CN114916372B - Grape trellis transformation method for changing V-shaped frame into trellis - Google Patents
Grape trellis transformation method for changing V-shaped frame into trellis Download PDFInfo
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- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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Abstract
The invention relates to a grape trellis transformation method for changing a V-shaped frame into a trellis, which comprises the following steps of 1) transforming an infrastructure: 2) Screening grape plants to be modified: for grape plants in the existing V-shaped frame, selecting even rows as fixed transformation rows, selecting the nearest plant at the position 1.25-1.5 m away from the edge of a vineyard as a 1 st grape plant to be transformed in the fixed transformation rows, and then selecting the corresponding grape plant to be transformed according to plant spacing; the rest plants are used as non-transformed grape plants, normal management is carried out in the current year of frame shape transformation, and fruits are cut again and removed after harvesting; 3) The method solves the problem that the grape with the changed trellis has no yield in the current year, solves the problem of competition between the growth of the fruit and the growth of the trellis branches, and achieves the purpose of changing the traditional V-shaped frame into a high-light-efficiency flat trellis without affecting the yield and quality of the grape in the current year.
Description
Technical Field
The application belongs to the technical field of grape cultivation, and particularly relates to a grape trellis rapid forming transformation method for changing a V-shaped frame into a linear shed frame.
Background
Grape is used as a perennial wood vine fruit tree which is loving in yang, and the standard requirement in actual production is high due to the large planting area. In order to better meet the illumination requirements of grape growth, and simultaneously facilitate grape picking and mechanical garden entering, in actual industrialized grape garden management, a V-shaped frame, a flat shed frame and other frame shapes are usually selected according to the conditions of grape varieties, cultivation modes and the like.
In traditional grape planting, under the limitations of management techniques and planting concepts, growers often employ "V" shaped racks in order to pursue high yield. With technological progress and improvement of living standard, the conventional V-shaped frame cultivation (see fig. 1) cannot meet the requirements of high quality, safe and efficient production of grapes, and mainly comprises the following aspects: the planting density is high (the plant-row spacing is 0.5-2.0 m multiplied by 2.0-3.0 m, and 222-889 plants are not equal in each mu of planting), the production management is difficult, the time and the labor are wasted, and the mechanical garden entering operation is inconvenient; secondly, the grape trellis surface and the fruiting part are low, the effect of soil humidity is large, diseases are serious, the medicine is more, and fruits are unsafe; thirdly, a large amount of light irradiates the ground among grape rows, so that the light resources can not be fully utilized to improve the fruit quality; fourthly, as the tree age grows, the tree vigor is more and more vigorous, and the cutting management is continuously carried out in production, so that the labor is wasted, the unbalanced nutrition growth and fruit growth are easy to cause, and the fruit quality is difficult to improve; fifthly, along with the annual increase of labor cost, the production investment is increased year by year, and the benefit is poorer and worse.
Along with the progress of science and technology and the improvement of production management level, the grape tree shape mainly popularized in the current grape production is a straight-shaped canopy frame (see figure 2), also called a thin-planting high-light-efficiency flat canopy frame, and has the advantages of convenience in mechanical management, good ventilation and light transmission, high grape quality and the like, so that the grape tree shape is the main pushing frame shape in the current grape production. The tree shape can overcome the defect of a V-shaped frame, and 28-67 plants are planted per mu according to the plant row spacing of 2.5-3.0 m multiplied by 4.0-6.0 m, so that the tree shape has the technical advantages of less number of managed plants and labor and water and fertilizer saving. In addition, the canopy frame has high frame surface, reduces the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests, has larger plant-row spacing, and is convenient for mechanical garden entering and mechanical management. Meanwhile, as grape branches and tendrils are distributed in parallel, the grape branches and tendrils grow slowly, the ventilation and light transmission are good, the illumination utilization rate is high, and the fruit quality is good. Therefore, the method has very important technical value for improving the scale, industrialization and mechanization of grape planting management.
On the other hand, due to artificial or technical errors such as management decision errors and the like, and with the deep research and popularization of agricultural cultivation management technology, the improvement of the V-shaped frame of the grape also exists in the actual grape planting management process, so that the grape harvesting period is better prolonged or the grape quality is improved. Therefore, the improvement of the grape V-shaped frame in the full bearing period under the condition of lowest benefit loss is a realistic technical requirement.
Based on the technical advantages of the trellis, in the prior art, if the formed V-shaped frame is directly changed into the trellis, in the conventional mode, all the original fruiting branches are cut off, and the branches are re-cultured into a trellis tree shape, so that the yield and benefit of the grape for one year can be lost; the other mode is to change the frame shape while the result is obtained, but the mode can have the result of changing the frame shape slightly after the result of heavy management, and finally the growth quantity of the branches and tendrils of the cultured shed frame is small, so that the effect of forming the shed frame in the current year for the second year for high yield cannot be achieved, and the advantage of the shed frame is influenced. Based on the actual situations, the method for modifying the V-shaped frame into the I-shaped frame in the grape cultivation process has very important technical significance in deep research and improvement.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provides a grape trellis rapid forming transformation method for transforming a V-shaped frame into a trellis. The method fully utilizes the growth rules and fruit development rules of the grapes at different stages, and achieves the maximization of the benefits of fruiting branch growth, fruit growth and trellis branch growth through reasonable branch pruning, thereby ensuring the yield benefits of the grapes to the maximum extent. The method solves the problem that the grape is not produced in the current year by changing the shed frame, solves the problem of competition between growth of branches and growth of branches of the shed frame, and achieves the purpose of changing the traditional V-shaped frame into a high-light-efficiency flat shed frame under the condition that the current year yield and quality of the grape are not affected.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a grape trellis modification method for changing a V-shaped frame into a trellis comprises the following steps:
1) And (3) infrastructure transformation:
infrastructure retrofit time: after pruning in winter and before germination in the next year (1-3 months).
The specification of the existing V-shaped frame is as follows: the plant-row spacing is 0.5-2.0 m×2.0-3.0 m, the plant is in the north-south direction, and the trunk height is 60-100 cm. Double cross "V" shaped frame: a first beam is arranged at a position 30-40 cm away from the trunk, and the length of the beam is 60-100 cm; a second beam is positioned 40 cm from the first beam and has a beam length of 140-200 cm (as shown to the left in figure 3). The triangular "V" shaped shelf is shown to the right in fig. 3.
A main vine steel wire is pulled and arranged at a position 1.5-1.8 meters away from the ground above the main vine of the grape of the existing V-shaped frame and perpendicular to the direction of the ridge (east-west direction) and is used for binding and fixing the main vine of the grape; then, a shed frame steel wire is pulled at a position 15-20 cm higher than the main vine steel wire to form a field-shaped shed frame surface; the row spacing of the transformed canopy frame plant is 2.5-3.0 m multiplied by 4.0-6.0 m.
2) Screening grape plants to be modified:
for grape plants in the existing V-shaped frame, even rows such as 2 nd, 4 th, 6 th, 8 th and the like are selected as fixed reconstruction rows, the plants closest to the position 1.25 m to 1.5 m away from the edge of the vineyard are selected as grape plants to be reconstructed of the 1 st plant, and then the plants closest to the position are sequentially selected as corresponding grape plants to be reconstructed in the fixed reconstruction rows according to the plant spacing of 2.5 m to 3.0 m (for example, the plants closest to the position 3.75 m to 4.5 m away from the edge of the vineyard and 6.25 m to 7.5 m away from the edge of the vineyard are respectively used as grape plants to be reconstructed of the 2 nd plant and the 3 rd plant);
the rest plants are used as non-transformed grape plants, normal management is carried out in the current year of frame shape transformation, and fruits are cut again and removed after harvesting; (about 222-889 grape plants per mu before transformation, about 28-67 grape plants per mu after transformation).
3) Management of trellis branches of grape plants to be transformed:
post-germination to pre-flowering (30-40 days): after spring germination, selecting new shoots which are closest to a trunk and grow well to remove clusters, culturing the new shoots as new trunks of the trellis grapes, reserving 1 piece She Juehou of picking cores on auxiliary shoots sent out from the new trunks of the trellis grapes, picking cores when the auxiliary shoots grow to a position 7-12 cm (preferably 10 cm) away from a main vine steel wire, and reserving the auxiliary shoots at two leaves below the picking cores to enable the auxiliary shoots to grow in east and west directions along the main vine steel wire respectively to become main vines;
flowering phase (about 10 days): when messenger flowers are found to be open, picking the core of the main vine young shoots, inhibiting growth and promoting fruit setting;
after fruit setting, the first fruit expansion period (about 40 days): retaining all auxiliary tips on the main vines, picking the core once every 4-6 days, and inhibiting growth;
hard core phase (about 15 days): at this time, two main vines of the shed frame are mainly cultivated, and auxiliary tips of the two main vines grow. Retaining all auxiliary tips of the main vines, and picking the core when 5-7 leaves grow, so as to promote the differentiation of winter buds and flower buds at the base parts of the auxiliary tips, culture fruiting parent branches of the second year, and promote the forward growth of new tips of the main vines;
fruit softening to maturity (20-30 days): picking the centers of all branches and tendrils, and inhibiting growth;
after harvesting, the two main vines and the auxiliary tips of the canopy frame are grown in a key culture mode, all the auxiliary tips on the main vines are plucked in a leaf-retaining mode of 4+3+2 (4 leaves are reserved for the first time when 5 leaves grow out of the new tips, 3 auxiliary tip leaves are reserved for the second time after 4 leaves grow out of the primary auxiliary tips at the top of the new tips, then 2 leaf plucking is reserved after 3 leaves grow out of the secondary auxiliary tips at the top of the new tips), and after the main vines of two adjacent plants meet, the main vines are plucked simultaneously.
The 6 growth stages are subjected to pinching according to the management principle of promoting growth, inhibiting growth, promoting growth, inhibiting growth and promoting growth.
In the grape trellis modification method for modifying the V-shaped trellis, the step 3) further comprises the management of fruiting branches on grape plants to be modified, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
post-germination to pre-flowering (30-40 days): performing first core picking of 6 leaves, then reserving the auxiliary tips at the top ends of the new tips to grow upwards along the inclined direction of the V-shaped frame, and reserving one She Juehou core picking or all erasing auxiliary tips below the top ends;
flowering phase (about 10 days): when messenger flowers are found to be open, all the young shoots are picked, and fruit setting is promoted;
after fruit setting, the first fruit expansion period (about 40 days): the new shoots are subjected to core picking according to a mode of 6+4+3+2 (6 leaves are left for first core picking when 7 leaves grow out of the new shoots, 4 auxiliary shoots are left for second core picking when 5 leaves grow out of the primary auxiliary shoots at the tops of the new shoots, 3 leaves are left for core picking when 4 leaves grow out of the secondary auxiliary shoots at the tops of the new shoots, and then 2 leaves are left for core picking when 3 leaves grow out of the three auxiliary shoots at the tops of the new shoots), so that 15+/-3 leaves on one result of the new shoots provide nutrition for fruits, and She Juehou core picking is left for all auxiliary shoots below the tops or all the auxiliary shoots are removed; when the number of the young shoot leaves reaches 15+/-3, repeated pinching is carried out on the young shoot leaves, the growth is restrained, and the rapid expansion of fruits is promoted;
hard core phase (about 15 days): picking the core once a week, and controlling all auxiliary tips on the new tips to grow;
fruit softening to maturity (20-30 days): picking the cores of all auxiliary shoots on the fruiting new shoots, controlling the growth, and promoting the second expansion of fruits and sugar accumulation; harvesting and selling as soon as possible after the fruits are ripe;
after grape harvesting: and (3) re-shearing all the resultant young shoots with 7+/-2 leaves, and then thinning the re-sheared resultant young shoots in batches per week according to the quantity of about 1/3 of the resultant young shoots.
Specifically, in the step 1), the row spacing of grape plants is 2.5-3.0 m×4.0-6.0 m, and the grape plants are in the north-south direction.
Specifically, in the step 1), the thickness of the main vine steel wire is 3.2 mm.
Further, in the step 1), the thickness of the steel wires of the shed frames is 2.2 mm, and the spacing between the steel wires of the shed frames in the north-south direction is 50 cm; the east-west direction steel wires are symmetrically arranged by taking the main vine steel wires as the center, and the distances between the canopy frame steel wires on two sides of each main vine steel wire and the corresponding main vine steel wires are 30-35 cm, 70-80 cm and 120-135 cm in sequence (namely, 3 canopy frame steel wires are respectively arranged on two sides of each main vine steel wire), as shown in figure 4.
Further, in the step 2), the non-transformed grape plants are subjected to young shoots, flowers and fruits and fertilizer and water management in a normal management mode in the current year of frame shape transformation, normal results are obtained, after fruits are harvested, about 7+/-2 leaves are reserved on all the young shoots, re-shearing is performed, fertilization and irrigation are stopped, and then the grape plants are removed. The method comprises the following steps:
post-germination to pre-flowering (30-40 days):
and (3) fertilization management: applying 5+/-1 kg of high-nitrogen compound fertilizer per mu;
and (3) irrigation management: water is irrigated every 10+/-2 days, and the water content of the soil is kept to be more than 60%;
after fruit setting, the first fruit expansion period (about 40 days):
and (3) fertilization management: applying 5+/-1 kg of balance fertilizer per mu, and applying once every 7-10 days;
and (3) irrigation management: water is irrigated every 5-7 days, and the water content of the soil is kept to be more than 70%;
hard core phase (about 15 days):
and (3) fertilization management: applying 5+/-1 kg of balance fertilizer per mu, and applying once every 7-10 days;
and (3) irrigation management: water is irrigated every 5-7 days, and the water content of the soil is kept to be more than 70%;
fruit softening to maturity (20-30 days):
and (3) fertilization management: applying Gao Jia compound fertilizer 5+ -1 kg every mu, and applying once every 10+ -2 days;
and (3) irrigation management: water is poured every 10+/-2 days, and the water content of the soil is kept at 60-70%.
The invention relates to a grape trellis transformation method for changing a V-shaped frame into a trellis, which has the following application range: grape variety: including the main cultivated and vigorous grape varieties in the current production of sunshine roses, summer black or Kyoho, etc.; age of tree: tree in fruiting period for 2 years and above.
Aiming at the management defect that the yield and benefit of one year are lost or the canopy formation cannot be achieved in time in the process of changing the existing V-shaped frame into the canopy frame, the method and the system have the advantages of achieving the maximization of the benefits of fruiting branch growth, fruit growth and canopy frame branch growth by fully utilizing the growth rules and fruit development rules of the grapes at different stages and reasonable branch pruning management, and have good practical value and popularization and application significance. Compared with the prior art, the method has the following beneficial effects:
the method fully utilizes the growth rules and fruit development rules of the grapes at different stages, and achieves the maximization of the benefits of fruiting branch growth, fruit growth and trellis branch growth through reasonable branch pruning, thereby ensuring the yield benefits of the grapes to the maximum extent. The method of the invention manages and cultures the branches and tendrils of the grape plants to be reformed on the premise of ensuring normal growth and fruiting of the non-reformed grape plants in the current year, thus overcoming the defect that the grape in the current year is not produced by the existing shed frame, solving the competition problem of the growth of the branches and tendrils of the shed frame, and realizing the purpose of changing the traditional V-shaped frame into a high-light-efficiency flat shed frame under the condition of not influencing the yield and quality of the grape in the current year.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a prior art "V" rack cultivation of grapes;
FIG. 2 is a prior art "in-line" trellis cultivation of grapes;
FIG. 3 is a prior art double cross "V" shaped frame (left) and triangle "V" shaped frame (right);
FIG. 4 is a schematic plan view of a canopy frame in the retrofitting method of the present invention; in the figure, black round dots are grape plants (trunks), black thick lines are main vine steel wires, and black thin lines are trellis steel wires;
FIG. 5 is a view showing the structure of the prior "V" shaped frame prior to modification in example 1;
FIG. 6 is a schematic plan view of the modified canopy frame of example 1; in the figure, black round dots are grape plants (trunks), black thick lines are main vine steel wires, and black thin lines are trellis steel wires;
FIG. 7 is a schematic view showing the structure of a new trunk, a main vine and auxiliary tip formed in the cultivation process of the grape plant trellis branches to be modified in example 1;
FIG. 8 is a photograph showing the growth of new trunks, main vines and auxiliary tips formed during the cultivation of the branches of the trellis of the grape plant to be modified in example 1;
FIG. 9 is a graph showing the results of grape growth in the second year (2020) after canopy frame modification according to the method described in example 1;
FIG. 10 is a graph of the third year grape growth results (2021) after the trellis modification using the method described in example 1.
Detailed Description
The following describes the technical scheme of the present invention in further detail with reference to examples, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto.
In the examples described below, the raw materials used were all commercially available products.
Example 1
The scheme is described in detail by taking a V-shaped frame (plant row spacing is 1.0 m multiplied by 3.0 m, and north-south direction) of the 6-year-old summer black grape as an example, and changing the V-shaped frame into a straight-shaped frame (plant row spacing is 2.5 m multiplied by 6.0 m, and north-south direction).
Before describing the embodiments, to facilitate a detailed understanding of the relevant developments of the application by those skilled in the art, some of the background experimental conditions in this embodiment are described below.
The existing grape planting condition:
planting mode: sunlight greenhouse (Henan Zhengzhou city, he Ji district, tianhe Lubei Duan He, south-middle-far grape research all limited companies), length of 80 m in the east-west direction and length of 8 m in the north-south direction.
Grape variety: summer black; age of tree: for 6 years; density: 1.0 meter by 3.0 meters, 222 plants per mu; mu yield: 900-950 kg; in the north-south direction, the trunk height is 80 cm. The north side of the sunlight greenhouse is provided with a passage of 1 meter, and the distance between the first plant and the north wall is 1.5 meters.
The existing V-shaped frame is as follows: cement column: 3 cement columns in the north-south direction, wherein the distance between the north-side cement columns and the south-side cement columns is 1 meter respectively from the north wall and the south-side edge of the greenhouse, the distance between the middle cement columns is 3 meters, the specification is 80 cm multiplied by 250 cm, and the cement columns are buried underground for 50 cm; every 3 meters in the east-west direction, the specification is the same as that in the north-south direction. The distance between the main vine wire and the ground is 80 cm, the distance between the first beam and the ground is 110 cm, and the length is 60 cm; a second beam was positioned 40 cm from the first beam and 140 cm in length (see figure 5).
When the shed frame is changed for the V-shaped frame, the concrete transformation process is outlined as follows in order to ensure the maximization of the production benefit.
First, infrastructure retrofit
In 2019, 1 month, a main vine steel wire is pulled and arranged in a direction perpendicular to a ridge (east-west direction) at a position 1.6 m away from the ground above the main vine of the grape of the existing V-shaped frame (plant row spacing: 1 m multiplied by 3 m, north-south direction) and used for binding and fixing the main vine of the grape; then, a shed frame steel wire is pulled at a position 15 cm higher than the main vine steel wire to form a field-shaped shed frame surface; the row spacing of the transformed canopy frame is 2.5 m multiplied by 6.0 m.
The specification of the transformed field-shaped shed frame is as follows: the row spacing of grape plants is 2.5 m multiplied by 6 m, the direction of north and south is 3 plants in each row; the height of the main vine steel wire is 1.6 meters, and the thickness of the main vine steel wire is 3.2 millimeters in the east-west direction; the height of the steel wire of the shed frame is 1.75 meters, the thickness of the steel wire of the shed frame is 2.2 millimeters, and the distance between the steel wires of the shed frame in the north and south directions is 50 centimeters; the canopy frame steel wires in east-west trend are symmetrically arranged by taking the main vine steel wires as the center, and the intervals between the canopy frame steel wires on two sides of each main vine steel wire and the corresponding main vine steel wires are 30 cm, 70 cm and 125 cm in sequence (namely, 3 canopy frame steel wires are respectively arranged on two sides of each main vine steel wire), as shown in fig. 6.
(II) screening and treatment of grape plants to be modified
Screening grape plants to be modified: for grape plants in the existing V-shaped frame, even lines such as 2 nd, 4 th, 6 th and 8 th are selected as fixed transformation lines, and plants closest to the north wall of the greenhouse at positions of 1.5 m, 4.0 m and 6.5 m are selected as grape plants (plant spacing of 2.5 m) to be transformed of the 1 st, 2 nd and 3 rd grape plants respectively in the fixed transformation lines. About 45 plants per mu after transformation.
Residual plants: the rest grape plants are used as non-transformed grape plants, are normally managed in the same year after the frame transformation, and are cut again and removed after the fruits are harvested.
(III) cultivation and management of grape plants to be modified
1 st, cultivation and management of trellis branches of grape plants to be transformed
Post-germination to pre-flowering (30-40 days): after germination in spring, selecting young shoots which are closest to the trunk and have good growth vigor, removing clusters, and culturing the young shoots as new trunks of the trellis grapes for upward growth, and leaving 1 piece She Juehou of auxiliary shoots sent out from the new trunks of the trellis grapes for pinching. And when the main vine is grown to a position about 10 cm away from the main vine wire, picking the core, and retaining auxiliary tips at two blades below the core picking position to enable the auxiliary tips to grow in the east-west direction along the main vine wire respectively to form the main vine (see figures 7 and 8).
Flowering phase (about 10 days): when messenger flowers are found to be open, the core of the young shoots of the main vines is picked, the growth of the young shoots is restrained, and the fruit setting is promoted.
After fruit setting, the first rapid expansion period of the fruit (about 40 days): all auxiliary tips on the main vines are reserved, and the heart is plucked once every 5 days, so that the growth of the auxiliary tips is inhibited.
Hard core phase (about 15 days): at this time, two main vines of the shed frame are mainly cultivated, and auxiliary tips of the two main vines grow. And (3) retaining all auxiliary tips of the main vines, and picking the core when the auxiliary tips grow to 5 leaves, so that on one hand, the differentiation of winter buds and flower buds at the base parts of the auxiliary tips is promoted, the fruiting parent branches of the second year are cultivated, and on the other hand, the forward growth of the new tips of the main vines is promoted.
Fruit softening to maturity (20-30 days): all branches and tendrils are picked, and growth of the branches and tendrils is restrained.
After grape harvesting: two main vines of the shed frame are mainly cultivated, and auxiliary tips of the two main vines grow. And (3) picking the core by a leave leaf mode of '4+3+2' (4 leaves are left for first picking when the new tip grows out of 5 leaves, 3 leaves are left for second picking when the primary side tip at the top of the new tip grows out of 4 leaves, and then 2 leaves are left for picking when the secondary side tip at the top of the new tip grows out of 3 leaves), and picking the core of the main vine after the main vines of two adjacent plants meet.
The 6 growth stages are subjected to pinching according to the management principle of promoting growth, inhibiting growth, promoting growth, inhibiting growth and promoting growth.
2, culturing and managing fruiting branches on grape plants to be modified
Post-germination to pre-flowering (30-40 days): and 6 leaves are subjected to first pinching in batches according to the growth length of the young shoots, then auxiliary shoots at the top ends of the young shoots are reserved to grow upwards along the V-shaped frame in an inclined mode, and one She Juehou pinching piece or all erasing pieces are reserved on the auxiliary shoots below the top ends.
Flowering phase (about 10 days): when messenger flowers are found to be open, all the young shoots are picked, and fruit setting is promoted.
After fruit setting, the first rapid expansion period of the fruit (about 40 days): the new shoots are subjected to core picking according to a mode of '6+4+3+2' (6 leaves are reserved for first core picking when 7 leaves grow out of the new shoots, 4 auxiliary shoots are reserved for second core picking when 5 leaves grow out of the primary auxiliary shoots at the tops of the new shoots, 3 leaves are reserved for core picking when 4 leaves grow out of the secondary auxiliary shoots at the tops of the new shoots, and then 2 leaves are reserved for core picking when 3 leaves grow out of the three auxiliary shoots at the tops of the new shoots), so that 15 leaves are reserved on the new shoots of one result to provide nutrition for fruits, and She Juehou core picking is reserved for all auxiliary shoots below the top or all auxiliary shoots are removed; and when the number of the young shoot leaves reaches about 15 as a result, repeated pinching is carried out on the young shoot leaves, the growth of the young shoot leaves is restrained, and the rapid expansion of fruits is promoted.
Hard core phase (about 15 days): the core was removed once a week and all side shoots on the resultant new shoots were controlled for growth.
Fruit softening to maturity (20-30 days): and (3) picking the cores of all the auxiliary shoots on the fruiting new shoots, controlling the growth of the auxiliary shoots, and promoting the second expansion of fruits and sugar accumulation. And after the fruits are ripe, harvesting and selling as soon as possible.
After grape harvesting: and (3) re-shearing all the obtained young shoots with 7 leaves left, and then thinning the re-sheared young shoots in batches according to the 1/3 amount of the obtained young shoots every week.
(IV) culture and management of non-modified grape plants
For non-modified grape plants (i.e., other plants remaining under the existing "V" shaped frame): and (3) managing the young shoots, flowers and fruits and fertilizer and water according to a normal management mode, and after normal results, harvesting the fruits, leaving 7 leaves on the young shoots, re-cutting, stopping fertilization and irrigation, and then removing. The fertilization, irrigation and pesticide spraying management are specifically as follows.
Post-germination to pre-flowering (30-40 days):
and (3) fertilization management: applying high nitrogen compound fertilizer (30-10-10; zhonglin high-tech Co., ltd.) 5 kg per mu.
And (3) irrigation management: water is irrigated once every 10 days or so, and the water content of the soil is kept to be more than 60%.
Pest control: spraying 3-5 Baume lime sulfur agent when the ball is formed; spraying 3000 times of 10% bifenthrin solution when the leaves are 2-3; when inflorescences are separated, 50% of Baofumei double 1500 times liquid and 40% of pyrimethanil 1000 times liquid are sprayed;
after fruit setting, the first rapid expansion period of the fruit (about 40 days):
and (3) fertilization management: applying 5 kg of balance fertilizer (19-19-19+TE, zhongzhin high-tech biosciences Co., ltd.) per mu, and applying every 7 days.
And (3) irrigation management: water is irrigated every 7 days, and the water content of the soil is kept to be more than 70%.
Pest control: spraying 50% of Baofumei double 1500-time liquid and 50% of thiophanate-methyl 800-time liquid 2-3 days after flowers are removed; spraying 30% of wanbao dew 600 times and 40% of flusilazole 8000 times 12 days after flowers are removed; about 22 days after flowers are removed, spraying 30% of Wanshu dew 600 times and 70% of thiophanate-methyl 800 times; and (3) treating the ears before bagging, and taking out the ears after being quickly soaked in 3000 times of 50% Baofumei double plus 3000 times of 37% difenoconazole plus 3000 times of 50% imazalil.
Hard core phase (about 15 days):
and (3) fertilization management: applying balance fertilizer (19-19-19+TE, zhongzhin high-tech biosciences Co., ltd.) 5 kg per mu, and applying every 8 days.
And (3) irrigation management: water is irrigated every 7 days, and the water content of the soil is kept to be more than 70%.
Fruit softening to maturity (20-30 days):
and (3) fertilization management: the Gao Jia compound fertilizer (12-6-38+TE, zhongzhin high-tech biosciences Co., ltd.) is applied 5 kg per mu, once every 10 days.
And (3) irrigation management: water is poured every 10 days, and the water content of the soil is kept at 60-70%.
The growth of newly cultivated trunks, main tendrils and fruiting parent branches in the current year is measured and recorded according to the method:
the growth amount of the branches and tendrils of the modified shed frame was measured on the 15 th day of 2019, and the data are as follows.
The analysis of the data in the table can be primarily judged: the thickness of the main vines and the auxiliary vines or the thickness of the main vines meets the requirement of the second year of results, thereby laying a foundation for high yield.
The yield of summer black grapes is 900-950 kg/mu before transformation, the yield of summer black grapes in the current year is 935 kg/mu, and the two grape yields are similar; before transformation, the quality of the grape is not obviously different from that of the grape in the current year, and the soluble solid content of the fruit is about 20%. It is shown that the canopy frame improvement has no effect on the grape yield in the current year. The yield of summer black grapes in the second year after transformation is 920 kg/mu (the graph of grape growth results is shown in fig. 9), and the yield in the third year is 1050 kg/mu (the graph of grape growth results is shown in fig. 10).
In summary, the improvement method of the invention not only overcomes the defect that the existing improvement of the trellis has no yield of the grape in the current year, but also solves the competition problem of the growth of the fruiting branches and the growth of the trellis branches, thereby achieving the purpose of changing the traditional V-shaped frame into the high-light-efficiency flat trellis without affecting the yield and quality of the grape in the current year.
Example 2
Similar to example 1, the inventors modified the V-frames of different grape varieties of different ages and also counted the yield and quality of the relevant grapes. The specific case is described below.
At present, the grape production mainly controls the yield and improves the quality, if the yield is not controlled, the yield of the grapes per mu can reach 7000-8000 jin, even higher, but the quality is poor, the soluble solid content of the fruits is only 14-15%, the taste is poor, and the selling price is very low. The specific yield control standard of each variety is different, for example, the summer black is generally controlled to be about 1000 kg per mu; the sunshine rose generally controls the acre yield to be about 1500 kg. The yield of the trellis and the "V" shaped frame are generally the same and are mainly determined by the grape variety.
The results of statistics and comparison of the grape fruit yield and quality after the shed frame modification and the grape fruit yield and quality of the V-shaped frame before the modification are as follows.
1) In terms of fruit yield, the grape yields were similar both before and the year of transformation.
2) In terms of fruit quality, the fruit quality of the trellis is better than that of a V-shaped trellis. For colored grape varieties, after trellis cultivation, the fruit is uniformly colored and colored quickly, but the fruit of the V-shaped frame is unevenly colored and slowly colored, namely the problem of outer side coloring, inner side non-coloring or good outer side coloring and inner side coloring difference exists.
3) In the aspect of fruit taste, the grape fruits cultivated by the trellis have high sugar content and strong flavor. If the summer black variety is measured at the same time, the soluble solid content of the grape fruits cultivated in the trellis reaches 20% -22%, and the soluble solid content of the fruits in the V-shaped frame reaches 17% -18%; for example, the sunshine rose variety, the fruit soluble solid content of the trellis cultivation reaches 20% -21%, the flavor is strong, the fruit soluble solid content of the V-shaped frame is 17% -18%, and the taste is light.
It can be seen from the above that: the method fully utilizes the growth rules and fruit development rules of the grapes at different stages, and achieves the maximization of the benefits of fruiting branch growth, fruit growth and trellis branch growth through reasonable branch pruning, thereby ensuring the yield benefits of the grapes to the maximum extent. The method solves the problem that the grape is not produced in the current year by changing the shed frame, solves the problem of competition between growth of the branches of the shed frame and growth of the branches of the shed frame, and achieves the aim of changing the traditional V-shaped frame into the high-light-efficiency flat shed frame under the condition that the current year yield and quality of the grape are not affected.
Claims (7)
1. The grape trellis modification method for modifying the V-shaped frame into the trellis is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
1) And (3) infrastructure transformation:
a main vine steel wire is pulled and arranged at a position 1.5-1.8 meters away from the ground above the main vine of the grape of the existing V-shaped frame and perpendicular to the direction of the ridge for binding and fixing the main vine of the grape; then, a shed frame steel wire is pulled at a position 15-20 cm higher than the main vine steel wire to form a field-shaped shed frame surface;
2) Screening grape plants to be modified:
for grape plants in the existing V-shaped frame, selecting even rows as fixed transformation rows, selecting the plant closest to the position 1.25-1.5 m away from the edge of a vineyard as a 1 st grape plant to be transformed in the fixed transformation rows, and sequentially selecting the plant closest to the position according to the plant spacing of 2.5-3.0 m as the corresponding grape plant to be transformed in the fixed transformation rows;
the rest plants are used as non-transformed grape plants, normal management is carried out in the current year of frame shape transformation, and fruits are cut again and removed after harvesting;
3) Management of trellis branches of grape plants to be transformed:
post-germination to pre-flowering: after spring germination, selecting new shoots which are closest to the trunk and grow well to remove clusters, culturing the new shoots as new trunks of the trellis grapes, reserving 1 piece She Juehou of picking cores on the auxiliary shoots sent out from the new trunks of the trellis grapes, picking cores when the auxiliary shoots grow to a position 7-12 cm away from the main vine wires, and reserving the auxiliary shoots on two leaves below the picking cores to enable the auxiliary shoots to grow in east-west directions along the main vine wires to become main vines;
flowering period: when messenger flowers are found to be open, picking the core of the main vine young shoots, inhibiting growth and promoting fruit setting;
fruit setting and first fruit expansion period: retaining all auxiliary tips on the main vines, picking the core once every 4-6 days, and inhibiting growth;
hard core phase: retaining all auxiliary tips of the main vines, and picking the core when 5-7 leaves grow;
fruit softening to ripening: picking the centers of all branches and tendrils, and inhibiting growth;
after the grapes are harvested, all the auxiliary tips on the main vines are picked in a leaf-retaining mode of 4+3+2, and after the main vines of two adjacent plants meet, the main vines are simultaneously picked.
2. The method for modifying a grape trellis of claim 1, wherein step 3) further comprises the management of fruit branches on the grape plants to be modified, in particular as follows:
post-germination to pre-flowering: performing first core picking of 6 leaves, then reserving the auxiliary tips at the top ends of the new tips to grow upwards along the inclined direction of the V-shaped frame, and reserving one She Juehou core picking or all erasing auxiliary tips below the top ends;
flowering period: when messenger flowers are found to be open, all the young shoots are picked, and fruit setting is promoted;
fruit setting and first fruit expansion period: picking the core of the fruiting new shoot according to a mode of 6+4+3+2, ensuring that 15+/-3 leaves on one fruiting new shoot provide nutrition for fruits, and keeping a She Juehou core picking part or removing all auxiliary shoots below the top end; when the number of the young shoot leaves reaches 15+/-3, repeated pinching is carried out on the young shoot leaves, the growth is restrained, and the fruit expansion is promoted;
hard core phase: picking the core once a week, and controlling all auxiliary tips on the new tips to grow;
fruit softening to ripening: picking the cores of all auxiliary shoots on the fruiting new shoots, controlling the growth, and promoting the second expansion of fruits and sugar accumulation;
after grape harvesting: and (5) re-shearing all the obtained young shoots with 7+/-2 leaves, and then thinning.
3. The method for modifying a grape trellis of claim 1, wherein in step 1), the row spacing of the grape plants is 2.5-3.0 m x 4.0-6.0 m, north-south.
4. A method for reforming a grape trellis of a V-shaped trellis of claim 3 wherein in step 1), the main vine wire has a thickness of 3.2 mm.
5. The method for modifying the shape of a grape trellis by changing the V-shaped frame into the trellis according to claim 4, wherein in the step 1), the thickness of the trellis steel wires is 2.2 mm, and the spacing between the trellis steel wires in the north-south direction is 50 cm; the east-west direction steel wires are symmetrically arranged by taking the main vine steel wires as the center, and the distances between the trellis steel wires on two sides of each main vine steel wire and the corresponding main vine steel wires are 30-35 cm, 70-80 cm and 120-135 cm in sequence.
6. The method for modifying the grape trellis of the V-shaped trellis of claim 2, wherein in step 2), the non-modified grape plants are normally managed in the current year of the trellis modification, specifically as follows:
post-germination to pre-flowering:
and (3) fertilization management: applying 5+/-1 kg of high-nitrogen compound fertilizer per mu;
and (3) irrigation management: water is irrigated every 10+/-2 days, and the water content of the soil is kept to be more than 60%;
fruit setting and first fruit expansion period:
and (3) fertilization management: applying 5+/-1 kg of balance fertilizer per mu, and applying once every 7-10 days;
and (3) irrigation management: water is irrigated every 5-7 days, and the water content of the soil is kept to be more than 70%;
hard core phase:
and (3) fertilization management: applying 5+/-1 kg of balance fertilizer per mu, and applying once every 7-10 days;
and (3) irrigation management: water is irrigated every 5-7 days, and the water content of the soil is kept to be more than 70%;
fruit softening to ripening:
and (3) fertilization management: applying Gao Jia compound fertilizer 5+ -1 kg every mu, and applying once every 10+ -2 days;
and (3) irrigation management: water is poured every 10+/-2 days, and the water content of the soil is kept at 60-70%.
7. The method for modifying the shape of a grape trellis of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the grape variety comprises rose, summer black or Kyoho.
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| US5063709A (en) * | 1990-10-22 | 1991-11-12 | Whittaker Howard E | "V" trellis support device |
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| CN111557209A (en) * | 2020-05-27 | 2020-08-21 | 十堰市经济作物研究所 | Grape tree form suitable for simple single-span arched shed and construction method |
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| US5063709A (en) * | 1990-10-22 | 1991-11-12 | Whittaker Howard E | "V" trellis support device |
| CN107996272A (en) * | 2017-10-23 | 2018-05-08 | 浙江省农业科学院 | A kind of stable yields cultural method of dense planting vineyard thin planting transformation |
| CN111328622A (en) * | 2020-03-31 | 2020-06-26 | 福建省农业科学院果树研究所 | Method for transforming tree form of southern trellis close-planted vineyard and application thereof |
| CN111557209A (en) * | 2020-05-27 | 2020-08-21 | 十堰市经济作物研究所 | Grape tree form suitable for simple single-span arched shed and construction method |
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