CN114467596B - Macadamia nut ground cloth laying type high-efficiency planting method - Google Patents

Macadamia nut ground cloth laying type high-efficiency planting method Download PDF

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CN114467596B
CN114467596B CN202111622603.1A CN202111622603A CN114467596B CN 114467596 B CN114467596 B CN 114467596B CN 202111622603 A CN202111622603 A CN 202111622603A CN 114467596 B CN114467596 B CN 114467596B
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branches
parts
tree
fertilizer
planting
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CN114467596A (en
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王文林
周春衡
黄锡云
许�鹏
郑树芳
谭秋锦
覃振师
汤秀华
宋海云
何铣扬
莫庆道
张涛
贺鹏
韦媛荣
韦哲君
潘浩南
潘贞珍
环秀菊
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Guangxi South Subtropical Agricultural Science Research Institute
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Guangxi South Subtropical Agricultural Science Research Institute
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
    • A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G13/00—Protecting plants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G13/00—Protecting plants
    • A01G13/02—Protective coverings for plants; Coverings for the ground; Devices for laying-out or removing coverings
    • A01G13/0256—Ground coverings
    • A01G13/0268—Mats or sheets, e.g. nets or fabrics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G7/00—Botany in general
    • A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
    • A01N25/18—Vapour or smoke emitting compositions with delayed or sustained release
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N29/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing halogenated hydrocarbons
    • A01N29/02—Acyclic compounds or compounds containing halogen attached to an aliphatic side-chain of a cycloaliphatic ring system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/48—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • A01N43/56—1,2-Diazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2-diazoles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/90—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having two or more relevant hetero rings, condensed among themselves or with a common carbocyclic ring system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
    • A01N47/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having one or more single bonds to nitrogen atoms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
    • A01N47/40—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having a double or triple bond to nitrogen, e.g. cyanates, cyanamides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N53/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing cyclopropane carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
    • C05B1/00—Superphosphates, i.e. fertilisers produced by reacting rock or bone phosphates with sulfuric or phosphoric acid in such amounts and concentrations as to yield solid products directly
    • C05B1/02—Superphosphates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
    • C05B7/00—Fertilisers based essentially on alkali or ammonium orthophosphates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • C05G3/40—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity for affecting fertiliser dosage or release rate; for affecting solubility
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • C05G3/80—Soil conditioners
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
    • Y02A40/22—Improving land use; Improving water use or availability; Controlling erosion
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
    • Y02P60/20—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions in agriculture, e.g. CO2
    • Y02P60/21—Dinitrogen oxide [N2O], e.g. using aquaponics, hydroponics or efficiency measures

Abstract

The invention relates to a macadimia nut ground cloth laying type high-efficiency planting method, which adopts a close planting method and combines with a laid ground cloth to realize integration of insect prevention, degradation, fertilization and weeding, wherein insect prevention agents are added into the ground cloth to prevent and control plant diseases and insect pests, and conventional spray pesticides are replaced; the slow release fertilizer is added to ensure nutrient substances required in the flowering and fruiting processes of the macadamia nut trees; meanwhile, a scientific and reasonable pruning method is adopted to keep the Australian nut tree in a spindle-shaped tree form, and a mode of alternative pruning is combined to ensure high and stable yield. The method not only increases the acre yield of the macadimia nuts, but also reduces the single-plant investment cost for planting the macadimia nuts, can greatly improve the economic income of fruit growers, and has good popularization prospect.

Description

Macadamia nut ground cloth laying type high-efficiency planting method
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural planting, and particularly relates to a macadamia nut ground cloth laying type high-efficiency planting method.
Background
Macadamia ternifolia (Latin name: macadamia ternifolia F. Muell.) alternative name: kunlanshan chestnut, macadamia walnut, macadamia nut and Kunlanshan fruit are high-grade dry fruits which are rich in heat energy and nutrient substances necessary for human growth, have high nutritional value and medicinal value, have excellent taste and flavor and are called as 'the king of dry fruits'.
At present, the cultivation area of the macadamia nuts in China exceeds 20 ten thousand hectares, which accounts for more than 60% of the global planting area and is the first place in the world. Guangxi is one of the main planting areas of the nuts in China, and the introduction of macadamia nut cultivation has been for over 50 years, which is one of the earliest areas for commercial planting in China. Since 2012, the growing area of macadamia nut in Guangxi has been rapidly expanded, and the macadamia nut has become the second largest producing area in China. The soil, climate and other conditions in Guangxi are very suitable for planting the macadimia nuts, the natural conditions that the macadimia nuts are planted in a unique manner are developed in a large scale, and the advantages and the potential of industrial development are large. The macadimia nut industry has social benefits, economic benefits and ecological benefits, and has wide market development prospect.
The global market demand of macadamia nuts is over 40 ten thousand tons, but the macadamia nuts have extremely strong selectivity to natural conditions such as light, heat, water, wind and the like due to growth, long investment period, small global planting area and short annual output supply. In order to meet the high demand of people on macadimia nuts, a planting method capable of realizing high and stable yield of the macadimia nuts in a limited land area needs to be found urgently.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems, the invention provides a macadimia nut ground cloth laying type high-efficiency planting method which adopts a close planting method and combines with ground cloth laying to realize integration of insect prevention, degradation, fertilization and weeding, and simultaneously adopts a scientific and reasonable pruning method to ensure that macadimia nut trees keep a fusiform tree shape and combines with a mode of alternative pruning to ensure high and stable yield. The method not only increases the acre yield of the macadimia nuts, but also reduces the single-plant investment cost for planting the macadimia nuts, and can improve the economic income of fruit growers.
In order to achieve the purpose, the scheme provided by the invention is as follows:
the macadimia nut ground cloth laying type high-efficiency planting method comprises the following steps:
(1) Land selection and preparation: selecting a land section with the perennial temperature higher than 12 ℃, the annual rainfall more than 1000mm, the soil layer depth more than 0.5m, the PH value of 5-5.5 and the gradient not more than 15 degrees as the macadamia nut planting land,
(2) Variety selection: selecting macadimia nut varieties according to the number ratio of early-maturing type, middle-maturing type and late-maturing type of early flowers to 1;
(3) Transplanting and field planting: digging planting holes with the planting hole depth of 0.6-0.8 m in the planting field according to the plant spacing of 2.5-3.5 m and the row spacing of 3.5-4.5 m; spreading 20-40 kg of base fertilizer into each planting hole, planting the macadimia nut seedlings into the planting holes in sunny weather, planting different varieties in an interlaced manner, slightly compacting after returning soil, and pouring enough root fixing water;
(4) Laying ground fabric: after field planting, paving a layer of permeable ground fabric on the ground of the macadimia nut forest, wherein the ground fabric is divided into an upper layer and a lower layer, the upper layer is white, the lower layer is black, an insect-proof medicament and slow release fertilizer are placed between the two layers of ground fabric, and soil or hay with the thickness of 3-5 cm is covered above the insect-proof medicament and the slow release fertilizer;
(5) Management of saplings: applying 2-3 times of top-promoting fertilizer to the macadimia nut saplings within 3 years each year; paying attention to the underwater rainy day, properly reducing watering and paying attention to waterlogging drainage; topping the young trees when the young trees grow to 70-90 cm, selecting 2-3 branches as main branches, pruning the main branches to enable the main branches to grow proper lateral branches, and pruning the main branches into a spindle-shaped tree form;
(6) And (3) water and fertilizer management: for Australia nut trees of more than 3 years, watering regularly according to weather conditions in places without ground cloth at the root of the tree, and applying compound fertilizer or liquid fertilizer every 4-5 months; after fruits are harvested every year, insect-proof agents and slow-release fertilizers are put between ground fabrics;
(7) Shaping and trimming: after the fourth year, the pruning is carried out, and the pruning time is selected after intertillage and fruit picking; the pruning is mainly to prune some branches with diseases, dead branches, cross branches, fasciculate branches and spindly branches to keep the trees in a light and air permeable shape.
Specifically, the base fertilizer in the step (3) is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 20 to 35 parts of decomposed animal waste, 2 to 3 parts of calcium superphosphate, 1 to 2 parts of urea and 1 to 2 parts of medium trace element fertilizer.
Preferably, the ground fabric in the step (4) is laid in a way that: the ground fabric is laid in the following mode: firstly, paving an annular ground cloth along the Australian nut tree plate, wherein the inner diameter of the ground cloth is 10-15 cm away from the center of a trunk, and the paving width of the outer diameter of the ground cloth is adjusted according to the crown width of a crown; for Australian nut trees less than 3 years, the outer diameter of the ground fabric is 70-100 cm; for the Australia nut trees with the crown width more than 3 years, the ground fabric is widened and laid at the same time, and the outer diameter of the ground fabric is 100-200 cm.
The ground layout of the invention can be placed in a ring shape and can also be placed in a square shape.
Preferably, the ground fabric is degradable green non-woven fabric containing plant fibers, and can be directly purchased in the market.
Preferably, the step (4) of putting the insect-resistant agent and the slow release fertilizer specifically comprises the following steps: putting insect-proof agent 30-50 cm outside the tree tray of each tree, wherein the putting amount of each tree is 50-100 g; and (3) putting the slow release fertilizer at a position 60-100 cm outside a tree tray of each tree, wherein the putting amount of the slow release fertilizer is adjusted according to the age of the tree, 1-1.5 kg of slow release fertilizer is put into trees with the age less than 3 years, and 2-3 kg of slow release fertilizer is put into trees with the age more than 3 years.
Specifically, the slow release fertilizer is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 25-35 parts of fulvic acid, 15-25 parts of urea, 5-15 parts of monoammonium phosphate, 5-10 parts of potassium sulfate, 5-10 parts of ferrous sulfate, 5-15 parts of diatomite, 5-15 parts of biomass charcoal, 3-8 parts of polyvinyl alcohol, 3-6 parts of chitosan and 1-2 parts of potassium polyacrylate.
Furthermore, the insect-resistant medicament consists of a fumigation medicament and an absorptive powder, and the weight ratio of the fumigation medicament to the insecticidal powder is 1; the fumigation medicament is put at the position 30-40 cm outside the tree disc; the insecticidal powder is put outside the tree tray by 40-50 cm.
Preferably, the fumigation medicament comprises the following raw materials: 3-5 parts of methyl bromide and 2-3 parts of chloropicrin; the absorptive powder comprises the following raw materials: 2-4 parts of acetamiprid, 2-3 parts of tefluthrin, 2-3 parts of chlorantraniliprole and 1-2 parts of lycorine.
Specifically, the tip-promoting fertilizer in the step (5) is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 20-35 parts of urea, 20-30 parts of compound fertilizer and 10-20 parts of potash fertilizer; the application amount of the tip-accelerating fertilizer is 100-300 g per plant.
Preferably, in the liquid fertilizer in the step (6), the weight ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements is 1-3: 1-2.5: 1-1.2.
Preferably, the method for trimming after picking fruits in the step (7) comprises the following steps: 1) Trimming the drooping branches, and trimming all the drooping branches which are below 60cm away from the ground; the height of the tree is controlled to be 5-6 m, 1-2 big lateral branches are left on the main branch at a distance of 30-50 cm; 2) For branches without branches or with few bearing branches, cutting branches at the branches and leaves to promote the branches to grow new branches, cutting the tops when the new branches grow to 20-30 cm, and culturing the branches into bearing branches; 3) Trimming small branches and leaves with the base diameter of less than 0.5 cm of the Australian nut tree with exuberant growth and dense crown; 4) Alternate pruning is performed every year: dividing the crown into a southwest side and a northeast side, alternately culturing key bearing branches on the two sides, and mainly trimming branches on the northeast side if the southwest side is taken as the key bearing branch so as to keep more bearing branches on the southwest side; the next year is changed to the northeast as the key bearing branch, and the branches are sequentially rotated in this way.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. according to the ground cloth laying type high-efficiency macadimia nut planting method, the distribution of tree nutrients is adjusted by a high-density planting mode and a reasonable water and fertilizer management and pruning mode, the flower and fruit retention rate of the macadimia nut tree is improved, the yield and the quality of a single macadimia nut are guaranteed, the per mu yield of the macadimia nut is greatly increased, the economic income of fruit growers is increased, and the method has a good popularization prospect.
2. The base cloth paved by the invention can prevent the growth of weeds around the disk of the macadimia nuts, reduce the labor cost of weeding, and simultaneously, can prevent and control underground pests and branch and trunk boring type pests after being added with an insect-proof medicament, and also adds the slow release fertilizer at the periphery of the disk of the macadimia nut trees, so that the trees can slowly absorb enough nutrition for a long time, the nutrient substances required by the macadimia nut trees in the processes of flowering and fruiting are ensured, and the utilization rate of the fertilizer is improved. The ground cloth paved by the invention can realize integration of insect prevention, degradation, fertilization and weeding, is labor-saving and labor-saving, reduces the investment of manpower and material resources, and also reduces the production cost.
3. The ground fabric is divided into an upper layer and a lower layer, the upper layer is white, the lower layer is black, the white ground fabric on the upper layer has the effects of promoting illumination, promoting flower bud differentiation and fruit development, the lower layer is black, the growth of weeds can be prevented, the temperature of soil can be reduced, the temperature can be reduced by about 5-7 ℃ in summer, the outdoor temperature is 37 ℃ in the traditional situation, the ground can be reduced to 30-32 ℃ after the ground fabric is laid, the influence of high temperature on root systems is reduced, and the growth of macadamia nut trees is facilitated.
4. The ground fabric has good fertilizer and water retention, air permeability and biodegradability, is nontoxic and tasteless, does not support combustion, and has low manufacturing cost; the ground cloth can be used for more than 8-10 years after being laid once, is time-saving and labor-saving, can be naturally degraded after being used up, is environment-friendly, can be used as a soil conditioner after being degraded, prevents soil hardening, has good ecological benefit, and can be popularized in a large range.
5. The method adopts a scientific and reasonable pruning method, so that the macadimia nut trees keep a ventilated tree shape, the close planting is facilitated on the basis of saving space, the macadimia nut trees can obtain more light in a close planting state due to the conical shape above the macadimia nut trees, and the yield and the quality of the macadimia nuts are ensured; the alternative pruning mode is adopted, branches in one direction are taken as key bearing branches in turn every year, so that the Australian nut tree has bearing branches in one direction every year to achieve high yield, the conditions that the growth space of the fruit tree is insufficient and the yield is unstable due to close planting are avoided, and the purpose of high and stable yield is achieved.
6. The slow release fertilizer used in the invention has good slow release performance, long fertilizer effect time and high fertilizer effect, can reduce the fertilization times in the macadimia nut planting process, is environment-friendly and has no pollution to the environment; the slow release fertilizer is also added with the water-retaining agent potassium polyacrylate which is insoluble in water and organic solvents, has good flocculation property and hygroscopicity, can prevent nutrient loss caused by sunlight decomposition and rain wash of the fertilizer, effectively reduces the fertilizer application amount, improves the fertilizer utilization rate and reduces the planting cost.
7. The insect-proof agent consists of a fumigation agent and an absorptive powder, wherein the fumigation agent can volatilize to generate an effective component for poisoning and killing pests, and gas molecules enter the pests to play a role in poisoning and killing; the invention combines the fumigation medicament and the absorptive powder, and has good effect of preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests. Therefore, the conventional spraying agent is avoided being adopted to prevent and control plant diseases and insect pests, and meanwhile, the fumigation medicament can stimulate the pests of suction mouth type, so that the trunk moth mouth of the pests is reduced.
8. In the prior art, the planting quantity of the macadimia nuts per mu is generally 24-35, but the planting quantity per mu can reach 50-60 by the high-density cultivation planting method, namely, the macadimia nuts can be planted in various ways by 20-30 plants per mu, the yield per mu in the third year can reach more than 1000kg, the yield is increased by more than 50% compared with that of the conventional planting method, and the high-density cultivation planting method has good economic benefit.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described with reference to the following examples:
example 1
The macadimia nut ground cloth laying type high-efficiency planting method comprises the following steps:
(1) Land selection and preparation: selecting a land section with the perennial temperature higher than 12 ℃, the annual rainfall more than 1000mm, the soil layer depth more than 0.5m, the PH value of 5-5.5 and the gradient not more than 15 degrees as the macadamia nut planting land,
(2) Variety selection: selecting macadimia nut varieties according to the number ratio of early-maturing type, medium-maturing type and late-maturing type of early blossoms to 1;
(3) Transplanting and field planting: digging planting holes with the planting depth of 0.8m in the planting field according to the plant spacing of 3m and the row spacing of 4 m; spreading 30-35 kg of base fertilizer into each planting hole, planting macadimia nut seedlings into the planting holes in sunny weather, planting different varieties in an interlaced and crossed mode, planting 55 plants in each mu, slightly compacting after soil returning, and sufficiently spraying root fixing water;
the base fertilizer comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 30 parts of decomposed animal waste, 2 parts of calcium superphosphate, 1 part of urea and 1 part of medium trace element fertilizer.
(4) Laying ground fabric: after field planting, paving a layer of permeable ground fabric on the ground of the macadamia nut forest, wherein the ground fabric is divided into an upper layer and a lower layer, the upper layer is white, the lower layer is black, an insect-proof medicament and a slow release fertilizer are placed between the two layers of ground fabric, and soil with the thickness of 3-5 cm is covered above the insect-proof medicament and the slow release fertilizer;
the laying mode of base cloth does: firstly, paving an annular ground cloth along the Australian nut tree disc, wherein the inner diameter of the ground cloth is 10-15 cm away from the center of a trunk, and the paving width of the outer diameter of the ground cloth is adjusted according to the crown width of the crown, so that the projection area of the crown is proper to the size of the ground cloth; for Australian nut trees less than 3 years, the outer diameter of the ground fabric is 70-100 cm; for the Australia nut trees with the crown width more than 3 years, the ground fabric is widened and laid at the same time, and the outer diameter of the ground fabric is 100-200 cm.
The ground fabric is degradable green non-woven fabric containing plant fiber.
The insect-proof agent and the slow release fertilizer are added as follows: putting insect-proof agents 30-35 cm outside a tree tray of each tree, wherein the putting amount of each tree is 50g; the insect-preventing agent consists of a fumigation agent and an absorptive powder, and the weight ratio of the fumigation agent to the insecticidal powder is 1; the fumigation medicament is put at the position 30cm outside the tree disc; the insecticidal powder is put outside the tree tray by 40 cm.
The fumigation medicament comprises the following raw materials: 3 parts of methyl bromide and 3 parts of chloropicrin; the absorptive powder comprises the following raw materials: 4 parts of acetamiprid, 3 parts of tefluthrin, 2 parts of chlorantraniliprole and 1 part of lycorine.
The slow release fertilizer is put 100cm outside the tree tray of each tree, the amount of the slow release fertilizer is adjusted according to the age of the tree, 1kg of the slow release fertilizer is put in trees with the age less than 3 years, and 2.5kg of the slow release fertilizer is put in trees with the age more than 3 years.
The slow release fertilizer comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 35 parts of fulvic acid, 25 parts of urea, 12 parts of monoammonium phosphate, 8 parts of potassium sulfate, 5 parts of ferrous sulfate, 10 parts of kieselguhr, 10 parts of biomass charcoal, 5 parts of polyvinyl alcohol, 5 parts of chitosan and 1 part of potassium polyacrylate.
(5) Management of saplings: applying 2 top-promoting fertilizers to the young macadimia nuts within 3 years each year; paying attention to control underwater rainy days, properly reducing watering and paying attention to draining waterlogging; topping when the young trees grow to 70cm, selecting 2-3 branches as main branches, pruning the main branches to ensure that proper lateral branches grow, and pruning to form a spindle-shaped tree shape;
the tip-promoting fertilizer consists of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 35 parts of urea, 30 parts of compound fertilizer and 15 parts of potash fertilizer; the application amount of the top accelerating fertilizer is 200g per plant.
(6) And (3) water and fertilizer management: for Australian nut trees of more than 3 years, regularly watering the root of the tree in places without ground fabric according to the weather condition, and applying liquid fertilizer every 4-5 months; after fruits are harvested every year, insect-proof agents and slow-release fertilizers are put between ground fabrics; in the liquid fertilizer, the weight ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements is 2: 1.
(7) Shaping and trimming: after the fourth year, the pruning is carried out, and the pruning time is selected after intertillage and fruit picking; the pruning is mainly to prune some branches with diseases, dead branches, cross branches, fasciculate branches and spindly branches to keep the trees in a light and air permeable shape.
The method for pruning after picking fruits specifically comprises the following steps: 1) Trimming the drooping branches, and trimming all the drooping branches which are below 60cm away from the ground; the height of the tree is controlled to be 5-6 m, 1-2 big lateral branches are left on the main branch at a distance of 30-50 cm; 2) For branches without branches or with few bearing branches, cutting branches at the branches and leaves to promote the branches to grow new branches, cutting the tops when the new branches grow to 20-25 cm, and culturing the branches into bearing branches; 3) Trimming small branches and leaves with the base diameter of less than 0.5 cm of the Australian nut tree with exuberant growth and dense crown; 4) Alternate pruning is performed every year: dividing the crown into a southwest side and a northeast side, alternately culturing key bearing branches on the two sides, taking the southwest side as the key bearing branches, and mainly trimming branches on the northeast side to keep more bearing branches on the southwest side; the next year is changed to the northeast as the key bearing branch, and the branches are sequentially rotated in this way.
Example 2
The macadimia nut ground cloth laying type high-efficiency planting method comprises the following steps:
(1) Land selection and preparation: selecting a land section with the perennial temperature higher than 12 ℃, the annual rainfall more than 1000mm, the soil layer depth more than 0.5m, the PH value of 5-5.5 and the gradient not more than 15 degrees as the macadamia nut planting land,
(2) Variety selection: selecting macadimia nut varieties according to the number ratio of early-maturing type, middle-maturing type and late-maturing type of early flowers to 1;
(3) Transplanting and field planting: digging planting holes with the planting depth of 0.6-0.7 m in the planting field according to the plant spacing of 3.5m and the row spacing of 3.5 m; spreading 20-25 kg of base fertilizer into each planting hole, planting macadimia nut seedlings into the planting holes in sunny weather, planting different varieties in an interlaced and crossed mode, planting 54 seedlings in each mu, slightly compacting after returning soil, and sufficiently spraying root fixing water;
the base fertilizer comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 25 parts of decomposed animal waste, 3 parts of calcium superphosphate, 1.5 parts of urea and 1.5 parts of medium and trace element fertilizer.
(4) Laying ground fabric: after field planting, paving a layer of permeable ground fabric on the ground of the macadamia nut forest, wherein the ground fabric is divided into an upper layer and a lower layer, the upper layer is white, the lower layer is black, an insect-proof medicament and a slow release fertilizer are placed between the two layers of ground fabric, and soil with the thickness of 3-5 cm is covered above the insect-proof medicament and the slow release fertilizer;
the laying mode of the ground cloth is as follows: firstly, paving an annular ground cloth along the Australian nut tree disc, wherein the inner diameter of the ground cloth is 10-15 cm away from the center of a trunk, and the paving width of the outer diameter of the ground cloth is adjusted according to the crown width of the crown, so that the projection area of the crown is proper to the size of the ground cloth; for Australian nut trees less than 3 years, the outer diameter of the ground fabric is 70-100 cm; for the Australia nut trees with the crown width more than 3 years, the ground fabric is widened and laid at the same time, and the outer diameter of the ground fabric is 100-200 cm.
The ground fabric is degradable green non-woven fabric containing plant fiber.
The insect-proof agent and the slow release fertilizer are added as follows: putting an insect-resistant medicament at a position of 45-50 cm outside a tree tray of each tree, wherein the putting amount of each tree is 80g; the insect-proof agent consists of a fumigation agent and an absorptive powder, and the weight ratio of the fumigation agent to the insecticidal powder is 1; putting the fumigation medicament at a position 35cm outside the tree disc; the insecticidal powder is put at the position of 45cm outside the tree tray.
The fumigation medicament comprises the following raw materials: 4 parts of methyl bromide and 2 parts of chloropicrin; the absorptive powder comprises the following raw materials: 3 parts of acetamiprid, 3 parts of tefluthrin, 2 parts of chlorantraniliprole and 1.5 parts of lycorine.
The slow release fertilizer is put 80cm outside the tree tray of each tree, the putting amount of the slow release fertilizer is adjusted according to the age of the tree, 1.5kg of slow release fertilizer is put in trees with the age less than 3 years, and 2.5kg of slow release fertilizer is put in trees with the age more than 3 years.
The slow release fertilizer comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 25 parts of fulvic acid, 25 parts of urea, 5 parts of monoammonium phosphate, 8 parts of potassium sulfate, 6 parts of ferrous sulfate, 15 parts of diatomite, 5 parts of biomass charcoal, 3 parts of polyvinyl alcohol, 5 parts of chitosan and 1.5 parts of potassium polyacrylate.
(5) Management of saplings: applying tip-promoting fertilizer for the young macadimia nuts within 3 years every year; paying attention to control underwater rainy days, properly reducing watering and paying attention to draining waterlogging; topping when the young trees grow to 80cm, selecting 2-3 branches as main branches, pruning the main branches to enable the main branches to grow proper lateral branches, and pruning the main branches into a spindle-shaped tree shape;
the tip-promoting fertilizer consists of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 20 parts of urea, 30 parts of compound fertilizer and 10 parts of potash fertilizer; the application amount of the tip-accelerating fertilizer is 150g per plant.
(6) And (3) water and fertilizer management: for the macadamia nut trees with the age of more than 3 years, watering the macadamia nut trees at regular intervals according to the weather conditions in places without ground cloth at the roots of the macadamia nut trees, and additionally applying compound fertilizer every 4-5 months; after fruits are harvested every year, insect-proof agents and slow-release fertilizers are put between ground fabrics;
(7) Shaping and trimming: after the fourth year, the pruning is carried out, and the pruning time is selected after intertillage and fruit picking; the pruning is mainly to prune some branches with diseases, dead branches, cross branches, fasciculate branches and spindly branches to keep the trees in a light and air permeable shape.
The method for pruning after picking fruits specifically comprises the following steps: 1) Trimming the drooping branches, and completely trimming the drooping branches below 60cm above the ground; the height of the tree is controlled to be 5-6 m, 1-2 big lateral branches are left on the main branch at a distance of 30-50 cm; 2) For branches without branches or with few bearing branches, cutting branches at the branches and leaves to promote the branches to grow new branches, cutting the tops when the new branches grow to 20-30 cm, and culturing the branches into bearing branches; 3) Trimming small branches and leaves with the diameter of the base part less than 0.5 cm of the Australian nut tree which grows vigorously and has dense crowns; 4) Alternate pruning is performed every year: dividing the crown into a southwest side and a northeast side, alternately culturing key bearing branches on the two sides, taking the southwest side as the key bearing branches, and mainly trimming branches on the northeast side to keep more bearing branches on the southwest side; the next year, the northeast side of the tree is changed into the key bearing branch, and the bearing branches are sequentially alternated in this way.
Example 3
The macadimia nut ground cloth laying type high-efficiency planting method comprises the following steps:
(1) Land selection and preparation: selecting a land section with the perennial temperature higher than 12 ℃, the annual rainfall more than 1000mm, the soil layer depth more than 0.5m, the PH value of 5-5.5 and the gradient not more than 15 degrees as the macadamia nut planting land,
(2) Variety selection: selecting macadimia nut varieties according to the number ratio of early-maturing type, middle-maturing type and late-maturing type of early flowers to 1;
(3) Transplanting and field planting: digging planting holes with the planting depth of 0.7-0.8 m in the planting field according to the plant spacing of 2.5m and the row spacing of 4.5 m; spreading 35-40 kg of base fertilizer into each planting hole, planting macadimia nut seedlings into the planting holes in sunny weather, planting different varieties in an interlaced and crossed mode, planting 59 plants in each mu, slightly compacting after returning soil, and sufficiently spraying root fixing water;
the base fertilizer comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 35 parts of decomposed animal waste, 2 parts of calcium superphosphate, 1 part of urea and 2 parts of medium and trace element fertilizer.
(4) Laying ground fabric: after field planting, paving a layer of permeable ground fabric on the ground of the macadimia nut forest, wherein the ground fabric is divided into an upper layer and a lower layer, the upper layer is white, the lower layer is black, an insect-proof medicament and slow release fertilizer are placed between the two layers of ground fabric, and soil with the thickness of 3-5 cm is covered above the insect-proof medicament and the slow release fertilizer;
the laying mode of the ground cloth is as follows: firstly, paving an annular ground cloth along the Australian nut tree disc, wherein the inner diameter of the ground cloth is 10-15 cm away from the center of a trunk, and the paving width of the outer diameter of the ground cloth is adjusted according to the crown width of the crown, so that the projection area of the crown is proper to the size of the ground cloth; for Australian nut trees less than 3 years, the outer diameter of the ground fabric is 70-100 cm; for the macadimia nut trees of more than 3 years, the crown width is increased every year, meanwhile, the ground fabric is widened and laid, and the outer diameter of the ground fabric is 100-200 cm.
The ground fabric is degradable green non-woven fabric containing plant fiber.
The insect-proof agent and the slow release fertilizer are added as follows: putting an insect-proof agent 40-45 cm outside a tree tray of each tree, wherein the putting amount of each tree is 100g; the insect-preventing agent consists of a fumigation agent and an absorptive powder, and the weight ratio of the fumigation agent to the insecticidal powder is 1; the fumigation medicament is put outside the tree disk by 40 cm; the insecticidal powder is put outside the tree tray by 50 cm.
The fumigation medicament comprises the following raw materials: 5 parts of methyl bromide and 3 parts of chloropicrin; the absorptive powder comprises the following raw materials: 2 parts of acetamiprid, 3 parts of tefluthrin, 3 parts of chlorantraniliprole and 2 parts of lycorine.
The slow release fertilizer is put in a position 100cm away from a tree tray of each tree, the putting amount of the slow release fertilizer is adjusted according to the age of the tree, 1.5kg of slow release fertilizer is put in trees with the age less than 3 years, and 3kg of slow release fertilizer is put in trees with the age more than 3 years.
The slow release fertilizer comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 25 parts of fulvic acid, 15 parts of urea, 10 parts of monoammonium phosphate, 8 parts of potassium sulfate, 6 parts of ferrous sulfate, 15 parts of diatomite, 10 parts of biomass charcoal, 6 parts of polyvinyl alcohol, 6 parts of chitosan and 2 parts of potassium polyacrylate.
(5) Managing saplings: applying tip-promoting fertilizer for the young macadimia nuts within 3 years every year; paying attention to control underwater rainy days, properly reducing watering and paying attention to draining waterlogging; topping when the young trees grow to 90cm, selecting 2-3 branches as main branches, pruning the main branches to enable the main branches to grow proper lateral branches, and pruning the main branches into a spindle-shaped tree shape;
the tip-promoting fertilizer consists of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 30 parts of urea, 30 parts of compound fertilizer and 15 parts of potash fertilizer; the application amount of the top accelerating fertilizer is 300 g/plant each time.
(6) And (3) water and fertilizer management: for Australian nut trees of more than 3 years, regularly watering the root of the tree in places without ground fabric according to the weather condition, and applying liquid fertilizer every 4-5 months; after fruits are harvested every year, insect-proof agents and slow-release fertilizers are put between ground fabrics;
in the liquid fertilizer, the weight ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements is 3: 2: 1.
(7) Shaping and trimming: after the fourth year, the pruning is carried out, and the pruning time is selected after intertillage and fruit picking; the pruning is mainly to prune some branches with diseases, dead branches, cross branches, fasciculate branches and spindly branches to keep the trees in a light and air permeable shape.
The method for pruning after picking fruits comprises the following steps: 1) Trimming the drooping branches, and trimming all the drooping branches which are below 60cm away from the ground; the height of the tree is controlled to be 5-6 m, 1-2 big lateral branches are left on the main branch at a distance of 30-50 cm; 2) For branches without branches or with few bearing branches, cutting branches at the branches and leaves to promote the branches to grow new branches, cutting the tops when the new branches grow to 20-30 cm, and culturing the branches into bearing branches; 3) Trimming small branches and leaves with the base diameter of less than 0.5 cm of the Australian nut tree with exuberant growth and dense crown; 4) Alternate pruning is performed every year: dividing the crown into a southwest side and a northeast side, alternately culturing key bearing branches on the two sides, taking the southwest side as the key bearing branches, and mainly trimming branches on the northeast side to keep more bearing branches on the southwest side; the next year is changed to the northeast as the key bearing branch, and the branches are sequentially rotated in this way.
Comparative example 1
The difference between the comparative example 1 and the example 1 is that the planting density of the comparative example 1 is 4 multiplied by 5m, 33 plants are planted per mu, no ground cloth is laid on the comparative example 1, slow release fertilizer and insect-proof agent are not added, the conventional method is adopted for fertilization management and insect disease control, and other steps and management are the same as those of the example 1.
Comparative example 2
The difference between the comparative example 2 and the example 2 is that the planting density of the comparative example 2 is 4 multiplied by 5m, 33 plants are planted per mu, no ground cloth is laid on the comparative example 2, slow release fertilizer and insect-proof agent are not added, the conventional method is adopted for fertilization management and insect disease control, the alternate pruning mode is not adopted, only the conventional method is adopted for pruning, and other steps and management are the same as those of the example 1.
Comparative example 3
The comparative example 3 is different from the example 3 in that the comparative example 3 is planted at a planting density of 4 x 5m and 33 plants per mu, and the comparative example 3 is not trimmed by turns, but is trimmed by a conventional method, and other steps and management are the same as those of the example 1.
The macadimia nut variety is selected as 'Guire No. 1', planting tests are carried out according to the planting methods of examples 1-3 and comparative examples 1-3, the statistical results of planting conditions and fruit production conditions are shown in the following table 1, and the average annual planting cost accounting is shown in the following table 2.
TABLE 1 planting and fruit production
Figure BDA0003438627240000091
TABLE 2 plant cost accounting
Figure BDA0003438627240000101
Note: the costs in the table above are about average.
As can be seen from Table 1, the yields of examples 1 to 3 of the present invention were higher than those of comparative examples 1 to 3, and good economic benefits were obtained. In examples 1-3, the yield per mu of the first fruit yield in 4 th year reaches 572kg, 565kg and 589kg respectively, which are 49.7%, 50.3% and 49.1% higher than those in comparative examples 1-3; the acre yield of the fresh fruits in 5 th year of the examples 1-3 respectively reaches 795kg, 769kg and 855kg; are respectively 53.5 percent, 52.2 percent and 63.5 percent higher than the comparison ratios 1 to 3; the acre yield of fresh fruits in 6 th year of the examples 1-3 reaches more than 1000kg, respectively 1035kg, 1036kg and 1127kg, which are respectively 59.7%, 60.9% and 70.5% higher than those in the comparative examples 1-3. Therefore, the method can greatly improve the acre yield, can achieve high yield 4-6 years after planting, and obtains better economic benefit.
As can be seen from Table 2, in the embodiments 1-3 of the present invention, on the premise of increasing the ground cloth and the planting density, the labor cost is increased to about 10%, the agricultural cost is increased by 20-30%, the yield per mu can be increased by 50-70%, the total cost of the Australian nut tree is reduced to about 43-45 Yuan per mu, and the comparison ratio is reduced by about 40%. The planting method can effectively reduce the unit planting cost and is beneficial to improving the economic benefit of fruit growers.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to the specific embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims (8)

1. The macadimia nut ground cloth laying type high-efficiency planting method is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the method comprises the following steps:
(1) Land selection and preparation: selecting a land section with the perennial temperature higher than 12 ℃, the annual rainfall more than 1000mm, the soil layer depth more than 0.5m, the PH value of 5-5.5 and the gradient not more than 15 degrees as the macadamia nut planting land,
(2) Variety selection: selecting macadimia nut varieties according to the number ratio of early-maturing type, middle-maturing type and late-maturing type of early flowers to 1;
(3) Transplanting and field planting: digging planting holes with the planting hole depth of 0.6-0.8 m in the planting field according to the plant spacing of 2.5-3.5 m and the row spacing of 3.5-4.5 m; spreading 20-40 kg of base fertilizer into each planting hole, planting the macadimia nut seedlings into the planting holes in sunny weather, carrying out interlaced field planting on different varieties, slightly compacting after soil return, and sufficiently spraying root fixing water;
the base fertilizer in the step (3) is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 20-35 parts of decomposed animal waste, 2-3 parts of calcium superphosphate, 1-2 parts of urea and 1-2 parts of medium trace element fertilizer;
(4) Laying ground fabric: after field planting, paving a layer of permeable ground fabric on the ground of the macadamia nut forest, wherein the ground fabric is divided into an upper layer and a lower layer, the upper layer is white, the lower layer is black, an insect-proof medicament and a slow release fertilizer are placed between the two layers of ground fabric, and soil or hay with the thickness of 3-5 cm is covered above the insect-proof medicament and the slow release fertilizer;
the ground cloth laying mode in the step (4) is as follows: firstly, paving an annular ground cloth along the Australian nut tree plate, wherein the inner diameter of the ground cloth is 10-15 cm away from the center of a trunk, and the paving width of the outer diameter of the ground cloth is adjusted according to the crown width of a crown; for Australian nut trees less than 3 years, the outer diameter of the ground fabric is 70-100 cm; for the Australia nut trees of more than 3 years, the crown width is increased every year, meanwhile, the ground fabric is widened and laid, and the outer diameter of the ground fabric is 100-200 cm;
(5) Management of saplings: applying 2-3 times of tip-promoting fertilizer to the young macadimia nuts within 3 years each year; paying attention to the underwater rainy day, properly reducing watering and paying attention to waterlogging drainage; topping the young trees when the young trees grow to 70-90 cm, selecting 2-3 branches as main branches, pruning the main branches to enable the main branches to grow proper lateral branches, and pruning the main branches into a spindle-shaped tree form;
(6) And (3) water and fertilizer management: for Australia nut trees of more than 3 years, watering regularly according to weather conditions in places without ground cloth at the root of the tree, and applying compound fertilizer or liquid fertilizer every 4-5 months; after fruits are harvested every year, insect-proof agents and slow-release fertilizers are put between ground fabrics;
(7) Shaping and trimming: after the fourth year, the pruning is carried out, and the pruning time is selected after intertillage and fruit picking; the pruning mainly comprises the step of pruning diseased branches, dead branches, cross branches, fasciculate branches and spindly branches to keep the light-permeable and breathable tree shape.
2. The macadamia nut ground cloth laying type high-efficiency planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the step (4) of placing the insect-proof agent and the slow release fertilizer comprises the following specific steps: putting insect-proof agent 30-50 cm outside the tree tray of each tree, wherein the putting amount of each tree is 50-100 g; and (3) putting the slow release fertilizer at a position 60-100 cm outside a tree tray of each tree, wherein the putting amount of the slow release fertilizer is adjusted according to the age of the tree, 1-1.5 kg of the slow release fertilizer is put in trees with the age of less than 3 years, and 2-3 kg of the slow release fertilizer is put in trees with the age of more than 3 years.
3. The macadamia nut ground cloth laying type high-efficiency planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the slow release fertilizer is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 25-35 parts of fulvic acid, 15-25 parts of urea, 5-15 parts of monoammonium phosphate, 5-10 parts of potassium sulfate, 5-10 parts of ferrous sulfate, 5-15 parts of diatomite, 5-15 parts of biomass charcoal, 3-8 parts of polyvinyl alcohol, 3-6 parts of chitosan and 1-2 parts of potassium polyacrylate.
4. The macadamia nut ground cloth laying type high-efficiency planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the insect-proof agent consists of a fumigation agent and an absorptive powder, and the weight ratio of the fumigation agent to the absorptive powder is 1-2; the fumigation medicament is put at the position 30-40 cm outside the tree disc; the absorptive powder is put outside the tree tray at a position of 40-50 cm.
5. The macadamia nut ground cloth laying type high-efficiency planting method according to claim 4, characterized in that: the fumigation medicament comprises the following raw materials: 3-5 parts of methyl bromide and 2-3 parts of chloropicrin; the absorptive powder comprises the following raw materials: 2-4 parts of acetamiprid, 2-3 parts of tefluthrin, 2-3 parts of chlorantraniliprole and 1-2 parts of lycorine.
6. The macadamia nut ground cloth laying type high-efficiency planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the tip-promoting fertilizer prepared in the step (5) is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 20-35 parts of urea, 20-30 parts of compound fertilizer and 10-20 parts of potash fertilizer; the application amount of the tip-accelerating fertilizer is 100-300 g per plant.
7. The macadamia nut ground cloth laying type high-efficiency planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the liquid fertilizer in the step (6), the weight ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements is 1-3: 1-2.5: 1-1.2.
8. The macadamia nut ground cloth laying type high-efficiency planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the method for trimming after picking fruits in the step (7) comprises the following steps: 1) Trimming the drooping branches, and trimming all the drooping branches which are below 60cm away from the ground; the height of the tree is controlled to be 5-6 m, 1-2 big lateral branches are left on the main branch at a distance of 30-50 cm; 2) For branches without branches or with few bearing branches, cutting branches at the branches and leaves to promote the branches to grow new branches, cutting the tops when the new branches grow to 20-30 cm, and culturing the branches into bearing branches; 3) Trimming small branches and leaves with the base diameter of less than 0.5 cm of the Australian nut tree with exuberant growth and dense crown; 4) Alternate pruning is performed every year: dividing the crown into a southwest side and a northeast side, alternately culturing key bearing branches on the two sides, and mainly trimming branches on the northeast side if the southwest side is taken as the key bearing branch so as to keep more bearing branches on the southwest side; the next year, the northeast side of the tree is changed into the key bearing branch, and the bearing branches are sequentially alternated in this way.
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