CN114887635B - 一种无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶及其制备方法和应用,属于钙钛矿微米晶制备技术领域。本发明公开了一种无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶,该含Te双钙钛矿微米晶(Cs2TeCl6)具有良好的晶体结构且结构极其稳定,平均粒径为5~8μm、尺寸均匀、有较强的吸收能力;同时具有稳定性好、发光好的特点。另外该含Te双钙钛矿微米晶(Cs2TeCl6)的合成方法简单、易操作、对设备要求不高,具有低成本、低能耗的特点,适合扩大化生产;该含Te双钙钛矿微米晶(Cs2TeCl6)具有良好的光催化还原CO2能力,其产物有CO生成的同时,还伴有CH4的生成,具有较好的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于钙钛矿微米晶制备技术领域,涉及一种无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
人工光催化将CO2还原为有价值的化学原料是解决全球能源和环境危机的有效途径,迄今已引起了人们的极大兴趣。
在筛选出的光催化剂中,卤化铅钙钛矿由于具有高光致发光量子产率、较强发射和带隙的可调性、优异的电荷传输性能和较短的辐射寿命等优异的光学性质,在光电子和光催化领域具有广阔的应用前景,近年来已被大量报道。然而,它们的毒性和有限的稳定性是限制其大规模在光催化方面应用的主要障碍,例如,铅(Pb)基钙钛矿的毒性会造成环境污染且对人体有害;再者传统卤化铅钙钛矿长时间暴露在空气环境中时,空气中的湿度、光热等会导致材料分解、被氧化等,进而对钙钛矿材料的性能造成较大影响,严重的会导致光致发光(PL) 猝灭。
因此,为了保持钙钛矿的优异性能,就必须保证其稳定性,因此迫切需要研究一种稳定且无铅的钙钛矿材料。
发明内容
有鉴于此,本发明的目的之一在于提供一种无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶;本发明的目的之二在于提供一种无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶的制备方法;本发明的目的之三在于提供一种无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶在光催化还原二氧化碳方面的应用。
为达到上述目的,本发明提供如下技术方案:
1.一种无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶,所述含Te双钙钛矿微米晶的化学组成为Cs2TeCl6。
2.上述含Te双钙钛矿微米晶的制备方法,所述制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)将氯化铯(CsCl)、氯化碲(TeCl4)和盐酸混合均匀,形成前驱体溶液;
(2)将所述前驱体溶液置于聚四氟乙烯高压反应釜中,按照以下流程进行反应:升温过程:将所述前驱体溶液在10h内从室温加热到180℃,保持10~12h;降温过程,在24h内缓慢降至室温;
(3)将步骤(2)中高压反应釜中反应得到的产物经过清洗、离心和干燥,即可得到无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶(Cs2TeCl6)。
优选的,步骤(1)中,所述氯化铯(CsCl)和氯化碲(TeCl4)的摩尔比为2:1。
优选的,步骤(1)中,所述盐酸的质量分数为37~38%,所述氯化铯(CsCl)和盐酸的摩尔体积比为2:1,mmol:ml。
优选的,步骤(3)中,所述清洗时采用无水乙醇作为清洗剂,所述产物与无水乙醇的体积比不大于1:2。
优选的,步骤(3)中,所述离心为在8000~10000rpm的转速下离心5~10min。
优选的,步骤(3)中,所述干燥为在60~70℃下干燥4~6h。
3.上述无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶在光催化还原二氧化碳方面的应用。
本发明的有益效果在于:
本发明公开了一种无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶,该含Te双钙钛矿微米晶(Cs2TeCl6) 具有良好的晶体结构且结构极其稳定,平均粒径为5~8μm、尺寸均匀、有较强的吸收能力;同时具有稳定性好、发光好的特点。另外该含Te双钙钛矿微米晶(Cs2TeCl6)的合成方法简单、易操作、对设备要求不高,具有低成本、低能耗的特点,适合扩大化生产;该含Te双钙钛矿微米晶(Cs2TeCl6)具有良好的光催化还原CO2能力,其产物有CO生成的同时,还伴有CH4的生成,具有较好的应用前景。
本发明的其他优点、目标和特征在某种程度上将在随后的说明书中进行阐述,并且在某种程度上,基于对下文的考察研究对本领域技术人员而言将是显而易见的,或者可以从本发明的实践中得到教导。本发明的目标和其他优点可以通过下面的说明书来实现和获得。
附图说明
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚,下面将结合附图对本发明作优选的详细描述,其中:
图1为实施例1制备的无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶(Cs2TeCl6)(0days)以及放置120天(120days)后的微米晶在可见光(Visiable light)、254nm紫外激发和365nm紫外激发下的发光性;
图2为实施例1制备的无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶(Cs2TeCl6)的扫描电镜(SEM) 图(a)和X射线衍射(XRD)图(b);
图3为实施例1的制备的无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶(Cs2TeCl6)的X射线光电子能谱,其中a为XPS总谱图、b为XPS元素Cs 3d分谱图、c为XPS元素Te 3d分谱图、d 为XPS元素Cl 2p分谱图;
图4为实施例1的制备的无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶(Cs2TeCl6)在不同环境下的 XRD图(a)和热重分析图(b);
图5为实施例1制备的无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶(Cs2TeCl6)的吸收光谱图(a)、荧光光谱图(b)、光催化性能(c)和CO和CH4随光照时间的变化曲线(d)。
具体实施方式
以下通过特定的具体实例说明本发明的实施方式,本领域技术人员可由本说明书所揭露的内容轻易地了解本发明的其他优点与功效。本发明还可以通过另外不同的具体实施方式加以实施或应用,本说明书中的各项细节也可以基于不同观点与应用,在没有背离本发明的精神下进行各种修饰或改变。需要说明的是,以下实施例中所提供的图示仅以示意方式说明本发明的基本构想,在不冲突的情况下,以下实施例及实施例中的特征可以相互组合。
实施例1
制备一种无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶,具体方法如下所示:
(1)将2mmol的氯化铯(CsCl)、1mmol的氯化碲(TeCl4)和5mL的盐酸(质量分数为37%)混合均匀,形成前驱体溶液;
(2)将上述前驱体溶液置于聚四氟乙烯高压反应釜中,按照以下流程进行反应:升温过程:将所述前驱体溶液在10h内从室温加热到180℃,保持12h;降温过程,在24h内缓慢降至室温;
(3)将步骤(2)中高压反应釜中反应得到的产物用无水乙醇清洗(其中每1ml产物需至少加入2ml无水乙醇),以10000rpm的转速离心5min,然后在70℃下干燥4h。
实施例2
制备一种无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶,具体方法如下所示
(1)将2mmol的氯化铯(CsCl)、1mmol的氯化碲(TeCl4)和5mL的盐酸(质量分数为38%)混合均匀,形成前驱体溶液;
(2)将上述前驱体溶液置于聚四氟乙烯高压反应釜中,按照以下流程进行反应:升温过程:将所述前驱体溶液在10h内从室温加热到180℃,保持10h;降温过程,在24h内缓慢降至室温;
(3)将步骤(2)中高压反应釜中反应得到的产物用无水乙醇清洗(其中每1ml产物需至少加入2ml无水乙醇),以10000rpm的转速离心5min,然后在70℃下干燥4h。
实施例3
制备一种无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶,具体方法如下所示
(1)将2mmol的氯化铯(CsCl)、1mmol的氯化碲(TeCl4)和5mL的盐酸(质量分数为37%)混合均匀,形成前驱体溶液;
(2)将上述前驱体溶液置于聚四氟乙烯高压反应釜中,按照以下流程进行反应:升温过程:将所述前驱体溶液在10h内从室温加热到180℃,保持10h;降温过程,在24h内缓慢降至室温;
(3)将步骤(2)中高压反应釜中反应得到的产物用无水乙醇清洗(其中每1ml产物需至少加入2ml无水乙醇),以8000rpm的转速离心10min,然后在60℃下干燥6h。
性能测试
为了更好地验证本发明制备的无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶(Cs2TeCl6)的性质,首先分别测试实施例1制备的无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶(Cs2TeCl6)在可见光(Visiabl e light)、254nm紫外激发和365nm紫外激发下的发光性,测试方法如下:将50mgCs2TeC l6微米晶放入称量纸,分别用可见光(黄色)、254nm(橙色)紫外光和365nm(橙色)紫外光照射,观察其颜色变化,放置120天后,分别用可见光(黄色)、254nm(橙色)和3 65nm(橙色)紫外光照射,观察其颜色变化,其结果如图1所示。从图1可以看出,实施例 1制备的无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶(Cs2TeCl6)放置120天前后的发光无明显变化,说明其具有良好的稳定性。
为了测试实施例1制备的无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶(Cs2TeCl6)的形貌、尺寸与结晶性,将其进行扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)测试,其结果如图2所示。从图 2中a的SEM图可以看出,通过实施例1制备的无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶(Cs2TeCl 6)平均尺寸为5~8μm,其颗粒分布均匀,形貌呈准球形。从图2中b的XRD图可以看出,与Cs2TeCl6微米晶标准卡片(PDF#074-1010)相比,实施例1制备的无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶(Cs2TeCl6)的XRD曲线均一一对应,这表明通过实施例1的方法成功合成了无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶(Cs2TeCl6)。此外,Cs2TeCl6微米晶衍射峰狭窄且尖锐,这表明实施例1制备的Cs2TeCl6微米晶具有较好的结晶度,其结果如图2中b所示。
对实施例1制备无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶(Cs2TeCl6)进行X射线光电子能谱(X PS)测试,对Cs2TeCl6微米晶进行的表面化学分析,其结果如图3所示。图3中a为Cs2TeCl6微米晶的XPS总谱图,从中可以看出相关元素Cs、Te、Cl均存在;图3中b为Cs2TeCl 6微米晶的XPS元素Cs 3d分谱图,从中可以观察到元素Cs的两个峰处于738.27eV和724. 37eV,分别分配给Cs 3d3/2和Cs 3d5/2两个能级,此外,根据XPS标准图谱中显示元素Cs 3d双峰之间能量间距为13.9eV,与图3中b显示的完全一致;图3中c为Cs2TeCl6微米晶的 XPS元素Te 3d分谱图,从中可以观察到元素Te的两个峰处于587.34eV和577.0eV,分别分配给Te 3d3/2和Te 3d5/2两个能级,根据XPS标准图谱显示的元素Te 3d双峰之间能量间距为10.34eV,与其也完全一致;图3中d为Cs2TeCl6微米晶的XPS元素Cl 2p分谱谱图,从中可以观察到元素Cl的两个峰处于200.3eV和198.7eV,分别分配给Cl 2p1/2和Cl 2p3/2两个能级,根据XPS标准图谱显示的元素Cl 2p双峰之间能量间距为1.6eV,这一结果也与其完全一致。从上述XPS的分析结果说明,通过实施例1的制备方法确实能够成功合成无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶(Cs2TeCl6),相关元素Cs、Te、Cl均存在。
为了测试实施例1的制备的无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶(Cs2TeCl6)的热稳定性,对实施例1制备的Cs2TeCl6微米晶在不同环境下进行XRD测试和热重分析(TGA)测试,其结果分别如图4中a和b所示。图4中a显示,将实施例1制备的Cs2TeCl6微米晶(Initial) 以及分别置于100℃下保持120h(heating at 100℃for 120hours)、完全暴露在365nm紫外照射下120h(exposure under 365nm UV light for 120hours)和直接放置环境气氛中90 天(90days)处理后的Cs2TeCl6微米晶进行XRD检测,从中可以看出,经过不同条件处理后的Cs2TeCl6微米晶与最开始合成的Cs2TeCl6微米晶XRD曲线基本一致,既没有分解,也没有被氧化和产生其它杂质,依然表现出良好的稳定性的结晶度。图4中b为Cs2TeCl6微米晶的热重分析(TGA)测试结果,结果表明Cs2TeCl6微米晶在500℃之前,均表现出较好的热稳定性。
图5为实施例1制备的无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶(Cs2TeCl6)的吸收光谱图(a)、荧光光谱图(b)、光催化性能(c)和CO和CH4随光照时间的变化曲线(d)。从图5中a 可以看出,Cs2TeCl6微米晶吸收波段约在500nm,有良好的可见光吸收。从图5中b可以看出,Cs2TeCl6微米晶在激发波长为300nm下的光致发光荧光光谱,发射峰约在558nm,这表明Cs2TeCl6微米晶具有良好的荧光发射。此外,将Cs2TeCl6微米晶应用在光催化还原CO2领域,其光催化性能如图5中c所示,测试了Cs2TeCl6微米晶在光照(λ≥420nm)下的光催化性能图。值得一提的是,Cs2TeCl6微米晶在将CO2还原为CO的同时,还伴随有另一种高附加价值产物CH4的生成。其光催化性能3h CO和CH4的生成量分别为45.83μmol/g和44. 05μmol/g。此外,为了便于观察光催化Cs2TeCl6微米晶的生成物CO和CH4随光照时间的变化曲线,如图5中d所示,从中可以看出光照1h的CO和CH4增长最快,光照2~3h的增长趋于缓慢,这可能是由于CO分子附着在Cs2TeCl6微米晶表面活性位点。
同样的,将实施例2和实施例3中制备的无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶(Cs2TeCl6) 进行上述性能测试,其结果与实施例1中制备的无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶(Cs2TeCl6) 相同。由此说明本发明的方法确实能够制备得到稳定性好、发光好无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶(Cs2TeCl6)。
综上所述,本发明提供了一种无铅稳定的双钙钛矿微米晶及其制备方法和应用,该含Te 双钙钛矿微米晶(Cs2TeCl6)具有良好的晶体结构且结构极其稳定,平均粒径为5~8μm、尺寸均匀、有较强的吸收能力;同时具有稳定性好、发光好的特点。另外该含Te双钙钛矿微米晶(Cs2TeCl6)的合成方法简单、易操作、对设备要求不高,具有低成本、低能耗的特点,适合扩大化生产;该含Te双钙钛矿微米晶(Cs2TeCl6)具有良好的光催化还原CO2能力,其产物有CO生成的同时,还伴有CH4的生成,具有较好的应用前景。
最后说明的是,以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案而非限制,尽管参照较佳实施例对本发明进行了详细说明,本领域的普通技术人员应当理解,可以对本发明的技术方案进行修改或者等同替换,而不脱离本技术方案的宗旨和范围,其均应涵盖在本发明的权利要求范围当中。
Claims (7)
1.一种无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶在光催化还原二氧化碳方面的应用,其特征在于,所述含Te双钙钛矿微米晶的化学组成为Cs2TeCl6。
2.根据权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于,所述含Te双钙钛矿微米晶通过由以下方法制备:
(1)将氯化铯、氯化碲和盐酸混合均匀,形成前驱体溶液;
(2)将所述前驱体溶液置于聚四氟乙烯高压反应釜中,按照以下流程进行反应:升温过程:将所述前驱体溶液在10h内从室温加热到180℃,保持10~12h;降温过程,在24h内缓慢降至室温;
(3)将步骤(2)中高压反应釜中反应得到的产物经过清洗、离心和干燥,即可得到无铅稳定的含Te双钙钛矿微米晶。
3.根据权利要求2所述的应用,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述氯化铯和氯化碲的摩尔比为2:1。
4.根据权利要求2所述的应用,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述盐酸的质量分数为37~38%,所述氯化铯和盐酸的摩尔体积比为2:1,mmol:ml。
5.根据权利要求2所述的应用,其特征在于,步骤(3)中,所述清洗时采用无水乙醇作为清洗剂,所述产物与无水乙醇的体积比不大于1:2。
6.根据权利要求2所述的应用,其特征在于,步骤(3)中,所述离心为在8000~10000rpm的转速下离心5~10min。
7.根据权利要求2所述的应用,其特征在于,步骤(3)中,所述干燥为在60~70℃下干燥4~6h。
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