy red loam areas.
Further, the construction method of the wild pollinated insect nursery area comprises the following steps: in 7-8 months, in the camellia oleifera forest, selecting a place with a soil layer thickness of more than 45cm, leeward and exposed to the sun, digging to loosen the soil, tamping, and watering thoroughly; or the following steps: in 7-8 months, the tea-oil tree forest is subjected to comprehensive weeding and tending, a beekeeping ditch with the width of 20-60cm and the depth of 20-60cm is dug, the length is determined according to the terrain, and the original water retention ditches of the tea-oil tree forest land can be also used, and the ditches are dug in parallel at intervals of 2-3 m; the grooves are kept free of loose soil and moist, so that oil-tea wasps are attracted or led to live in a fixed position to nest, and bee colonies are enlarged.
The non-farming area management method suitable for mechanized cultivation of camellia oleifera as described above, wherein the area management method of the beneficial insect conservation area comprises the following steps: 1 part of the oil-tea camellia forest conservation area with the area of 100-500m per 10-15 mu 2 The shape of the area can be regular or irregular, punctiform or flaky, and 5-10 varieties of wild 1,2-year-old and/or perennial grass flowers of honey sources are planted.
Further, for the mixed planting of the flowers of one-two-year or multi-year in the beneficial insect nursing area, the following flowers are included in percentage by mass:
one year and two years: 6 percent of Chinese violet; 10% of motherwort; 5% of zinnia; reddish 6% in all aspects; 5% of globe amaranth; 8% of ageratum thistle; 6 percent of wild buckwheat; and/or
For many years: 5% of pink; safflower sage 8%; 5% of kalimeris indica; blackberrykiky rhizome 6%, astragalus sinicus 10%; 7 percent of schizonepeta; 7% of all-edge golden chrysanthemum; 6 percent of pipewort.
The non-farming area management method suitable for the mechanized cultivation of the camellia oleifera as described above, wherein the camellia oleifera waste treatment area is arranged beside the trunk road, and 1 camellia oleifera waste treatment area is arranged in each 50-500 mu of a camellia oleifera forest downhill or a water source rich area; the method specifically comprises the following steps: 1 in the fermentation district, 1 in earthworm cultivation district, 1 in the water source access mouth, 1 in the power entry. Specifically, the fermentation area can be arranged beside a road convenient for traffic, the area of 5-10 m can be fixedly hardened in a place allowed by conditions, the fermentation area can also be built up completely and temporarily, when the fermentation area is built up, the ground is leveled according to the needs at the edge of a camellia oleifera forest or in an open space in the forest, and after a thin film is laid, the fermentation objects are stacked on the ground for fermentation. The earthworm breeding area is temporary or fixed land.
As described above, in the non-cultivation-area management method suitable for mechanized cultivation of camellia oleifera, preferably, the fermentation process in the camellia oleifera waste treatment area is as follows: adding cow dung, pig manure or urea, waste bacteria rods and other nitrogen sources into the fermentation raw materials to ensure that the carbon-nitrogen ratio reaches 25-30:1, fully stirring, adding water to reach the humidity of 55-65%, adding a microbial agent containing wood rot fungi, and covering with a film; blowing air by an air blower for 7-14 days to complete fermentation; the earthworm breeding area is a cement pond with length (10-20 cm) and width (10-20 cm) and height (15-25 cm), and the upper part is an arch-shed type greenhouse similar to agricultural production; the height of the shed is 1.5-2 m; or a greenhouse is temporarily built under the camellia oleifera forest.
The non-tillage area management method suitable for the mechanized cultivation of the camellia oleifera as described above, wherein the fruit collection area is a main trunk and secondary trunk intersection area of the camellia oleifera cultivation area, and the area can be shared with the fermentation area; arranging a stacking area every 10-50 mu, wherein the ground is flat, and the camellia oleifera can be stacked and scattered or bagged; a slideway can be arranged along the main road to enable the bagged oil tea to move down along the slideway.
For example, different areas of a non-farming area management method suitable for mechanized cultivation of camellia oleifera are as follows:
(I) wild pollination insect nursery region
The area management method comprises the following steps: digging and cultivating are forbidden; the tread is forbidden in the flowering phase of the camellia oleifera; in the pest control period, pesticide application is prohibited, and a film is required to cover the pesticide application period; no fertilizer is applied. Every 10-15 mu of oil tea forest is provided with a pollinating insect conservation area 1 in a leeward sunny area, and the area is 20-30m 2 The shape of the area can be regular or irregular, no grass or only a few weeds exist on the ground surface, and wild soil inhabiting pollinating insects such as oil tea wasps or large tongue bees are introduced.
At present, most of camellia oleifera cultivation technical systems are still in the aspects of researching pruning, fertilizing and the like, and pollination technical research is still blank; the research on wild pollinating insects such as camellia oleifera geotrichum and the like is mostly biological characteristics, nesting biological characteristics and introduction and release technologies, and the application of the wild pollinating insects in production for improving the yield of camellia oleifera is less;
1. wild pollination insect selection: selecting oil tea tree wasps in soft loam areas, and selecting large tongue-separating wasps in sandy red loam areas.
2. Investigating original wild bee nesting areas in the camellia oleifera forest: selecting month 9-12, investigating the distribution of soil surface pollination insect nests in the camellia forest and in the forest edge within 200 m, recording the quantity and the positions of wild honeycombs, and marking the range of the nests by using bamboo sticks and red ropes. The marked area is permanently marked with a fixed billboard to provide a protected area. The cards are marked with: a pollination insect breeding area, wild pollination insect species, living characteristics and a protection method.
3. Planning and supplementing according to the distribution and the number of the original nests, configuring according to the principle of not transferring the original nests, and transferring if the nests influence the production activity and must be removed.
4. The method for constructing the newly-constructed wild pollinated insect conservation area comprises the following steps: in 7-8 months, in the camellia oleifera forest, selecting a place with a soil layer thickness of more than 45cm, leeward and exposed to the sun, digging to loosen the soil, tamping, and watering thoroughly; or
In 7-8 months, the beekeeping ditches with the width of 30cm and the depth of 30cm are dug, the length depends on the terrain, and the original water-retaining ditches of the camellia forest land can be dug in parallel at intervals of 2-3 m. The grooves are kept free of loose soil and moist, so that oil-tea wasps are attracted or led to live in a fixed position to nest, and bee colonies are enlarged.
The source of the camellia oleifera and wasp: selecting 10-12 months, sunny day, 9:00-16:00 catching female bees which come out of the nest and take pollen to return to the nest at the nest opening by using a tobacco pipe type queen bee catcher in an old oil tea forest, and vertically catching the female bees by using the catcher, wherein the female bees climb into a centrifugal tube with air holes, and 1 bee is in each tube. Every 10 tubes of the centrifugal tube are bound by rubber bands and put into a box with wet absorbent cotton for moisture preservation and light protection or a vehicle-mounted refrigerator for preservation, so that bees can be calm down and physical waste is avoided.
The source of the large tongue bees is as follows: selecting month 9, digging nest in the large tongue honeycomb distribution area marked in the last year, taking pupae, and transporting pupae with a breathable moisture preservation box in dark or a vehicle-mounted refrigerator.
Releasing the oil-tea camellia wasps: introducing bees collected on the same day at the evening, drilling holes with diameter smaller than 0.5cm in the bee introducing area, reversely buckling a centrifugal tube in each hole, ejecting the bees into the holes, sealing the holes with soil, and buckling all the holes in the mosquito net by using foldable mosquito nets. Wherein the bottom of the mosquito net is completely or partially cut off to ensure that the opening for leading bees is not shielded, the periphery of the mosquito net is sealed by fine soil to ensure that bees do not fly out from the outer edge. 5% honey water is put in a shallow dish in the mosquito net, and a layer of window gauze is put on the shallow dish for feeding. And taking away the mosquito net and the shallow dish in the evening next day to allow the bees to freely pick the honey.
Releasing bees for large tongue bees: digging 20 × 40cm holes in or around the tea-oil tree forest, using stone to pay out space, placing 20-50 pupas in each hole, filling with soil and marking.
(II) beneficial insect nursing area
The area management method comprises the following steps: digging and cultivating are forbidden; forbidding pesticide application; 1 part of the oil-tea camellia forest conservation area with the area of 100-500m per 10-15 mu 2 The shape of the area can be regular or irregular, punctiform or flaky, 5-10 wild 1,2-year or perennial grass flowers are planted in the honey source; because the flowering phase of the oil tea is in autumn and winter, the region is set to provide habitat for beneficial insects in other seasonsAnd food.
In the past, most students and researchers begin research from the single perspective of insects or oil tea, but the oil tea is not used as an ecological system, the yield and the quality are improved by utilizing the biological diversity of the system, and the capability of the oil tea forest for resisting plant diseases and insect pests and adverse environments is improved.
By the technology, food and habitat can be provided for pollinating insects and natural enemy insects, and the biological diversity of the camellia oleifera forest is increased; and the contradiction between protection and production can be reduced by arranging a protection area (non-ploughing area), the ecological stability of the camellia oleifera forest is improved, and the yield and the quality are improved.
1. And (3) planting 10-15 wild honey grass flowers which are grown for one or two years or more in a mixed way in the beneficial insect breeding area.
2. The flower comprises the following flower seeds in percentage by mass:
one year and two years: 6 percent of Chinese violet; 10% of motherwort herb; 5% of zinnia; reddish 6% in all aspects; 5% of globe amaranth; 8% of ageratum thistle; 6% of wild buckwheat; and/or
For many years: 5% of pink; safflower sage 8%; 5% of kalimeris indica; blackberrykiky rhizome 6%, astragalus sinicus 10%; 7 percent of schizonepeta; 7% of all-edge golden chrysanthemum; 6 percent of common fennel.
3. Fertilizing and turning over, namely turning over the field of the nursery area once in spring before planting until the turning depth reaches at least 25cm, cleaning up the turned-over tree roots, branches, stones, construction waste and other sundries, and then raking up the field of planting. The fertilizing amount is 3-4 kilograms of decomposed organic fertilizer per square meter or 20 grams of compound fertilizer.
4. Watering: the planting protection area is prepared on the next day before sowing, and is moistened by water in the shade, so that the soil is guaranteed to be moist but no accumulated water is left when the planting is carried out on the next day.
5. Sowing: mixing the mixed seeds with 3 times of sand or plant ash; digging 5-10cm shallow trench in the protection area at a distance of 10-20cm for drilling, and covering with soil after seeding.
6. And (3) complementing seeds: according to the growth condition of the honey source plants every 1-3 years, replanting is carried out in the area where the plants are lacked, and the replanting is based on the types of herbaceous plants so as to ensure that the flowering duration of the plants in the protected area is mainly the same except for winter. The replanting mainly comprises sowing seeds without digging and cultivating the protected area.
(III) oil tea waste treatment area
The camellia oleifera waste treatment area is arranged beside a trunk road, and 1 camellia oleifera waste treatment area is arranged in each 50-500 mu of a camellia oleifera forest downhill or a water source rich area. The method comprises the following steps: 1 in the fermentation district, 1 in earthworm cultivation district, 1 in the water source access mouth, 1 in the power entry. Specifically, the fermentation area can be arranged beside a road convenient for traffic, the area of 5-10 m can be fixedly hardened in a place allowed by conditions, the fermentation area can also be built up completely and temporarily, when the fermentation area is built up, the ground is leveled according to the needs at the edge of a camellia oleifera forest or in an open space in the forest, and after a thin film is laid, the fermentation objects are stacked on the ground for fermentation. The earthworm breeding area is temporary or fixed land.
The waste of the oil tea is an important carbon source, and other materials are burnt out by the current common method, which wastes resources. Reasonable utilization can realize fertilizer return to the field and realize the circular production of the camellia oleifera forest. Abandoned branches of the camellia oleifera and the like are overwintering places with important plant diseases and insect pests such as camellia anthracnose and the like, and reasonable utilization is also an important method and means for preventing and controlling the plant diseases and insect pests.
At present, resource utilization of the camellia oleifera waste after treatment in forests is not reported.
1. A fermentation area: the area or area is not fixed, the area can be changed in a forest or in an open area at forest margin, the plastic film can be used as an electrifying area, and fermentation materials are piled on the plastic film.
2. Fermentation raw materials: the collected oil tea wastes (or other carbon sources) are pulverized to the size of rice grains.
3. And (3) fermentation: adding nitrogen sources such as cow dung, pig manure or urea, waste bacteria rods and the like into the fermentation raw materials to ensure that the carbon-nitrogen ratio reaches 25-30:1, fully and uniformly stirring, adding water to make the humidity reach 55-65%, adding a microbial agent containing wood rot fungi, and covering with a film. Blowing air by a blower for 7-14 days to complete fermentation.
4. Application method of the fermentation material 1: and (4) preparing the biological fertilizer.
5. Application method of the fermentation material 2: and (5) feeding earthworms. The fermented material is uniformly transferred into the earthworms with the average thickness of 20-25 cm and the humidity of 65 percent.
6. An earthworm breeding area: the device is a cement pond with length (10-20 cm) and width (10-20 cm) and height (15-25 cm), the upper part of the cement pond is an arch shed type greenhouse similar to agricultural production, and the height of the shed is 1.5-2 meters; or a greenhouse is temporarily built under the camellia oleifera forest.
(IV) fruit collecting area
In the intersection area of the main trunk road and the secondary trunk road of the oil tea cultivation area, the area can be shared by the fermentation area. A stacking area is arranged every 10-50 mu, the ground is flat, the tea-oil trees can be stacked, and mechanical collection is facilitated. The slideway can be arranged along the main road, so that the bagged oil tea can move down along the slideway, the transportation efficiency is improved, and the labor cost is reduced.
The invention has the beneficial technical effects that:
according to the method, through scientific management of non-farming areas, the fruit setting rate, the yield and the oil content of the camellia oleifera can be improved, the biological diversity of a camellia oleifera forest is improved, and the stability of an ecological system of the camellia oleifera forest is improved; enhancing the resistance to adverse weather. Compared with the traditional cultivation management method, the method can obviously improve the crop yield, reduce the production labor, improve the commercial benefit and simultaneously improve the ecological benefit of the camellia oleifera forest.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present application or technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings needed to be used in the embodiments will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments described in the present invention, and other drawings can be obtained by those skilled in the art according to the drawings.
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a non-cultivated area management method suitable for mechanized cultivation of camellia oleifera.
Detailed Description
In order to facilitate an understanding of the invention, various exemplary embodiments of the invention will now be described in detail, which should not be construed as a specific limitation of the invention, but rather as a more detailed description of certain aspects, features and embodiments of the invention.
Examples
A non-farming area management method suitable for the mechanized cultivation of oil tea trees is characterized in that a non-farming area is designed for an oil tea tree forest land. The non-cultivation area is in the middle forest or forest margin of the camellia oleifera cultivation area and comprises a wild pollination insect conservation area, a beneficial insect conservation area, a camellia oleifera waste treatment area, a fruit collection area and the like. As shown in fig. 1, the details are as follows:
(I) wild pollination insect nursery region
The area management method comprises the following steps: digging and cultivating are forbidden; the tread is forbidden in the flowering phase of the camellia oleifera; in the pest control period, pesticide application is prohibited, and a film is required to cover the pest control period; no fertilizer is applied. Every 15 mu of tea-oil tree forest is provided with a pollination insect conservation area 1 in a leeward sunny area, and the area is 25m 2 The shape of the area can be regular rectangle, no grass or only a few weeds are on the ground surface, and wild soil inhabiting pollinating insects such as oil tea wasps or large tongue separating wasps and the like are introduced.
At present, most of camellia oleifera cultivation technical systems are still in the aspects of researching pruning, fertilizing and the like, and pollination technical research is still blank; the research on wild pollinating insects such as oil-tea camellia wasps and the like is mostly biological characteristics, nesting biological characteristics and introduction and release technologies, and the application of the wild pollinating insects to the production of the oil-tea camellia is less;
1. selection of wild pollinating insects: selecting oil tea tree wasps in soft loam areas, and selecting large tongue-separating wasps in sandy red loam areas.
2. Investigating original wild bee nesting areas in the camellia oleifera forest: selecting months from 9 months to 12 months, investigating the distribution of soil surface pollination insects in the camellia oleifera forest and forest edge within the range of 200 m, recording the quantity and positions of wild honeycombs, and marking the range of the honeycombs by using bamboo sticks and red ropes. The marked area is permanently marked with a fixed billboard as a protected area. The cards are marked with: a pollination insect breeding area, wild pollination insect species, living characteristics and a protection method.
3. Planning and supplementing according to the distribution and the number of the original nests, configuring according to the principle of not transferring the original nests, and transferring if the nests influence the production activity and must be removed.
4. A newly-built wild pollination insect conservation area construction method 1: in the 7-8 months, soil layers with the thickness of more than 45cm are selected in the camellia oleifera forest, and the positions which are leeward and exposed to the sun are dug to loosen the soil, tamped and watered thoroughly.
5. A construction method of a newly-built wild pollination insect nursery area comprises the following steps: in 7-8 months, the whole weeding and tending are carried out in the camellia oleifera forest, bee-keeping ditches with the width of 30cm and the depth of 30cm are dug, the length is determined according to the terrain, and the ditches can be dug in parallel at intervals of 2-3m by utilizing the original water-retaining ditches in the camellia oleifera forest land. The grooves are kept free of loose soil and moist, so that oil-tea wasps are attracted or led to live in a fixed position to nest, and bee colonies are enlarged.
The source of the oil tea tree wasp is as follows: selecting 10-12 months, sunny day, 9:00-16:00 catching female bees which come out of the nest and take pollen to return to the nest at the nest opening by using a tobacco pipe type queen bee catcher in an old oil tea forest, and vertically catching the female bees by using the catcher, wherein the female bees climb into a centrifugal tube with air holes, and 1 bee is in each tube. Every 10 tubes of the centrifugal tube are bound by rubber bands and put into a box with wet absorbent cotton for moisture preservation and light protection or a vehicle-mounted refrigerator for preservation, so that bees can be calm down and physical waste is avoided.
The source of the large tongue bees is as follows: selecting month 9, digging nest in the large tongue honeycomb distribution area marked in the last year, taking pupae, and transporting pupae with a breathable moisture preservation box in dark or a vehicle-mounted refrigerator.
Releasing bees from the oil-tea camellia wasps: introducing bees collected on the same day at the evening, drilling holes with diameter smaller than 0.5cm in the bee introducing area, reversely buckling a centrifugal tube in each hole, ejecting the bees into the holes, sealing the holes with soil, and buckling all the holes in the mosquito net by using foldable mosquito nets. Wherein the bottom of the mosquito net is completely or partially cut off to ensure that the opening for leading bees is not shielded, and the periphery of the mosquito net is sealed by fine soil to ensure that bees do not fly out from the outer edge. 5% honey water is put in a shallow dish in the mosquito net, and a layer of window gauze is put on the shallow dish for feeding. And taking away the mosquito net and the shallow dish in the evening next day to allow the bees to freely pick the honey.
Releasing bees for large tongue bees: digging 20 × 40cm holes in or around the tea-oil tree forest, using stone to pay out space, placing 50 pupas in each hole, filling with soil and marking.
(II) beneficial insect nursing area
The area management method comprises the following steps: digging and cultivating are forbidden; forbidding pesticide application; 1 part of each 15 mu of oil-tea camellia forest conservation area with the area of 300m 2 The shape of the area can be regular or irregular, punctiform or flaky, and 5-10 wild 1,2-year and/or perennial grass flowers are planted in the honey source; due to oilDuring the fall and winter season, the area is set to provide habitat and food for beneficial insects in other seasons.
The beneficial insect breeding area is mixed with one-two-year or multi-year wild honey grass flowers of 10-15 kinds. The flower comprises the following flower seeds in percentage by mass:
one year and two years: 6 percent of Chinese violet; 10% of motherwort; 5% of zinnia; reddish 6% in one point; 5% of globe amaranth; 8% of ageratum thistle; 6% of wild buckwheat; and/or
For many years: 5% of pink; safflower sage 8%; 5 percent of kalimeris indica; blackberrykiky rhizome 6%, astragalus sinicus 10%; 7 percent of schizonepeta; 7% of all-edge golden chrysanthemum; 6 percent of common fennel.
The method also comprises the following steps:
and (3) fertilizing and turning over, namely turning over the field of the nursery area once in spring before planting until the turning depth reaches at least 25cm, cleaning up the turned-over tree roots, branches, stones, construction waste and other impurities, and harrowing the field. The fertilizing amount is 3-4 kilograms of decomposed organic fertilizer per square meter or 20 grams of compound fertilizer.
Watering: the planting protection area is prepared on the next day before sowing, and is moistened by water in the shade, so that the soil is guaranteed to be moist but no accumulated water is left when the planting is carried out on the next day.
Sowing: mixing the mixed seeds with 3 times of sand or plant ash; digging 5-10cm shallow trenches in the protection area at a distance of 10-20cm for drilling, and covering with soil after seeding.
And (3) complementing seeds: according to the growth condition of the honey source plants every 1-3 years, replanting is carried out in the area where the plants are lacked, and the replanting is based on the types of herbaceous plants so as to ensure that the flowering duration of the plants in the protected area is mainly the same except for winter. The replanting mainly comprises sowing seeds without digging and cultivating the protected area.
(III) oil tea waste treatment area
The camellia oleifera waste treatment area is arranged beside a trunk road, and 1 camellia oleifera waste treatment area is arranged in each 50 mu of a camellia oleifera forest downhill or a water source rich area. The method comprises the following steps: 1 in the fermentation district, 1 in earthworm cultivation district, 1 in the water source access mouth, 1 in the power entry.
The method specifically comprises the following steps:
1. a fermentation area: the area or area is not fixed, the area can be changed in a forest or in an open area at forest margin, the plastic film can be used as an electrifying area, and fermentation materials are piled on the plastic film.
2. Fermentation raw materials: the collected oil tea wastes (or other carbon sources) are pulverized to the size of rice grains.
3. Fermentation: adding nitrogen sources such as cow dung, pig manure or urea, waste bacteria rods and the like into the fermentation raw materials to ensure that the carbon-nitrogen ratio reaches 25-30:1, fully stirring, adding water until the humidity is about 65%, adding a microbial agent containing wood rot fungi, and covering with a film. Blowing air by an air blower for 14 days to complete fermentation.
4. Application method of the fermentation material 1: and (4) preparing the biological fertilizer.
5. The application method of the fermentation material 2: and (5) feeding earthworms. The fermented material is uniformly transferred into the earthworms with the average thickness of 20-25 cm and the humidity of 65 percent.
6. An earthworm breeding area: the cement pool is 20cm long by 20cm wide by 20cm high by 20cm, and the upper part is an arch-shed greenhouse similar to agricultural production. The height of the shed is 2 meters.
(IV) fruit collecting area
In the intersection area of the main trunk road and the secondary trunk road of the oil tea cultivation area, the area can be shared by the fermentation area. A stacking area is arranged every 50 mu, the ground is flat, and bulk or bagged oil tea can be stacked in the stacking area, so that mechanical collection is facilitated. The slideway can be arranged along the main road, so that the bagged oil tea moves down along the slideway, the transportation efficiency is improved, and the labor cost is reduced.
Therefore, compared with the prior art, the scheme of the invention can improve the crop yield: by arranging the non-cultivation area, the nests of soil inhabiting bees such as oil tea camellia geotrichum and large tongue separating bees can be induced, the number of pollination insects is increased, oil tea trees can be pollinated more fully, the fruit setting rate of oil tea trees is improved by full pollination, and the quality of the oil tea trees (including the capacity of improving the oil content and resisting bad climate) is improved; the production labor can be reduced: if the same yield is obtained, compared with artificial pollination or domesticated bees, the labor cost is greatly reduced; the ecological benefit of the camellia oleifera forest can be improved while the commercial benefit is improved: the variety and the number of the pollination insects are increased, so that the biological diversity of the camellia oleifera forest is increased; on the other hand, when the fruit is harvested, the oil tea and the pollination insects are mutually adapted and coordinated to reach a balanced state, so that the oil tea resources are reasonably utilized and developed, and the oil tea forest can be continuously and stably developed.
It should be understood that the above examples are only for clarity of illustration and are not intended to limit the embodiments. Other variations and modifications will be apparent to persons skilled in the art in light of the above description. And are neither required nor exhaustive of all embodiments. And obvious variations or modifications therefrom are within the scope of the invention.
Claims (9)
1. A non-farming area management method suitable for tea-oil tree mechanized cultivation is characterized in that the non-farming area is in a forest or forest margin of a tea-oil tree cultivation area and comprises a wild pollination insect conservation area, a beneficial insect conservation area, a tea-oil tree waste treatment area and a fruit collection area.
2. The non-tillage area management method suitable for mechanized cultivation of camellia oleifera as claimed in claim 1, wherein the area management method of the wild pollination insect nursery area is as follows: every 10-15 mu of camellia oleifera forest is provided with 1 pollinating insect conservation area in the leeward sunny region, and the area is 20-30m 2 The shape of the area is regular or irregular, no grass or only a few weeds are on the ground surface, and wild pollinating insects such as oil tea ground bees or large tongue bees are introduced.
3. The non-tillage area management method suitable for mechanized cultivation of camellia oleifera according to claim 2, further comprising selecting the wild pollinating insects in the wild pollinating insect conservation area as follows: selecting oil tea tree wasps in soft loam areas, and selecting large tongue-separating wasps in sandy red loam areas.
4. The non-cultivation area management method suitable for the mechanized cultivation of oil tea trees according to claim 2 or 3, further comprising the steps of: in 7-8 months, in the camellia oleifera forest, selecting a place with a soil layer thickness of more than 45cm, leeward and exposed to the sun, digging to loosen the soil, tamping, and watering thoroughly; or the following steps: in 7-8 months, the tea-oil tree forest is subjected to comprehensive weeding and tending, a beekeeping ditch with the width of 20-60cm and the depth of 20-60cm is dug, the length is determined according to the terrain, and the original water retention ditches of the tea-oil tree forest land can be also used, and the ditches are dug in parallel at intervals of 2-3 m; keeping the grooves free of loose soil and moisture, attracting or inducing oil-releasing tea wasps to settle and nest, and expanding bee colonies.
5. A non-farming area management method suitable for the mechanized cultivation of camellia oleifera according to claim 1, wherein the area management method of the beneficial insect nursery area comprises: 1 part of the oil-tea camellia forest conservation area with the area of 100-500m per 10-15 mu 2 The shape of the region is regular or irregular, punctiform or flaky, 5-10 varieties of wild 1,2-year-old and/or perennial grass flowers of honey source are planted.
6. The non-farming area management method suitable for the mechanized cultivation of camellia oleifera according to claim 5, further comprising the following flower species by mass percentage for the mixed planting of the one-year-old or multi-year-old flower species in the beneficial insect nursing area:
one year and two years: 6 percent of Chinese violet; 10% of motherwort; 5% of zinnia; reddish 6% in all aspects; 5% of globe amaranth; 8% of ageratum thistle; 6% of wild buckwheat; and/or
For many years: 5% of pink; safflower sage 8%; 5 percent of kalimeris indica; blackberrykiky rhizome 6%, astragalus sinicus 10%; 7 percent of schizonepeta; 7% of all-edge golden chrysanthemum; 6 percent of pipewort.
7. The non-tillage area management method suitable for the mechanized cultivation of camellia oleifera as claimed in claim 1, wherein the camellia oleifera waste treatment area is provided with 1 camellia oleifera waste treatment area per 50-500 acres of a main trunk road, a camellia oleifera forest downhill or a water source rich area, and specifically comprises: 1 in fermentation district, 1 in earthworm cultivation district, 1 in water source access mouth, 1 in the power entry.
8. The non-tillage area management method suitable for the mechanized cultivation of camellia oleifera according to claim 7, wherein the fermentation process of the camellia oleifera waste treatment area is: adding cow dung, pig manure or urea and waste bacteria stick nitrogen source into the fermentation raw materials to ensure that the carbon-nitrogen ratio reaches 25-30:1, fully stirring uniformly, adding water to make the humidity reach 55-65%, adding a microbial agent containing wood rot fungi, and covering with a film; blowing for 7-14 days by using an air blower to finish fermentation; the earthworm breeding area is a cement pond with length (10-20 cm) by width (10-20 cm) by height (15-25 cm); the upper part is an arch shed type greenhouse, and the height of the shed is 1.5-2 m; or a greenhouse is temporarily built under the camellia oleifera forest.
9. The non-tillage area management method suitable for the mechanized cultivation of camellia oleifera according to claim 1, wherein the fruit collection area is a confluence area of a main trunk and a secondary trunk of the camellia oleifera cultivation area, and the area is shared by the fermentation area; arranging a stacking area every 10-50 mu, wherein the ground of the area is flat, and the tea-oil trees are stacked; and a slideway is arranged along the main road, so that the bagged oil tea moves down along the slideway.
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