CN1154410C - 提供增强光合作用的方法 - Google Patents
提供增强光合作用的方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1154410C CN1154410C CNB988030993A CN98803099A CN1154410C CN 1154410 C CN1154410 C CN 1154410C CN B988030993 A CNB988030993 A CN B988030993A CN 98803099 A CN98803099 A CN 98803099A CN 1154410 C CN1154410 C CN 1154410C
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- granular material
- crop
- kaolin
- hydrophilic
- calcium carbonate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
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- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 38
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- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 33
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- JECYNCQXXKQDJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methylhexan-2-yloxymethyl)oxirane Chemical compound CCCCC(C)(C)OCC1CO1 JECYNCQXXKQDJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002012 Aerosil® Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 235000015505 Sorghum bicolor subsp. bicolor Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- XISKMNBBUQQBBE-ANUZYNSFSA-N bisnordihydrotoxiferine Chemical compound C12C/3=C\N(C4\5)C6=CC=CC=C6C44CCN(C\C6=C\C)C4CC6C/5=C/N1C1=CC=CC=C1C21CCN2C/C(=C/C)C\3CC21 XISKMNBBUQQBBE-ANUZYNSFSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-J diphosphate(4-) Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N disiloxane Chemical class [SiH3]O[SiH3] KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- ZDCHZHDOCCIZIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalic acid;propane-1,2,3-triol Chemical compound OCC(O)CO.OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O ZDCHZHDOCCIZIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- FQENQNTWSFEDLI-UHFFFAOYSA-J sodium diphosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O FQENQNTWSFEDLI-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- GCLGEJMYGQKIIW-UHFFFAOYSA-H sodium hexametaphosphate Chemical compound [Na]OP1(=O)OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])O1 GCLGEJMYGQKIIW-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
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- 235000019818 tetrasodium diphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
- A01G9/20—Forcing-frames; Lights, i.e. glass panels covering the forcing-frames
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing liquids as carriers, diluents or solvents
- A01N25/04—Dispersions, emulsions, suspoemulsions, suspension concentrates or gels
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/26—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests in coated particulate form
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
- A01N59/06—Aluminium; Calcium; Magnesium; Compounds thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
- C09D5/006—Anti-reflective coatings
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种增加园艺作物光合作用的方法,所述的方法涉及用有效量的一或多种高反射性颗粒状物料处理所述园艺作物的表面。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及提高园艺作物光合作用的方法。
背景技术
提高的产量或植物生产率是园艺作物的所需园艺效果,而当病虫害、水和营养得到充分的控制时,它通常受光量、温度、相对湿度和其它不可控制的环境因素的限制。来源于多方面的颗粒状物质通常被认为限制植物的生产率。参见,例如,Farmer,“粉尘对植物的影响--综述”《环境污染》[“The Effects of Dust on Vegetation--A Review,”Environmental Pollution]79:63-75(1993)。
现有技术中曾讨论光合作用和环境压力对作物的影响。参见,例如,Nonomora和Benson,“提高植物碳固定的方法和组合物”,US 5597 400,Stanhill,G.,S.Moreshet和M.Fuchs.“增加叶子和土壤反射对谷物高梁产量和水使用效力的影响”,《农艺学杂志》[“Effect of Increasing Foliage and Soil Reflectivity on theYield and Water Use Efficiency of Grain Sorghum”AgronomyJournal]68:329-332(1976);Moreshet,S.,Y.Cohen和M.Fuchs,“增加叶子反射对旱地棉花作物的产量、生长和生理行为的影响”《作物科学》[“Effect of Increasing Foliage Reflectance onYield,Growth,and Physiological Behavior of a DrylandCotton Crop”Crop Science]19:863-868(1979),该文中强调“在喷洒高岭土2天内后,降低14CO2吸收(光合作用)20%以上”和“喷洒高岭土会表现出更多地降低蒸发而非光合作用”;Bar-Joseph,M.和J.Frenkel,“用高岭土悬浮液喷雾柑桔树降低绣线菊蚜(Aphiscitricola van der Goot)的群集”《作物保护》[“Sprayingcitrus plants with kaolin suspensions reduces colonizationby the spiraea aphid(Aphis citricola van der Goot)”CropProtection]2(3):371-374(1983),该文强调“此原因[Stanhill(同上)和Moeshet(同上)提到的产量增加]是不确定的[因为光合作用降低了],但蚜虫和病毒防治会有助于此产量的增加”;Rao,N.K.S.,“蕃茄上抗蒸腾剂对叶水状态、气孔抗性和产量的影响”《园艺科学杂志》[“The Effects of Antitranspirants on LeafWater Status,Stomatal Resistance and Yield in Tomoto,”J.of Horticultural Science]60:89-92(1985);Lipton,W.J.和F.Matoba,“刷白防止‘Crenshaw’甜瓜灼伤”《园艺科学》[“Whitewashing to Prevent Sunburn of‘Crenshaw’Melons,”HortScience]6:434-345(1971);Proctor,J.T.A.和L.L.Creasy,“补充光对‘旭’苹果的花青苷合成的影响”《美国园艺科学学会杂志》[“Effect of Supplementary Light on AnthocyaninSythesis in Mclntosh Apples”,J.Amer.Soc.Hort.Sci.]96:523-526(1971);Lord,W.J.和D.W.Greene,“夏季剪枝对‘旭’苹果质量的影响”《园艺科学》[“Effects of SummerPruning on the Quality of‘McIntosh’Apples”HortScience]17:372-373。
因此,仍需要提高园艺作物光合作用的费用低的惰性、无毒方法。现有技术教授了不要使用本发明的高反射性惰性颗粒,因为增加的反射性反射光合作用活性光,因此会降低光合作用。出人意外的是,本发明产生相反的效果-提高光合作用。
发明内容
本发明涉及提高园艺作物光合作用的方法,该方法包含向所述的园艺作物的表面施用25-5000毫克颗粒物料/平方厘米作物表面的有效量的一或多种高反射性颗粒状物料,所述的颗粒状物料是细分散的,且其中施用的颗粒可让气体在所述作物表面上交换。
本发明还提供一种增加园艺作物的光合作用的方法,所述的方法包含向选自水果、蔬菜、树木、花卉、草、根、种子和景观及观赏植物的活的栽培或产果园艺作物表面施用25-5000毫克颗粒物料/平方厘米作物表面的有效量的一或多种具有至少90块亮度的高反射性颗粒状物料的淤浆,所述的物料包含一或多种选自碳酸钙、煅烧的高岭土及其混合物的颗粒状物料,所述的颗粒状物料具有1微米或更低的中值粒径,且其中所述的施用颗粒可让气体在所述的作物表面上交换。
在第一方面,本发明提供一种提高园艺作物的光合作用的方法,所述的方法包含向所述的园艺作物表面施用25-5000毫克颗粒物料/平方厘米作物表面的有效量的一或多种块亮度至少90的高反射性颗粒状物料,所述的颗粒状物料是细分散性,且其中施用的颗粒可让气体在所述的作物的表面上交换,所述颗粒状物料的中值粒径小于10微米,并且所述的颗粒状物料或者是疏水的,包含亲水核和疏水外表面,其中所述的亲水核物料选自碳酸钙、云母、高岭土、膨润土、粘土、叶腊石、二氧化硅、长石、砂、石英、白垩、石灰、硅藻土、重晶石、三水合铝、二氧化钛和其混合物;或者所述颗粒状物料是亲水的,其中所述的亲水物料选自下列:碳酸钙、滑石、水化高岭土、煅烧的高岭土、膨润土、粘土、叶腊石、二氧化硅、长石、砂、石英、白垩、石灰、硅藻土、重晶石、三水合铝、二氧化钛及其混合物。
在第二方面,本发明提供一种根据上述第一方面的方法,其中所述的疏水外表面物料选自:有机钛酸酯、有机锆酸酯或铝酸酯偶合剂,有机官能硅烷、改性聚硅氧烷流体和脂肪酸及其盐。
在第三方面,本发明提供一种上述根据第一方面的方法,其中园艺作物选自活的栽培或产果农业和观赏作物。
在第四方面,本发明提供一种上述根据第一方面的方法,其中园艺作物选自水果、蔬菜、树木、花卉、草、根、种子和景观及观赏植物。
在第五方面,本发明提供一种上述根据第一方面的方法,其中细分散的颗粒状物料具有低于3微米的中值粒径。
在第六方面,本发明提供一种上述根据第一方面的方法,其中亲水核颗粒状物料选自碳酸钙、煅烧的高岭土及其混合物。
在第七方面,本发明提供一种上述根据第一方面的方法,其中亲水性颗粒状物料选自碳酸钙、煅烧的高岭土及其混合物。
在第八方面,本发明提供一种上述根据第一方面的方法,所述的方法还包含向选自水果、蔬菜、树木、花卉、草、根、种子和景观及观赏植物的活的栽培或产果园艺作物表面施用25-5000毫克颗粒物料/平方厘米作物表面的有效量的一或多种具有至少90块亮度的高反射性颗粒状物料的淤浆,所述的物料包含一或多种选自碳酸钙、煅烧的高岭土及其混合物的颗粒状物料,所述的颗粒状物料具有1微米或更低的中值粒径,且其中所述的施用颗粒可让气体在所述的作物表面上交换。
在第九方面,本发明提供一种上述根据第一或第八方面的方法,其中细分散的颗粒状物料在所述的园艺作物生长季节施用一或多次。
本发明涉及提高园艺作物光合作用的方法。光合作用是光合成植物利用太阳能由二氧化碳和水产生碳氢化合物和其它有机分子的过程。二氧化碳转化成这样的有机分子通常称为碳固定或光合作用,且在大多数植物中,通过还原性戊糖磷酸酯循环(通常称作C-3循环)出现。四十多年前的光合作用碳途径研究(A.A.Benson(1951),“14CO2光合作用产物中核酮酸的确定”《美国化学学会杂志》[“Identification of ribulose in 14CO2 photosynthesisproducts”J.Am.Chem.Soc.]73:2971;J.R.Quayle等(1954),“核酮糖二磷酸酯的酶羧基化作用”《美国化学学会杂志》[“Enzymatic carboxylation of ribulose diphosphate”J.Am.Chem.Soc.]76:3610)揭示了植物中二氧化碳固定过程的本质。提高的光合作用效果典型地是观察增加的产量/生产率,例如增加的果实大小或产量(通常以重量/英亩来衡量)、改善的色泽、增加的溶解固体,例如糖、酸度等和降低植物温度。
本发明涉及的园艺作物是活的栽培和/或产果农业和观赏作物及其产物,包括选自水果、蔬菜、树木、花卉、草、根、种子和风景植物和观赏植物。
用于本发明目的的颗粒状物料是高反射性的。本文中所用的“高反射性”一词是指用TAPPI标准T 646测定具有至少大约80和优选至少大约90且更优选至少大约95的“块(block)亮度”。测定可以用由Technidyne Corporation生产的Reflectance Meter Technidyne S-4Brightness Tester进行,该仪器使用由纸科学研究所或TechnidyneCorporation提供的亮度标准物(纸调整片和光学玻璃标准物)标准校正,每次校正时间隔不超过60天。典型的是,颗粒块或板由12克干(<1%游离水份)粉制备。样品松散地放置在圆筒容器中,并用活塞以29.5-30.5psi的压力缓慢向下压样品,并保持大约5秒钟。除去压力,检查板的缺陷。制备出总共三块板,将每一块在读数仪上旋转大约120度,记录三个亮度值。之后将九个值平均,并记录下来。
用于本发明目的的细分散的颗粒状物质可以是亲水或疏水性的物料,且疏水物料可以是其本身为疏水的,例如,矿物滑石,或可以是亲水物料,它可以通过在外部涂一层适合的疏水润湿剂而变为疏水性的(例如,具有亲水芯核和疏水外层表面的颗粒状物料)。
可用本发明目的的典型的颗粒状亲水物料包括:矿物质如碳酸钙、云母、滑石、高岭土(水合或煅烧的高岭土二者,煅烧的高岭土是优选的)、膨润土、粘土、叶腊石、二氧化硅、长石、砂、石英、白垩、石灰、沉淀碳酸钙、硅藻土和重晶石;功能性填充剂如三水合铝、汽相二氧化硅和二氧化钛,以及上述物质的混合物。
这些物料的表面可以通过添加疏水润湿剂而变为疏水的。许多工业矿物应用,特别是在有机体系如塑料组合物、膜、有机涂料或橡胶中的应用,取决于这类表面的处理,以赋予矿物表面疏水性;参见,例如,Jesse Edenbaum,《塑料添加剂和改性剂手册》[PlasticsAdditives and Modifiers Handbooks],Van Nostrand Reinhold,纽约,1992,第497-500,该文并于此,作为这些表面处理物料和其应用的参考。所谓的偶合剂如脂肪酸和硅烷通常用来表面处理用于这些工业领域的固体颗粒如填充剂或添加剂。这些疏水剂是本领域熟知的,通常的实例包括:有机钛酸酯如由Tioxides Chemicals获得的Tilcom;由Kenrich Petrochemical,Inc获得的有机锆酸酯或铝酸酯偶合剂;有机官能硅烷如由Witco获得的产品Silquest或由PCR获得的产品Prosil;改性的聚硅氧烷流体如由Shin Etsu获得的DM-Fluids;和脂肪酸如由Witco Corporation获得的产品Hystrene或Industrene;由Henkel Corporation获得的产品Emersol(硬脂酸和硬脂酸盐是赋予颗粒表面疏水性的特别有效的脂肪酸和其盐)。
适合于本发明目的优选的颗粒状物料的实例为美国新泽西州Iselin的Engelhard Corporation商品化的颗粒状物料的实例是以商标名Satintone出售的煅烧的高岭土和以商标名Translink出售的硅氧烷处理的煅烧的高岭土;和由English China Clay商品化的商标名为Atomite和Supermite的碳酸钙和由English China Clay商品化的商标名为Supercoat和Kotamite的硬脂酸处理的研碎的碳酸钙。
本文中所用的术语“细分散”是指中值粒径小于大约10微米且优选低于约3微米并且更优选约为1微米或更低的颗粒状物料。本文中提到的粒径和粒径大小分布用Micromeritics Sedigraph 5100颗粒尺寸分析仪测定。记录去离子水中的亲水颗粒测定值。将4克干样品称入塑料杯中,加入分散剂,并用去离子水稀释到80ml刻度,制备出分散液。之后搅拌淤浆,并在超音浴中放置290秒。典型的是,对于高岭土使用0.5%的焦磷酸四钠作为分散剂;对于碳酸钙,使用1.0%Calgon T。各种粉的典型密度预先设定入sedigraph,例如高岭土为2.58g/ml。将样品淤浆装满样品池,记录X-射线并通过Stocks公式转化成粒径分布曲线。确定50%水平的中值粒径。
颗粒状物料应具有多达按重量计90%的颗粒具有小于大约10微米的粒径,优选小于大约3微米且更优选为大约1微米或更低的粒径分布。
特别适合用于本发明的颗粒状物料是惰性和无毒的。
本文中所用的“惰性”颗粒状物料是无植物毒性的颗粒。
颗粒状物料优选是无毒的,意思是指在有效地提高园艺效果所需的限定量下,这些物料对动物、环境、施用者和最终用户是无毒的。
如前面所讨论的,本发明涉及园艺作物,其中所述的作物表面是用一或多种颗粒状物料处理的。这种处理应当是实际上不影响所述作物表面的气体交换。穿过颗粒处理的气体是典型地通过活体植物的表皮交换的那些气体。这些气体一般而言包括水蒸汽、二氧化碳、氧气、氮气和挥发性有机物。
所述的园艺作物的表面用提高该园艺作物的光合作物有效量的一或多种高反射性颗粒状物料处理。所述作物的处理覆盖范围是本领域技术人员能够知道的。低于全面的作物覆盖是本发明范围之内,且可以是高度有效的,例如作物的下表面(不直接暴露于光源的表面)不需要用本发明方法处理,作物的上表面也不一定要完全覆盖;虽然完全的作用物覆盖可以提供附加的益处,如有效的病害防治、更光滑的果实表面、降低的树皮剥离和果实开裂,和降低的褐色伤斑。参见1997年11月18日同时申请的美国申请序号08/972,648,标题为“处理的园艺作用物”,该文并入本文,参见该文教授的获得这些额外益处的方法。本发明的方法可以产生处理物的残留物--在作物表面上形成一或多层高反射颗粒状物料的膜。
用于本发明目的颗粒状物料可以以细分散颗粒在挥发性液体如水、低沸点有机溶剂或低沸点有机溶剂/水混合物中的淤浆的形式施用。辅助剂如表面活性剂、分散剂或铺展剂/粘合剂(粘接剂)可以掺入来制备本发明的颗粒状物料的水淤浆液。一或多层此种淤浆可以喷洒或用其它方式施用于作物表面。挥发性液体优选能够在涂层间挥发。此处理的残留物可以是亲水或疏水的。以粉尘施用颗粒是进行本发明方法的另一种选择,虽然由于飘移和吸入危害,不宜大规模地商业实施。
可以与亲水颗粒(水中含有3%或更多的固体)混合的铺展剂/粘合剂有助于在园艺作用物上进行均一喷洒处理的是:改性的邻苯二甲酸甘油酯醇酸树脂如罗门哈斯公司(Rohm & Haas Co.)的Latron B-1956;带有乳化剂的植物油基物料(cocodithalymide)如Salsburylab,Inc.的See-wet;聚合萜烯如Drexel Chem.Co.的Pinene;非离子洗涤剂(乙氧基化的妥尔油脂肪酸)如Stephan的Toximul 859和Ninex Mt-600。
颗粒处理可以是施上一层或多层细分散的颗粒状物料。施用的物料的量是本领域技术人员能够知道的。该量将足以充分改善施用了颗粒的作物的光合作用。典型的是,当作物表面外观是白色的时,这种处理将更有效。例如,施用大约25至大约5000,更优选大约100至大约3000且优选大约100至大约500毫克颗粒物料/cm2作物表面的具有比重为大约2-3g/cm2的颗粒,一般能实现上述目的。由于高反射性颗粒的亮度增加,则需要更少量的这些更亮的颗粒来有效地实现本发明目的。此外,环境条件如风和雨可以降低高反射性颗粒物料的作物覆盖,因此,在所述园艺作物生长期间,一或多次地施用所述高反射性的颗粒,以保持所需的本发明效果,这种做法亦在本发明范围之内。
可用于本发明的低沸点液体优选是与水混溶的且含有1至6个碳原子。本发明中所用的术语“低沸点”是指沸点通常不高于100℃的有机液体。这些液体能够使颗粒状固体以细分散形式存在而不明显的团聚。这些低沸点有机液体举例如下:醇类如甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、异丙醇、异丁醇等,酮类如丙酮、甲乙酮等,和环醚如环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷和四氢呋喃。也可以采用上述液体的组合。甲醇是优选的低沸点有机液体。
低沸点有机液体可以用于将颗粒施用于本发明目的的作物作用物的过程中。典型的是,液体以充分的足以形成颗粒状物料分散液的量使用。液体的量典型的是至多达分散液的大约30vol%,优选是按体积计的大约3至大约大约5vol%,且最优选是大约3.5至大约4.5vol%。颗粒状物料优选加入到低沸点有机液体中形成淤浆,之后将此淤浆用水稀释,形成水分散液。所得的淤浆使颗粒以细分散形式存在,其中大多数颗粒分散成粒径小于大约10微米。
具体实施方式
下列实施例举例说明本发明的实施方案,且不旨在以任何方式限制构成本申请一部分的权利要求书所概括的范围。
实施例1
将“Red Delicious”苹果树接受下列处理:1)根据病虫害存在的经济水平,使用弗吉尼亚、西弗吉尼亚和马里兰CooperativeExtension 1997 Spray Bulletin的Commercial tree Fruit Growers公告456-419,进行常规农药施用,2)不处理,3)从1997年3月11日开始,每周施用Translink77,4)从1997年4月29日开始,每周施用煅烧的高岭土(Satintone5HP),5)从1997年4月29日开始,每周施用处理的碳酸钙(SuperCoat-English China Clay的商品)。处理(3)和(5)施用悬浮于4加仑甲醇并加入100加仑水中的25磅物料。处理(4)施用悬浮于加入27盎司NinexMT-603和2品脱Toximul的100加仑水的25磅物料。这些处理和该混合物使用果园喷雾器以125加仑/英亩的施用量施用。处理完全随机区组排列设计,设4次重复,每次重复为3树/小区。处理不灌溉,并从1997年5月1日至8月30日接受21.58cm降水,成熟时收获果实;计数果实数目、称重并测定色泽。使用Hunter色度计测定色泽。颜色值代表Hunter“a”值单元,其中增加的值表示增加的红颜色。在1997年8月6日和8日测定光合作用和气孔气导。使用Licor 6300光合作用体系收集光合作用和气孔气导数据。光合作用和气孔气导的增加值分别代表二氧化碳由大气中增加吸收,和水由叶片蒸发;当二个参数值增加时,二个参数反映改善植物生产率。处理(1)和(3)每次在上午10至11点至下午2至3点每天测定二次。每小区中的三棵树均测量二片2阳光照射叶片/树。使用精确度为+/-0.5℃的Everest Interscience(Model 110)红外温度计测定树冠温度,其中大约1cm直径的植物表面的温度在树的阳光照射面上测定。树冠温度的数据代表叶片与空气温度间的差异。负树冠温度表示由于蒸发和热反射,树冠凉于空气温度。数据给于表1中。
表1
处理 | 产量/树(千克) | 果实重(克) | 红色 | 光合作用率(微摩尔CO2/m2/秒) | 气孔气导(摩尔/m2/秒) | 树冠温度(℃) |
常规 | 43.7 | 136 | 19.7 | 6.7 | 0.35 | -4.2 |
对照 | 30.1 | 123 | 23.2 | |||
Translink77 | 51.6 | 135 | 23.9 | 9.2 | 0.57 | -5.2 |
煅烧的高岭土 | 37.6 | 124 | 21.0 | |||
处理的碳酸钙 | 39.1 | 130 | 24.1 | -5.5 |
与常规的治理相对,使用疏水高岭土(Translink77)增加产量(51.6比43.7kg),但并不明显降低果实的大小(135比136g/果)。
与常规治理相比,使用疏水高岭土(Translink77)改善果实的色泽(23.9比19.7)。与常规治理相比,处理的二氧化钙(SuperCoat)和煅烧的高岭土(Satintone5HB)也改善色泽(24.1和21.0比19.7)。与常规的治理相比,未处理的对照也改善色泽(23.2比19.7),但这点似乎是由于不施用农药,造成的病虫害防治不善而致果树落叶的缘故(参见,Lord和Greene,同上)。病虫害损害而致的落叶增加光对果实表面的照射,从而增加色泽的改善。病虫害防治水平在所有的其它处理中均是充分的,不造成落叶。从4月1日至8月30日,平均降雨量为大约35.6cm;降雨量比平常低40%。
施用Translink77增加光合作用、气孔气导和降低植物温度。气孔气导是下叶片上的气孔宽度量度。蒸发形式的水份损失是通过气孔出现的,且水份损失通过气孔开口的大小来控制。开口越大,气孔气导越大,这样蒸发量也就越大。类似地,气孔开口尺寸越大,光合作用所需的二氧化碳流入量也就越大。树冠温度通过施用Translink77降低,这是由于Translink77的施用造成气孔气导增加,从而增加蒸发而使叶片变凉。碳酸钙(SuperCoat)的施用也降低植物温度,假定是由于增加的气孔气导,增加了的蒸发而使叶片变凉。
Yakima.WA
“Red Delicious”苹果树接受下列处理:1)不处理;此未处理对照没有超过农药施用阀值的病虫害压力,2)在4月5日、5月8日、29日、6月25日、7月14日、9月4日施用Translink77,3)在与“2)”相同的日期和在5月22日、6月9日和7月31日施用Translink77。处理(2)和(3)施用悬浮于4加仑甲醇并加入96加仑水中的25磅物料。此混合物使用果园喷雾器以100加仑/英亩的施用量施用。处理完全随机区组排列设计,设3次重复,每次重复3树/小区。所有的处理均每周根据植物水量的需求,使用置于树下的喷淋器灌溉。光合作用和气孔气导在1997年7月17日至20日测定。使用Licor 6300光合作用体系收集光合作用数据。处理(1)、(2)和(3)每天在上午10至11点和下午2至3点测定二次。每小区中的三棵树均测量二片阳光照射叶片/树。数据是所有天和小时取样的平均值。使用精确度为+/-0.5℃的EverestInterscience(Model 110)红外温度仪测定树冠温度,其中大约1米直径的植物表面的温度在树的阳光照射面上测定。树冠温度的数据代表叶片与空气温度间的差异。负树冠温度表示由于蒸发和热反射,树冠凉于空气温度。从1997年8月17日至20日收集树冠温度数据。表IV中的数据是整个数据组的代表性数据。在收获时节,从每小区中的3棵树中,每棵树随机采摘20个苹果(总共180个苹果/处理)。将果实称重,则测定色泽。色泽用Hunter色度计测定。色度值用Hunter“a”值表示。
表II
处理 | 果实重量(g/果) | 光合作用(微摩尔CO/m2/秒) | 气孔气导(摩尔/m2/秒) | 树冠温度(℃) |
对照 | 14 | 8.8 | 0.24 | -4.5 |
Translink77施用7次 | 177 | 11.8 | 0.43 | -5.7 |
Translink77施用10次 | 195 | 12.9 | 0.46 | -6.0 |
随着Translink77的施用次数增加,果实的大小增加。
由于进行了灌溉,本研究中树上的果实比在Kearneysville,WV的研究中的果实大。
二种Translink77处理的降低的树冠温度说明,这些颗粒的施用可以降低植物温度。
施用Translink77增加光合作用、气孔气导并降低植物温度。树冠温度通过施用Translink77降低,这是由于Translink77的施用造成气孔气导增加,从而增加蒸发而使叶片变凉。与10次施用相比,将施用次数降低到7次的确降低光合作用、气孔气导和树冠温度,证实增加translink77覆盖的量会有益处。
实施例3
圣地亚哥,智利
间距4m×6m的“September Lady”桃树接受下列处理:1)根据病虫害的经济水平进行常规农药施用,2)不处理,3)1996年10月29日开始每次施用translink77。处理(3)施用悬浮于4加仑甲醇并加入96加仑水中的25磅物料。此混合物使用高压手动喷雾器以100加仑/英亩的施用量施用。处理使用表面灌溉每周灌溉。果实在成熟时收获,计数并称重。数据给于表III中。
表III
处理 | 产量/树(kg) | 果实重(g) | 果实个数/树 |
常规 | 13.9 | 156 | 94 |
对照 | 14.6 | 139 | 109 |
Translink77 | 25.4 | 137 | 156 |
与常规处理和对照相比,使用疏水高岭土(Translink77)通过增加每树的果实个数而增加产量。由于桃树上有较多果实数(94比l56),果实尺寸由156克降到137克,虽然这一点不令人满意。
实施例4
Biglerville,Pa-Dan Pack果园
将“Golden Delicious”苹果树接受下列处理:1)根据病虫害存在的经济水平,使用弗吉尼亚、西弗吉尼亚和马里兰CooperativeExtension 1997 Spray Bulletin的Commercial tree Fruit Growers公告456-419,进行常规农药施用,2)全剂量的Translink77,3)半剂量的Translink77。处理(2)和(3)分别施用悬浮于4加仑和2加仑甲醇并加入100加仑水中的25磅和12.5磅物料。这些混合物用果园喷雾器以200加仑/英亩的施用量施用。处理区域随机区划设计,每小区大约1英亩,每个处理设二个重复。收获时,小区商业化收获,通过商业分级生产线处理。在分级时,随机从每小区选择100个果实,以确定果实大小、颜色和表观缺点。使用Hunter色度计测定颜色。绿色值代表Hunter“a”值,其中更高的值表示颜色更黄,黄色是“Golden Delicious”苹果的一种优点。数据给于表IV中。
处理 | 果实大小(mm) | 绿色 |
Translink77全剂量 | 69 | -8.0 |
Translink77半剂量 | 67 | -8.9 |
常规 | 67 | -10.0 |
以全剂量和半剂量施用Translink77降低绿颜色,且与半剂量和常规处理相比,全剂量的Translink77增加果实大小。
“Stayman”苹果树接受2种处理:1)根据病虫害存在的经济水平,使用弗吉尼亚、西弗吉尼亚和马里兰Cooperative Extension1997 Spray Bulletin的Commercial tree Fruit Growers公告456-419,进行常规农药施用,2)Translink77处理,施用悬浮于4加仑甲醇并加入96加仑水中的25磅物料。此混合物使用果园喷雾器以200加仑/英亩的施用量施用。每一处理不随机化地施用1英亩方块。苹果商业化收获,并在商业化分级生产线处理。给出的数据表示从商业化分级生产线捡出的百分率。数据给出表V中。
表V
处理 | 果实大小(mm) | <2.5英寸(%) | 2.5-2.75英寸(%) | 2.75-3.0英寸(%) | >3.0英寸寸(%) |
Translink77 | 69 | 11 | 38 | 44 | 7 |
常规 | 62 | 66 | 28 | 6 | 0 |
相对于常规处理,施用Translink77增加更大果实的捡出率,并降低由于更小的果实(<2.5英寸)造成的损失。
Claims (9)
1.一种提高园艺作物的光合作用的方法,所述的方法包含向所述的园艺作物表面施用25-5000毫克颗粒物料/平方厘米作物表面的有效量的一或多种块亮度至少90的高反射性颗粒状物料,所述的颗粒状物料是细分散性,且其中施用的颗粒可让气体在所述的作物的表面上交换,所述颗粒状物料的中值粒径小于10微米,并且所述的颗粒状物料或者是疏水的,包含亲水核和疏水外表面,其中所述的亲水核物料选自碳酸钙、云母、高岭土、膨润土、粘土、叶腊石、二氧化硅、长石、砂、石英、白垩、石灰、硅藻土、重晶石、三水合铝、二氧化钛和其混合物;或者所述颗粒状物料是亲水的,其中所述的亲水物料选自下列:碳酸钙、滑石、水化高岭土、煅烧的高岭土、膨润土、粘土、叶腊石、二氧化硅、长石、砂、石英、白垩、石灰、硅藻土、重晶石、三水合铝、二氧化钛及其混合物。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述的疏水外表面物料选自:有机钛酸酯、有机锆酸酯或铝酸酯偶合剂,有机官能硅烷、改性聚硅氧烷流体和脂肪酸及其盐。
3.根据权利要求1的方法,其中园艺作物选自活的栽培或产果农业和观赏作物。
4.根据权利要求1的方法,其中园艺作物选自水果、蔬菜、树木、花卉、草、根、种子和景观及观赏植物。
5.根据权利要求1的方法,其中细分散的颗粒状物料具有低于3微米的中值粒径。
6.根据权利要求1的方法,其中亲水核颗粒状物料选自碳酸钙、煅烧的高岭土及其混合物。
7.根据权利要求1的方法,其中亲水性颗粒状物料选自碳酸钙、煅烧的高岭土及其混合物。
8.根据权利要求1的方法,所述的方法还包含向选自水果、蔬菜、树木、花卉、草、根、种子和景观及观赏植物的活的栽培或产果园艺作物表面施用25-5000毫克颗粒物料/平方厘米作物表面的有效量的一或多种具有至少90块亮度的高反射性颗粒状物料的淤浆,所述的物料包含一或多种选自碳酸钙、煅烧的高岭土及其混合物的颗粒状物料,所述的颗粒状物料具有1微米或更低的中值粒径,且其中所述的施用颗粒可让气体在所述的作物表面上交换。
9.根据权利要求1或8的方法,其中细分散的颗粒状物料在所述的园艺作物生长季节施用一或多次。
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