CN114946513A

CN114946513A - Method for simply covering grapes in soil-buried cultivation area for overwintering

Info

Publication number: CN114946513A
Application number: CN202210544812.7A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 王晓玥; 徐海英; 赵印; 山庆余; 张秋杰; 狄振海; 任建成; 孙磊
Original assignee: Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences
Current assignee: Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences
Priority date: 2022-05-19
Filing date: 2022-05-19
Publication date: 2022-08-30
Anticipated expiration: 2042-05-19
Also published as: CN114946513B

Abstract

The invention relates to the field of planting, and particularly discloses a matching management method for simply covering grapes in a soil-buried culture area for overwintering, which comprises the following steps: when in winter pruning, middle-tip pruning is carried out on the current-year branches, and irrigation is carried out after pruning; covering the grapes in the whole planting row with a heat-insulating material before the lowest temperature is reduced to-5 ℃ at night; irrigating and replenishing water in the early spring of the second year before and after the bottom of 2 months; 3, lifting the east side heat insulation material of the planting row when the highest temperature in daytime is higher than 15 ℃ and the lowest temperature at night is not lower than minus 5 ℃ in the middle ten days of the month; completely removing the heat insulation material and irrigating when the local wild peach blooms in the last ten days of the month; and (3) performing supplementary shearing before the tree body is wounded at the bottom of month. The invention provides a matched cultivation management method aiming at a simple grape covering and overwintering technology in a buried soil cultivation area, and the method is optimized from the aspects of pruning, irrigation, heat insulation material covering, the time and mode of each measure and the like so as to ensure that the grape trees can overwinter safely and the yield in the next year is guaranteed.

Description

Method for simply covering grapes in soil-buried cultivation area for overwintering

Technical Field

The invention relates to the field of fruit tree cultivation, in particular to a method for simply covering grapes in a soil-buried cultivation area for overwintering.

Background

The Jingjin Ji area in China is affected by the continental monsoon climate, is cold and dry in winter and spring, has less snowfall, can ensure that the root system is not frozen only by burying the grape vine in the soil, and simultaneously keeps the moisture of branches and tendrils to realize safe overwintering, and the habit is continued for thousands of years. However, a series of problems caused by soil burying overwintering include: the cold-proof labor cost is too high, and the soil is buried and the upper and lower shelves account for 30% of the annual labor; the buried soil is easy to cause mechanical damage to the tree body, and the old vine grape tree is difficult to grow, so that the fruit quality is influenced; the wine grapes with processing purposes can not be harvested late, so that the development of the late harvesting wine industry is limited; in addition, the winter protection needs to be broken, the soil in the fixed planting rows and between the rows can be loosened and exposed in winter, and the soil is easy to raise dust in strong wind and pollute the environment all the day, so that the cold-proof method does not accord with the development level of green and environment-friendly modern ecological agriculture. Aiming at the defects, simple covering and burying-free overwintering cultivation technologies are developed in Beijing, Hebei and other production areas, and the technology is mature after years of experiments. The technical key point is that a trellis is adopted for cultivation, winter protection facilities (such as cotton quilts) are covered on grape branches before overwintering, and the grape vines can safely overwinter without being laid on the trellis and buried in soil.

Compared with the traditional soil burying, the simple covering overwintering technology does not put the grape vines under the ground, so that the positions of the grape vines far away from the ground are increased, and the environment of the grape vines during the overwintering period is changed, and the technology comprises the following steps: (1) the humidity of the branches and tendrils in the covering is lower than that of the branches and tendrils embedded in the conventional soil, the humidity fluctuation of the branches and tendrils in the covering is obviously larger than that of the branches and tendrils embedded in the conventional soil, the covering is covered by cotton quilt from 12 months to 2021 months in 2020 (extremely low temperature in winter in the year), the humidity of the branches and tendrils embedded in the conventional soil during the overwintering period is 78-98%, and the humidity of the branches and tendrils in the covering is 22-94%; (2) the temperature fluctuation of the branches and tendrils in the covering is obviously larger than that of the branches and tendrils buried in the conventional soil, for example, cotton covers are used from 12 months to 3 months in 2021 in 2020 of Beijing, the temperature change of the branches and tendrils buried in the conventional soil during the overwintering period is minus 11 ℃ to 20 ℃, the temperature change of the branches and tendrils in the covering is minus 19 ℃ to 34 ℃, and the temperature difference is 22 ℃ higher than that of the conventional soil buried. The simple overwintering covering technology changes the environment of branches and vines during overwintering, and a corresponding cultivation management system is changed, wherein whether the key technology is applied directly determines whether the trees can safely overwinter and whether the yield in the next year can be guaranteed.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to solve the technical problem of ensuring that the simply covered grapevine can safely pass the winter in a soil-buried cultivation area and ensuring the yield in the next year.

In order to solve the technical problem, the invention provides a method for simply covering grapes in a soil-covered cultivation area for overwintering, which comprises the following steps of: 1) pruning middle shoots of current-year branches during winter pruning, irrigating after pruning, and covering the grapes in the whole planting row with a heat-insulating material before the lowest temperature is reduced to-5 ℃ at night; 2) irrigating and replenishing water in early spring of the next year, lifting the east side heat insulation material of the planting row when the maximum temperature is higher than 15 ℃ in the daytime and the minimum temperature is not lower than minus 5 ℃ at night in the middle ten days of 3 months, completely removing the heat insulation material and irrigating when local mountain peaches bloom in the middle ten days of 3 months, and performing supplementary shearing on branches subjected to middle tip pruning before tree body bleeding at the bottom of 3 months.

The soil-buried cultivation area is a Jingjin Ji area with similar climate, and the area is a traditional soil-buried cultivation area for grapes.

The grape is simply covered, and in winter, the grapes are not laid on the rack and are not buried in soil, but are left on the rack and are covered with heat insulation materials. The heat insulation material is covered across the horizontal main vines (the distance between the horizontal main vines and the ground is about 70 cm), and the heat insulation material is supported by the lead wires and the grape branches where the horizontal main vines are located, is shaped like a small arched shed and ensures that all the grape plant tissues on the upper part of the ground are covered.

The grapes in the whole planting row are covered with the heat insulation material, soil is compacted at the edge of the heat insulation material, and the row head is tightly bound to ensure the sealing effect.

The heat-insulating material is an agricultural heat-insulating material with a certain air permeability effect, such as a cotton quilt, a grass curtain, cotton felt cloth and the like.

The middle shoot pruning is to leave 5-7 buds, and the pruning with the length of 20-30cm is reserved for the current-year branches.

Irrigation, optionally furrow irrigation, as described herein; and the standard of irrigation is irrigation until the field water capacity is not less than 60% of the maximum field water capacity.

The supplementary pruning is short-tip pruning, and 2-3 buds with fresh and alive base parts are reserved.

The early spring of the next year is before or after february bottom of the next year.

The inventor provides a matched cultivation management method aiming at the simple covering overwintering technology of grapes in a Jingjin Ji buried soil cultivation area in China, and optimizes the timing and modes of pruning, irrigation, heat insulation material covering and various measures and the like so as to ensure that the grape trees are overwintering safely and the yield in the next year is guaranteed.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a photograph showing the inner part (left side view) and the outer part (right side view) of the insulating material covered with the trimmed grape middle tips in example 1 of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a photograph of an annual shoot after overwintering in example 1 of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a photograph showing the tree overwintering safely and sprouting regularly in the embodiment 1 of the present invention.

Detailed Description

The present invention is described in further detail below with reference to specific embodiments, which are given for the purpose of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. The examples provided below serve as a guide for further modifications by a person skilled in the art and do not constitute a limitation of the invention in any way.

The experimental procedures in the following examples, unless otherwise indicated, are conventional and are carried out according to the techniques or conditions described in the literature in the field or according to the instructions of the products. Materials, reagents and the like used in the following examples are commercially available unless otherwise specified.

The grape variety "masherland" Miscanson "Selaginella sauvignon" in the following examples is a publicly known grape variety, and seedlings are commercially available.

Example 1

In 2019, a grape orchard for testing Ruidenberg vineger in Young Yingcun is shown in Qinglong lake of hilly areas of Beijing city, the grape variety has 300 mu in total such as Matherland 'Miscanson' Xila 'Cabernet', the tree age is different from 2 years to 5 years, and a single-arm fence frame is adopted.

The method comprises the following specific steps:

1) management before simple coverage:

A. after applying base fertilizer and irrigating in autumn, when pruning is carried out in winter from 10 late months to 11 early months in 2019, the current-year-grown branches on the horizontal main vines do not need to be pruned by short tips, the middle tips are pruned, namely 5-7 buds are remained, the remaining length of the current-year-grown branches is 20-30cm, the horizontal main spreading long heads are properly remained according to the thickness and the space, and the parts with the thickness less than 1cm are pruned.

B. And after pruning in winter, fully irrigating by using furrow irrigation to ensure that the field water capacity is not less than 60% of the maximum field water capacity.

2) Management in the simple covering process:

A. the heat preservation materials begin to cover in the middle of 11 months in 2019, and the lowest temperature is reduced to minus 5 ℃ at night (from the bottom of 11 months to the beginning of 12 months).

B. The heat insulation material is directly covered on the grape vine, the annual branches after the middle shoots are trimmed can support the heat insulation material, inter-row soil taking is noticed to cover the edge of the heat insulation material, compaction is carried out, particularly on the west side, the phenomenon that the air blows off in early spring is prevented, the row head is tightly tied by a cotton rope, and good sealing performance is guaranteed. Photographs of the inner and outer portions of the insulation covering the trimmed grape tips are shown in FIG. 1.

3) Management technology after simple coverage:

A. in 2020 early spring, before and after 2 months of age (from 2 late ten days to 3 early ten days), the field water capacity is not lower than 60% of the maximum field water capacity, and the irrigation is carried out properly according to the requirement. During irrigation, water is supplemented in the morning on sunny days, and the water is fully irrigated to increase the humidity in the covering material, supplement the moisture of branches and tendrils and prevent the branches from being drained.

B. And 3, the air temperature rises in the middle ten days of the month, if the highest air temperature is higher than 15 ℃ in the daytime and the lowest air temperature is not lower than minus 5 ℃ at night for 2 consecutive days, the covering on the eastern side of the planting row can be lifted, the ventilation and the temperature reduction are carried out, the bud is prevented from sprouting in advance, and the tree body is enabled to adapt gradually. The west side is not required to be opened, so that branches and tendrils are prevented from being dried by northwest wind in spring.

C. In late 3 months, the covering can be completely removed according to local indication when the wild peach blooms or the winter buds of the grapes grow to the pompon stage. Local mountain peach No. 3/20 in 2020 blooms, at which time direct removal of the cover begins. And after the covering is removed, fully irrigating to ensure that the field water capacity is not lower than 60% of the maximum field water capacity, and supplementing the branch and vine water.

D. And (3) performing supplementary shearing before the tree body is wounded at the bottom of month. In general, the top of an annual branch trimmed by a medium tip may be drained, but the 2-3 buds at the base part are still alive and full, and then the top of the annual branch is trimmed by a short tip. The photograph of the annual branch after overwintering is shown in figure 2, wherein the upper part of the annual branch is drained and the base is not affected. When the pruning is carried out, the pruning wound of the branch is found to be fresh green and has sufficient water.

E. The sprouts of the varieties are regular and consistent in the current year, and the phenomenon that branches and tendrils are not pulled out is not generated, so that the trees can safely live through the winter, and the specific figure is 3. And (4) determining whether watering is needed again according to the soil state in the germination period until other cultivation management measures are consistent with conventional management.

The present invention has been described in detail above. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention can be practiced in a wide range of equivalent parameters, concentrations, and conditions without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention and without undue experimentation. While the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments, it will be appreciated that the invention can be further modified. In general, this application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention following, in general, the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains. The use of some of the essential features is possible within the scope of the claims attached below.

Claims

1. A method for simply covering grapes in an earth-burying cultivation area for overwintering is characterized by comprising the following steps of: 1) pruning middle shoots of current-year branches during winter pruning, irrigating after pruning, and covering the grapes in the whole planting row with a heat-insulating material before the lowest temperature is reduced to-5 ℃ at night; 2) irrigating and replenishing water in early spring of the next year, lifting the east side heat insulation material of the planting row when the maximum temperature is higher than 15 ℃ in the daytime and the minimum temperature is not lower than minus 5 ℃ at night in the middle ten days of 3 months, completely removing the heat insulation material and irrigating when local mountain peaches bloom in the middle ten days of 3 months, and performing supplementary shearing on branches subjected to middle tip pruning before tree body bleeding at the bottom of 3 months.

2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the entire row of grapes is covered with insulation material, compacted at the edges of the insulation material with soil, and tied up at the row ends.

3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the medium-shoot pruning is to leave 5-7 shoots and the current year's shoots are pruned to a length of 20-30 cm.

4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the irrigation standard is irrigation to a field capacity of not less than 60% of the maximum field capacity.

5. The method of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the supplementary trimming is short-tip trimming.

6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the short tip pruning is pruning of shoots to live 2-3 shoots at the basal part.