CN114450107A - 接合用铜糊料、接合体的制造方法及接合体 - Google Patents
接合用铜糊料、接合体的制造方法及接合体 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114450107A CN114450107A CN202080067956.7A CN202080067956A CN114450107A CN 114450107 A CN114450107 A CN 114450107A CN 202080067956 A CN202080067956 A CN 202080067956A CN 114450107 A CN114450107 A CN 114450107A
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- Prior art keywords
- bonding
- copper
- copper paste
- acid
- electrode
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Abstract
接合用铜糊料含有铜粒子、熔点为120℃以下的聚羧酸及分散介质。接合体的制造方法具备:第1工序,准备依次层叠有第1构件、接合用铜糊料及第2构件的层叠体;及第2工序,在氢浓度为45%以下的气体气氛下加热层叠体来烧结接合用铜糊料。接合体具备第1构件、第2构件、及接合第1构件和第2构件的接合用铜糊料的烧结体。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种接合用铜糊料、接合体的制造方法及接合体。
背景技术
电子器件中的电接合通常使用钎焊接合。例如,在微型器件的倒装片接合中,在微型器件与基板上的电极焊盘的接合中使用钎焊球、钎焊糊料等。
近年来,在倒装片接合中,随着端子的窄间距化,使用在微型器件上形成金属柱状物、将该金属柱状物与基板上的电极焊盘进行钎焊接合的方法。但是,钎焊接合中存在以下问题:(1)在钎焊料与电极焊盘之间、以及钎焊料与金属柱状物之间产生柯肯达尔空洞、(2)在接合后再次进行回流焊工序时钎焊熔融而发生接合不良、(3)产生因异种金属界面上的阻抗不一致所导致的信号的反射等。
对此,正在研究使用除钎焊料以外的金属进行接合的方法。例如,在下述专利文献1中提出了使用混合有铜微米粒子和铜纳米粒子的接合剂(铜糊料)将设置于微型器件上的铜柱状物与基板上的铜焊盘之间进行接合的方法。
以往技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:美国专利申请公开第2016/0351529号说明书
发明内容
发明要解决的技术课题
在使用铜糊料的接合,为了获得足够的接合强度,需要在高加压下对待接合的构件彼此进行热压接、或在包含氢气等的还原性气体气氛下加热铜糊料。高加压下的热压接中,由于对待接合的构件施加负荷,因此有时会发生批量生产成品率降低、及长期可靠性降低等不良情况。另一方面,关于还原性气体气氛下的加热,期望降低氢浓度,以便不需要对使用设备应对防爆等,进一步期望变更为氮气等惰性气体气氛。但是,在这种条件下,为了在不对接合的构件施加负荷的情况下获得充分的接合强度,现有的铜糊料是不充分的,需要进一步的改进。
本发明鉴于上述情况而完成,其目的在于,提供一种即使在不含氢或低氢浓度的气体气氛下加热的情况下也能够获得充分的接合强度的接合用铜糊料、以及使用该接合用铜糊料的接合体的制造方法及接合体。
用于解决技术课题的手段
本发明的一方面涉及一种接合用铜糊料,其含有铜粒子、熔点为120℃以下的聚羧酸及分散介质。
根据上述接合用铜糊料,即使在不含氢或低氢浓度的气体气氛下加热的情况下也能够获得充分的接合强度。由此,上述接合用铜糊料也能够应用于不支持防爆的接合装置。
获得这种效果的原因尚不清楚,但可认为其主要原因之一是在加热铜糊料时铜粒子表面的保护材料被有效地脱离。即,本发明人等推测,熔点为120℃以下的聚羧酸在加热铜糊料时能够流动而与铜粒子充分接触,由于羧基与铜粒子表面的保护材料有很强的相互作用,所以即使在氮气中或低氢浓度的气体气氛下,铜粒子的烧结也充分地进行。
以铜粒子的总量为基准,接合用铜糊料中的上述聚羧酸的含量可以为0.01~1.5质量%。在这种情况下,能够同时实现接合用铜糊料的保存稳定性和接合强度。
接合用铜糊料作为上述聚羧酸,可以包含由下述通式(1)表示的二羧酸。
HOOC-R-COOH (1)
[式(1)中,R表示2价的碳原子数2~10的直链或支链的饱和或不饱和烃基。]
接合用铜糊料作为上述聚羧酸可以包含二甲基戊二酸。
接合用铜糊料作为上述聚羧酸可以包含熔点为100℃以下的聚羧酸。
接合用铜糊料作为分散介质可以包含二氢松油醇。在这种情况下,能够以高水平兼顾糊料的印刷特性和接合强度。
接合用铜糊料作为所述铜粒子,包含体积平均粒径为0.12~0.8μm的亚微米铜粒子及最大直径为2~50μm且纵横比为3.0以上的片状微米铜粒子。在这种情况下,适合于在无加压下的接合。
另外,在本说明书中,无加压是指接合用铜糊料只承受接合的构件的重量、或除了其重量以外还承受0.01MPa以下的微压力的状态(换言之,接合时的压力为0.01MPa以下)。
以铜粒子的总质量为基准,接合用铜糊料中的上述亚微米铜离子的含量为30~90质量%,以铜粒子的总质量为基准,上述微米铜粒子的含量可以是10~70质量%。
接合用铜糊料可以用于无加压接合。
本发明的另一方面涉及一种接合体的制造方法,其具备:第1工序,准备依次层叠有第1构件、上述接合用铜糊料及第2构件的层叠体;及第2工序,在氢浓度为45%以下的气体气氛下进行加热并烧结层叠体的接合用铜糊料。根据该制造方法,通过使用上述接合用铜糊料,能够获得通过在上述气体气氛下的加热而具有充分的接合强度的接合体。并且,在不支持防爆的接合装置中也能够实施上述的制造方法。
另外,在本说明书中,气体气氛中的氢浓度是指制造装置内部的所有气体中所包含的氢气的体积比例(%)。
上述气体气氛可以是氮气气氛。即使在这种气氛下加热上述接合前体,也能够获得具有充分的接合强度的接合体。
在上述第2工序中,将接合用铜糊料在承受第1构件的重量的状态或承受第1构件的重量及0.01MPa以下的微压力的状态下进行加热并烧结。在这种情况下,能够减少对通过无加压接合而接合的构件的损坏。
上述第1构件及第2构件中的至少一者可以是半导体元件。在这种情况下,作为接合体能够获得半导体装置。
在上述层叠体中,上述第1构件具有第1电极,上述第2构件具有与第1电极对置的第2电极,上述接合用铜糊料可以设置于第1电极与第2电极之间。在这种情况下,能够获得第1电极和第2电极以充分的接合强度接合而成的接合体。
第1电极及第2电极中的至少一者可以是金属柱状物。在这种情况下,能够获得柱状物接合的接合体。
第1构件及第2构件为包含选自由硅、氮化镓及碳化硅组成的组中的1种或2种以上的半导体的晶圆或芯片,第1电极及第2电极可以是贯通电极。根据该方法,能够获得如下半导体装置作为接合体:设置有贯通电极的多个半导体晶圆和/或半导体芯片的层叠体且层间被微突起接合。
本发明的另一方面涉及一种接合体,其具备第1构件、第2构件、及接合第1构件和第2构件的上述接合用铜糊料的烧结体。
上述第1构件及第2构件中的至少一者可以是半导体元件。即,接合体可以是半导体装置。
接合体中,上述第1构件具有第1电极,上述第2构件具有与第1电极对置的第2电极,上述接合用铜糊料的烧结体可以接合第1电极和第2电极。
第1电极及第2电极中的至少一者可以是金属柱状物。
第1构件及第2构件为包含选自由硅、氮化镓及碳化硅组成的组中的1种或2种以上的半导体的晶圆或芯片,第1电极及第2电极可以是贯通电极。
发明效果
根据本发明,能够提供一种即使在不含氢或低氢浓度的气体气氛下加热的情况下也能够获得充分的接合强度的接合用铜糊料、以及使用该接合用铜糊料的接合体的制造方法及接合体。
附图说明
图1是表示一实施方式的接合体的制造方法的示意剖视图。
图2是用于说明接合体的制造方法中的第1工序的示意剖视图。
图3是用于说明接合体的制造方法中的第1工序的示意剖视图。
图4是表示使用本实施方式的接合用铜糊料制造的接合体的一例的示意剖视图。
图5是表示使用本实施方式的接合用铜糊料制造的半导体装置的一例的示意剖视图。
图6是用于说明图4所示的接合体的制造方法的示意剖视图。
图7是用于说明图5所示的半导体装置的制造方法的示意剖视图。
图8是表示使用本实施方式的接合用铜糊料制造的接合体的一例的示意剖视图。
图9是用于说明图8所示的接合体的制造方法的示意剖视图。
图10是表示使用本实施方式的接合用铜糊料制造的接合体的一例的示意剖视图。
图11是用于说明图10所示的接合体的制造方法的示意剖视图。
图12是用于说明TSV的芯片层间被微突起接合的接合体及其制造方法的示意剖视图。
具体实施方式
以下,对本发明的实施方式进行详细说明。但是,本发明并不限定于以下实施方式。
首先,对本实施方式的接合用铜糊料的详细情况进行说明。
<接合用铜糊料>
苯实施方式的接合用铜糊料至少含有铜粒子、熔点为120℃以下的聚羧酸及分散介质。另外,在本说明书中,为了方便,多个铜粒子的集合也称为“铜粒子”。对于除铜粒子以外的金属粒子也相同。
(铜粒子)
作为铜粒子,可以举出亚微米铜粒子、微米铜粒子及除这些以外的铜粒子。
[亚微米铜粒子]
亚微米铜粒子为具有0.01μm以上且小于1.00μm的粒径的铜粒子。亚微米铜粒子优选在150℃以上且300℃以下的温度范围内具有烧结性。亚微米铜粒子优选包含粒径为0.01~0.80μm的铜粒子。亚微米铜粒子可以包含10质量%以上的粒径为0.01~0.80μm的铜粒子,也可以包含20质量%以上,也可以包含30质量%以上,也可以包含100质量%。铜粒子的粒径例如能够由SEM图像算出。利用刮铲将铜粒子的粉末载置于SEM用碳带上,作为SEM用样品。利用SEM装置以5000倍对该SEM用样品进行观察。利用该图像处理软件对外接于该SEM图像的铜粒子的四边形进行作图,将其一边作为该粒子的粒径。
亚微米铜粒子的体积平均粒径优选为0.01~0.80μm。若亚微米铜粒子的体积平均粒径为0.01μm以上,容易获得抑制亚微米铜粒子的合成成本、分散性良好、抑制表面处理剂的使用量等效果。若亚微米铜粒子的体积平均粒径为0.80μm以下,则容易获得亚微米铜粒子的烧结性优异的效果。从更进一步发挥上述效果的观点考虑,亚微米铜粒子的体积平均粒径可以为0.021μm以上、0.05μm以上、0.10μm以上、0.11μm以上、0.12μm以上、0.15μm以上、0.2μm以上或0.3μm以上。并且,从更进一步发挥上述效果的观点考虑,亚微米铜粒子的体积平均粒径可以为0.60μm以下、0.50μm以下、0.45μm以下或0.40μm以下。亚微米铜粒子的体积平均粒径例如可以为0.01~0.60μm、0.01~0.50μm、0.02~0.80μm、0.05~0.80μm、0.10~0.80μm、0.11~0.80μm、0.12~0.80μm、0.15~0.80μm、0.15~0.60μm、0.20~0.50μm、0.30~0.45μm或0.30~0.40μm。
在本说明书中,体积平均粒径是指50%体积平均粒径。金属粒子(例如,铜粒子)的体积平均粒径例如能够通过以下方法来测定。首先,使用分散剂将作为原料的金属粒子或从金属糊料中去除挥发成分而获得的干燥金属粒子分散于分散介质中。接着,用光散射法粒度分布测定装置(例如,岛津纳米粒径分布测定装置(SALD-7500nano、ShimadzuCorporation制))测定所获得的分散体的体积平均粒径。在使用光散射法粒度分布测定装置的情况下,作为分散介质,能够使用己烷、甲苯、α-萜品醇、4-甲基-1,3-二氧戊环-2-酮等。
亚微米铜粒子的形状并无特别限定。作为亚微米铜粒子的形状,例如可以举出球状、块状、针状、柱状、片状、近似球状及它们的凝聚体。从分散性及填充性的观点考虑,亚微米铜粒子的形状可以是球状、近似球状或片状,从燃烧性、分散性、与片状微米粒子(例如,片状微米铜粒子)的混合性等的观点考虑,可以是球状或近似球状。在本说明书中,“片状”包含板状、鳞片状等平板状的形状。
从分散性、填充性及与片状的微米粒子(例如,片状的微米铜粒子)的混合性的观点考虑,亚微米铜粒子的纵横比可以为5.0以下,可以为3.0以下,可以为2.5以下,可以为2.0以下。在本说明书中,“纵横比”是指“粒子的长边/粒子的厚度”。粒子的长边及粒子的厚度例如能够由粒子的SEM图像求出。
从亚微米铜粒子的分散性的观点考虑,亚微米铜粒子可以用表面处理剂处理。表面处理剂例如可以通过氢键等吸附于亚微米铜粒子的表面,也可以与亚微米铜粒子反应而结合于亚微米铜粒子的表面。即,亚微米铜粒子可以具有源自特定的表面处理剂的化合物。表面处理剂包含于接合用铜糊料中所包含的有机化合物。
作为表面处理剂,例如可以举出碳原子数2~18的有机酸。作为碳原子数2~18的有机酸,例如可以举出乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸、己酸、庚酸、辛酸、甲基庚酸、乙基己酸、丙基戊酸、壬酸、甲基辛酸、乙基庚酸、丙基己酸、癸酸、甲基壬酸、乙基辛酸、丙基庚酸、丁基己酸、十一烷酸、甲基癸酸、乙基壬酸、丙基辛酸、丁基庚酸、月桂酸、甲基十一烷酸、乙基癸酸、丙基壬酸、丁基辛酸、戊基庚酸、十三烷酸、甲基十二烷酸、乙基十一烷酸、丙基癸酸、丁基壬酸、戊基辛酸、肉豆蔻酸、甲基十三烷酸、乙基十二烷酸、丙基十一烷酸、丁基癸酸、戊基壬酸、己基辛酸、十五烷酸、甲基十四烷酸、乙基十三烷酸、丙基十二烷酸、丁基十一烷酸、戊基癸酸、己基壬酸、棕榈酸、甲基十五烷酸、乙基十四烷酸、丙基十三烷酸、丁基十二烷酸、戊基十一烷酸、己基癸酸、庚基壬酸、十七烷酸、十八烷酸、甲基环己烷羧酸、乙基环己烷羧酸、丙基环己烷羧酸、丁基环己烷羧酸、戊基环己烷羧酸、己基环己烷羧酸、庚基环己烷羧酸、辛基环己烷羧酸、壬基环己烷羧酸等饱和脂肪酸;辛烯酸、壬烯酸、甲基壬烯酸、癸烯酸、十一碳烯酸、十二碳烯酸、十三碳烯酸、十四碳烯酸、肉豆蔻脑酸、十五碳烯酸、十六碳烯酸、棕榈油酸、十六碳烯酸(sapienic acid)、油酸、异油酸、亚油酸(linolic acid)、亚麻仁油酸(linoleic acid)、亚麻酸(linolenic acid)等不饱和脂肪酸;对苯二甲酸、均苯四酸、邻苯氧基苯甲酸、甲基苯甲酸、乙基苯甲酸、丙基苯甲酸、丁基苯甲酸、戊基苯甲酸、己基苯甲酸、庚基苯甲酸、辛基苯甲酸、壬基苯甲酸等芳香族羧酸。有机酸可以单独使用1种,也可以将2种以上组合使用。通过将这种有机酸与上述亚微米铜粒子组合,具有能够兼顾亚微米铜粒子的分散性和烧结时的有机酸的消去性的倾向。
从亚微米铜粒子的分散性的观点考虑,以表面处理后的亚微米铜粒子的总质量为基准,表面处理剂的处理量可以为0.07~2.10质量%、0.10~1.60质量%或0.20~1.10质量%。以表面处理后的亚微米铜粒子的总质量为基准,表面处理剂的处理量可以为0.07质量%以上、0.10质量%以上或0.20质量%以上。以表面处理后的亚微米铜粒子的总质量为基准,表面处理剂的处理量可以为2.10质量%以下、1.60质量%以下或1.10质量%以下。
表面处理剂的处理量可以是在亚微米铜粒子的表面上附着一分子层~三分子层的量。该处理量通过以下方法来测定。在大气中以700℃处理2小时的氧化铝制坩埚(例如,AS ONE Corporation制、型号:1-7745-07)中,量取经表面处理的亚微米铜粒子W1(g),在大气中以700℃烧制1小时。然后,在氢气中,在300℃下处理1小时,并测量坩埚内的铜粒子的质量W2(g)。接着,根据下述式,计算表面处理剂的处理量。
表面处理剂的处理量(质量%)=(W1-W2)/W1×100
作为亚微米铜粒子,能够使用市售品。作为包含市售的亚微米铜粒子的材料,例如可以举出CH-0200(MITSUI MINING&SMELTING CO.,LTD.制、体积平均粒径0.36μm)、HT-14(MITSUI MINING&SMELTING CO.,LTD.制、体积平均粒径0.41μm)、CT-500(MITSUI MINING&SMELTING CO.,LTD.制、体积平均粒径0.72μm)、Tn-Cu100(TAIYO NIPPON SANSOCORPORATION制、体积平均粒径0.12μm)及Cu-C-40(Fukuda Metal Foil&Powder Co.,Ltd.制、体积平均粒径0.2μm)。
以接合用铜糊料中所包含的金属粒子的总质量为基准,亚微米铜粒子的含量可以为30质量%以上、35质量%以上、40质量%以上或50质量%以上,也可以为90质量%以下或85质量%以下。并且,以接合用铜糊料中所包含的金属粒子的总质量为基准,亚微米铜粒子的含量可以为30~90质量%、35~90质量%、40~85质量%或50~85质量%。若亚微米铜粒子的含量在上述范围内,则容易确保对接合用铜糊料进行烧结而制造的接合体的接合强度。当将接合用铜糊料用于微型器件的接合时,微型器件倾向于显示出良好的芯片剪切强度及连接可靠性。
[微米铜粒子]
微米铜粒子为具有1μm以上且小于50μm的粒径的铜粒子。微米铜粒子优选包含粒径为2.0~50μm的铜粒子。微米铜粒子可以包含50质量%以上的粒径为2.0~50μm的铜粒子,也可以包含70质量%以上,也可以包含80质量%以上,也可以包含100质量%。
微米铜粒子的体积平均粒径优选为2.0~50μm。若微米铜粒子的体积平均粒径在上述范围内,则能够减少对接合用铜糊料进行烧结时的体积收缩、孔隙的产生等,容易确保对接合用铜糊料进行烧结而制造的接合体的接合强度。当将接合用铜糊料用于微型器件的接合时,微型器件倾向于显示出良好的芯片剪切强度及连接可靠性。从更进一步发挥上述效果的观点考虑,微米铜粒子的体积平均粒径可以为2.0~20μm、2.0~10μm、3.0~20μm或3.0~10μm。微米铜粒子的体积平均粒径可以为2.0μm以上或3.0μm以上。微米铜粒子的体积平均粒径可以为50μm以下、20μm以下或10μm以下。
微米铜粒子的形状并无特别限定。作为微米铜粒子的形状,例如可以举出球状、块状、针状、片状、近似球状及它们的凝聚体。其中,优选的微米铜粒子的形状为片状。微米铜粒子可以包含50质量%以上的片状微米铜粒子,也可以包含70质量%以上,也可以包含80质量%以上,也可以包含100质量%。
通过使用片状微米铜粒子,接合用铜糊料内的微米铜粒子相对于接合面大致平行地取向,能够抑制对接合用铜糊料进行烧结时的接合面方向的体积收缩,容易确保对接合用铜糊料进行烧结而制造的接合体的接合强度。当将接合用铜糊料用于微型器件的接合时,微型器件倾向于显示出良好的芯片剪切强度及连接可靠性。从更进一步发挥上述效果的观点考虑,片状微米铜粒子的纵横比优选为3.0以上,更优选为4.0以上,进一步优选为6.0以上。
片状微米铜粒子的最大直径及平均最大直径可以为2.0~50μm、3.0~50μm或3.0~20μm。片状微米铜粒子的最大直径及平均最大直径例如能够由粒子的SEM图像求出。片状微米铜粒子的最大直径及平均最大直径例如作为片状微米铜粒子的长径X及长径的平均值Xav求出。长径X在片状微米铜粒子的三维形状中是外切于片状微米铜粒子的平行二平面中,以该二平面间的距离达到最大的方式所选择的平行二平面的距离。
在微米铜粒子中,有无表面处理剂的处理并无特别限定。从分散稳定性及抗氧化性的观点考虑,微米铜粒子可以由表面处理剂处理。即,微米铜粒子可以具有源自表面处理剂的化合物。表面处理剂可以通过氢键等吸附于微米铜粒子的表面,也可以与微米铜粒子反应而结合于微米铜粒子的表面。
表面处理剂可以通过接合时的加热而被去除。作为这种表面处理剂,例如可以举出十二烷酸、棕榈酸、十七烷酸、硬脂酸、花生酸、亚油酸(linolic acid)、亚麻仁油酸(linoleic acid)、油酸等脂肪族羧酸;对苯二甲酸、均苯四酸、邻苯氧基苯甲酸等芳香族羧酸;鲸蜡醇、硬脂醇、异冰片基环己醇、四乙二醇等脂肪族醇;对苯基苯酚等芳香族醇;辛胺、十二烷基胺、硬脂胺等烷基胺;硬脂腈、癸腈等脂肪族腈;烷基烷氧基硅烷等硅烷偶联剂;聚乙二醇、聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、有机硅低聚物等高分子处理剂等。表面处理剂可以单独使用1种,也可以将2种以上组合使用。
作为微米铜粒子,能够使用市售品。作为包含市售的微米铜粒子的材料,例如可以举出1050YF(MITSUI MINING&SMELTING CO.,LTD.制、体积平均粒径1.7μm、MA-C025KFD(MITSUI MINING&SMELTING CO.,LTD.制、体积平均粒径7.5μm)、3L3(Fukuda Metal Foil&Powder Co.,Ltd.制、体积平均粒径8.0μm)、2L3N(Fukuda Metal Foil&Powder Co.,Ltd.制、体积平均粒径7.2μm)及1110F(MITSUI MINING&SMELTING CO.,LTD.制、体积平均粒径3.8μm)。
以接合用铜糊料中所包含的金属粒子的总质量为基准,微米铜粒子的含量可以为10质量%以上、15质量%以上或20质量%以上,也可以为70质量%以下、50质量%以下、45质量%以下或40质量%以下。并且,以接合用铜糊料中所包含的金属粒子的总质量为基准,微米铜粒子的含量可以为10~70质量%、10~65质量%、10~50质量%、15~60质量%、15~50质量%或15~45质量%。若微米铜粒子的含量在上述范围内,能够抑制接合部(例如,烧结体)的剥离、孔隙及裂纹的产生而确保接合强度。当将接合用铜糊料用于微型器件的接合时,微型器件倾向于显示出良好的芯片剪切强度及连接可靠性。片状微米铜粒子的含量可以与上述微米铜粒子的含量的范围相同。当片状微米铜粒子的含量在这种范围内时,有更进一步发挥上述效果的倾向。
[其他铜粒子]
作为除亚微米铜粒子及微米铜粒子以外的铜粒子,可以举出铜纳米粒子。铜纳米粒子是指具有小于0.01μm的粒径的铜粒子。铜纳米粒子通常在表面上由羧酸或胺包覆(表面包覆材料)。铜纳米粒子与铜微米粒子相比具有比表面积大、且每单位质量所占的表面包覆材料的比例增加的倾向。因此,烧结时(加热时)脱离的表面包覆材料增多,因此与铜微米粒子相比具有烧结时的体积收缩增大的倾向。从减少体积收缩的观点考虑,以铜粒子的总质量为基准,铜纳米粒子的含量优选为30质量%以下,更优选为15质量%以下,进一步优选不包含。
本实施方式的接合用铜糊料更优选包含亚微米铜粒子及微米铜粒子。当并用亚微米铜粒子和微米铜粒子时,容易抑制干燥引起的体积收缩及烧结收缩,烧结时接合用铜糊料不易从接合面剥离。即,通过并用亚微米铜粒子和微米铜粒子,能够抑制对接合用铜糊料进行烧结时的体积收缩,接合体具有更充分的接合强度。当将并用亚微米铜粒子和微米铜粒子的接合用铜糊料用于微型器件的接合时,微型器件倾向于显示出更好的芯片剪切强度及连接可靠性。并且,可以提高这种微型器件的接合部的导热性及电导率。
以接合用铜糊料中所包含的金属粒子的总质量为基准,亚微米铜粒子的含量和微米铜粒子的含量的总计可以为80~100质量%。若亚微米铜粒子的含量和微米铜粒子的含量的总计在上述范围内,则能够充分降低对接合用铜糊料进行烧结时的体积收缩,并且容易确保对接合用铜糊料进行烧结而制造的接合体的接合强度。当将接合用铜糊料用于微型器件的接合时,微型器件倾向于显示出良好的芯片剪切强度及连接可靠性。从进一步发挥上述效果的观点考虑,以金属粒子的总质量为基准,亚微米铜粒子的含量和微米铜粒子的含量的总计可以为90质量%以上,也可以为95质量%以上,也可以为100质量%。
本实施方式的接合用铜糊料可以包含体积平均粒径为0.12~0.8μm的亚微米铜粒子及最大直径为2~50μm且纵横比为3.0以上的片状微米铜粒子。在这种情况下,适合于在无加压下的接合。在这种情况下,以铜粒子的总质量为基准,接合用铜糊料中的上述亚微米铜离子的含量可以为30~90质量%,以铜粒子的总质量为基准,上述微米铜粒子的含量可以是10~70质量%。
[其他金属粒子]
本实施方式的接合用铜糊料能够包含除铜粒子以外的金属粒子(也称为“其他金属粒子”。)。
作为其他金属粒子,例如可以举出镍、银、金、钯、铂等粒子。其他金属粒子的体积平均粒径可以为0.01~10μm、0.01~5μm或0.05~3μm。其他金属粒子的形状并无特别限定。从获得充分的接合性的观点考虑,以接合用铜糊料中所包含的金属粒子的总质量为基准,其他金属粒子的含量可以小于20质量%,也可以为10质量%以下,也可以为0质量%。
(熔点为120℃以下的聚羧酸)
作为熔点为120℃以下的聚羧酸(以下,有时称为“低熔点聚羧酸”),能够使用由下述通式(1)表示的二羧酸。
HOOC-R-COOH (1)
[式(1)中,R表示2价的碳原子数2~10的直链或支链的饱和或不饱和烃基。]
作为上述二羧酸,可以举出二甲基戊二酸(熔点83℃)、异丙基丙二酸(熔点90℃)、烯丙基丙二酸(熔点103℃)、乙基丙二酸(112℃)。上述R优选为碳原子数4~5的直链或支链亚烷基。
从提高接合温度为200℃以下的低温下的接合强度的观点考虑,接合用铜糊料作为低熔点聚羧酸,可以包含熔点为120℃以下的聚羧酸,也可以包含115℃以下的聚羧酸,也可以包含100℃以下的聚羧酸。从保存稳定性的观点考虑,低熔点聚羧酸的熔点可以为30℃以上,也可以为50℃以上。
从兼具接合用铜糊料的保存稳定性和接合强度的观点考虑,以铜粒子的总量为基准,接合用铜糊料中的低熔点聚羧酸的含量可以为0.01~1.5质量%,也可以为0.05~1.5质量%,也可以为0.1~1.5质量%,也可以为0.1~1质量%,也可以为0.1~0.5质量%。
(分散介质)
分散介质只要具有使金属粒子分散的功能,则并无特别限定,可以是挥发性分散介质。作为挥发性分散介质,例如可以举出一元醇、多元醇等醇类、醚类、酯类、酰胺、脂肪族烃、芳香族烃等。具体而言,可以举出环己醇、乙二醇、二甘醇、丙二醇、丙二醇、α-松油醇(α-萜品醇)、二氢松油醇(二氢萜品醇)等醇类;二甘醇二甲基醚、二甘醇二乙基醚、二甘醇二丁基醚、二甘醇丁基甲基醚、二甘醇异丙基甲基醚、三甘醇二甲基醚、三甘醇丁基甲基醚、丙二醇二甲基醚、丙二醇二乙基醚、丙二醇二丁基醚、丙二醇二丙基醚、三丙二醇二甲基醚等醚类;乙二醇乙基醚乙酸酯、乙二醇丁基醚乙酸酯、二乙二醇乙基醚乙酸酯、二乙二醇丁基醚乙酸酯、二丙二醇甲基醚乙酸酯(DPMA)、乳酸乙酯、乳酸丁酯、γ-丁内酯、碳酸亚丙酯等酯类;N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺等酰胺;环己烷、辛烷、壬烷、癸烷、十一烷等脂肪族烃;苯、甲苯、二甲苯等芳香族烃。
以接合用铜糊料的总质量为基准,分散介质的含量可以为2质量%以上或5质量%以上,也可以为50质量%以下、30质量%以下或20质量%以下。例如,以接合用铜糊料的总质量为基准,分散介质的含量可以为2~50质量%,也可以为5~30质量%,也可以为5~20质量%。并且,将接合用铜糊料中所包含的金属粒子的总质量设为100质量份,分散介质的含量可以为5~50质量份,可以为5~40质量份,可以为7~35质量份。若分散介质的含量在上述范围内,则能够将接合用铜糊料调整为更适当的粘度,并且,不易阻碍铜粒子的烧结。
从以高水平兼顾糊料的印刷特性和接合强度的观点考虑,本实施方式的接合用铜糊料优选包含二氢松油醇。以分散介质的总质量为基准,二氢松油醇的含量可以为30质量%以上,也可以为60质量%以上,也可以为100质量%。
接合用铜糊料优选包含具有300℃以上的沸点的分散介质。通过包含具有300℃以上的沸点的分散介质,直到即将开始烧结之前,对接合用铜糊料赋予可塑性和密合性,在无加压下的接合变得容易。从具有300℃以上的沸点的分散介质的沸点在接合用铜糊料的烧结时不妨碍烧结及致密化,达到接合温度时迅速蒸发并去除的观点考虑,可以为300~450℃,也可以为305~400℃,也可以为310~380℃。
作为具有300℃以上的沸点的分散介质,可以举出异冰片基环己醇(MTPH、NIPPONTERPENE CHEMICALS,INC.制)、硬脂酸丁酯、EXCEPARL BS(Kao Corporation制)、硬脂酸硬脂酯、EXCEPARL SS(Kao Corporation制)、硬脂酸2-乙基己酯、EXCEPARL EH-S(KaoCorporation制)、硬脂酸异十三烷基酯、EXCEPARL TD-S(Kao Corporation制)、十七烷、十八烷、十九烷、二十烷、二十一烷、二十二烷、甲基十七烷、十三烷基环己烷、十四烷基环己烷、十五烷基环己烷、十六烷基环己烷、十一烷基苯、十二烷基苯、十四烷基苯、十三烷基苯、十五烷基苯、十六烷基苯、十七烷基苯、壬基萘、二苯基丙烷、辛酸辛酯、肉豆蔻酸甲酯、肉豆蔻酸乙酯、亚油酸甲酯、硬脂酸甲酯、三乙二醇双(2-乙基己酸)、柠檬酸三丁酯、戊基苯酚、癸二酸二丁酯、油醇、鲸蜡醇、甲氧基苯乙醇、苄基苯酚(C13H12O)、十六腈、十七腈、苯甲酸苄酯、环庚草醚(cinmethylin)等、双(2-乙基己基)己二酸酯等。从无加压下的接合变得更简单的观点考虑,具有300℃以上的沸点的溶剂成分优选包含选自由异冰片基环己醇、三丁酸甘油酯、硬脂酸丁酯及辛酸辛酯组成的组中的至少一种。
以接合用铜糊料的总质量为基准,具有300℃以上的沸点的分散介质的含量可以为2质量%以上、2.2质量%以上或2.4质量%以上,也可以为50质量%以下、45质量%以下、40质量%以下、20质量%以下、10质量%以下或5质量%以下。例如,以接合用铜糊料的总质量为基准,具有300℃以上的沸点的分散介质的含量可以为2~50质量%。
(其他成分)
接合用铜糊料作为添加剂能够含有非离子系表面活性剂、氟系表面活性剂等润湿提高剂;表面张力调节剂;烷基胺、烷基羧酸等分散剂;硅油等消泡剂;无机离子交换体等离子捕获剂等。添加剂的含量能够在不损害本发明的效果的范围内适当地调整。并且,接合用铜糊料中,以铜粒子总量为基准,非金属无机粒子(例如,玻璃粒子等)的含量的总计可以为1质量%以下,也可以为0.1质量%以下。此外,接合用铜糊料可以不包含非金属无机粒子。
上述接合用铜糊料的粘度并无特别限定,当通过印刷等方法涂布时,可以调整为适合涂布方法的粘度。接合用铜糊料在25℃下的Casson粘度可以为0.05Pa·s以上或0.06Pa·s以上,可以为2.0Pa·s以下或1.0Pa·s以下。例如,接合用铜糊料在25℃下的Casson粘度可以为0.05~2.0Pa·s,也可以为0.06~1.0Pa·s。
根据本实施方式的接合用铜糊料,即使在不含氢气或低氢浓度的气体气氛下加热的情况下也能够获得充分的接合强度。因此,本实施方式的接合用铜糊料也能够应用于不支持防爆的接合装置。并且,本实施方式的接合用铜糊料可以是无加压接合用。
<接合用铜糊料的制备>
接合用铜糊料能够通过将上述铜粒子、低熔点聚羧酸、分散介质及根据情况含有的其他金属粒子及添加剂混合而制备。混合各成分后,可以进行搅拌处理。接合用铜糊料可以通过分级操作来调整分散液的最大粒径。此时,分散液的最大粒径能够设为20μm以下,也能够设为10μm以下。上述亚微米铜粒子等金属粒子可以使用经表面处理剂处理的金属粒子。
当作为铜粒子使用亚微米铜粒子及微米铜粒子时,接合用铜糊料例如可以通过以下方法来制备。首先,在分散介质及低熔点聚羧酸中根据需要添加分散剂,然后混合亚微米铜粒子,进行分散处理。接着,添加微米铜粒子及根据需要的其他金属粒子,进行分散处理。亚微米铜粒子和微米铜粒子的适于分散的分散方法及分散条件有时不同。通常,亚微米铜粒子比微米铜粒子更难以分散,为了使亚微米铜粒子分散,需要比使微米铜粒子分散时施加的强度更高的强度。另一方面,微米铜粒子不仅容易分散,而且当为了使其分散而施加高强度时可能会发生变形。因此,通过设为如上所述的步骤,能够容易获得良好的分散性,进一步提高接合用铜糊料的性能。
分散处理能够使用分散机或搅拌机进行。作为分散机及搅拌机,例如可以举出石川式搅拌机、Silverson搅拌机、空化搅拌机、自转公转型搅拌装置、超薄膜高速旋转式分散机、超声波分散机、Raikai器、双螺杆混炼机、珠磨机、球磨机、三辊研磨机、均质混合机、行星式混合机、超高压型分散机及薄层剪切分散机。
分级操作例如能够使用过滤、自然沉降及离心分离来进行。作为过滤用过滤器,例如可以举出水梳子、金属网、金属过滤器及尼龙网。
搅拌处理能够使用搅拌机来进行。作为搅拌机,例如可以举出石川式搅拌机、自转公转型搅拌装置、Raikai器、双螺杆混炼机、三辊研磨机及行星式混合机。
<接合体的制造方法>
本实施方式的接合体的制造方法具备:第1工序,准备依次层叠有第1构件、上述接合用铜糊料及第2构件的层叠体;及第2工序,在氢浓度为45%以下的气体气氛下进行加热并烧结层叠体的接合用铜糊料。
以下,参考附图对本实施方式的接合体的制造方法进行说明。
一实施方式所涉及的接合体的制造方法作为上述层叠体准备层叠体,所述层叠体具备:第1构件,具有第1电极;第2构件,具有第2电极且配置成第1电极与第2电极彼此对置;及上述接合用铜糊料,设置于第1电极与第2电极之间。
图1是表示一实施方式的接合体的制造方法的示意剖视图。图2及图3是表示第1工序的一例的示意剖视图。在此,示出第1电极为金属柱状物,第2电极为电极焊盘的情况。
(第1工序)
在第1工序中,准备具备第1构件10、第2构件20及接合用铜糊料(接合部)30的层叠体50(参考图1(a)。)。
第1构件10具备金属柱状物11、及该金属柱状物11设置于一个表面上的基板(第1基板)12。第1构件10例如为逻辑、模拟IC及功率IC等微型器件。
金属柱状物11例如多个设置于第1基板12的一个面上,且以下述方式配置在第1基板12上,即,在将第1构件10与第2构件20相对配置时,多个金属柱状物11分别与第2构件20上的电极焊盘21对置。
金属柱状物11的材质并无特别限定。在金属柱状物11的接合面(配置接合用铜糊料30的面、与第1基板12相反的一侧的表面)上形成有氧化覆膜时,从在第2工序中易于去除该氧化覆膜的观点考虑,金属柱状物11优选至少接合面由选自金、铂、银、钯、铜、镍及锌组成的组中的至少1种金属构成。并且,从抑制接合后的柯肯达尔空洞的观点及抑制阻抗不一致的观点考虑,金属柱状物11优选至少接合面由含有铜的材料构成,更优选由以一定比例以上(例如90质量%以上)含有铜的材料构成。
金属柱状物11的形状并无特别限定。与金属柱状物11延伸的方向垂直的截面的形状例如可以为圆形状、椭圆形状、矩形状等。金属柱状物11的高度例如可以为10μm以上,也可以为100μm以下。金属柱状物11的柱状物直径(上述截面为圆形状以外时,为最大直径)例如可以为10μm以上,也可以为300μm以下。
第2构件20具备电极焊盘21及在一个面上设置有该电极焊盘21的基板(第2基板)22。第2构件20例如为安装基板、引线框、高放热安装基板、硅中介层、环氧配线板等基板。
电极焊盘21的形状及材质并无特别限定。在电极焊盘21的接合面(配置接合用铜糊料30的面、与第2基板22相反的一侧的表面)上形成有氧化覆膜时,从在第2工序中易于去除该氧化覆膜的观点考虑,电极焊盘21优选至少接合面由选自金、铂、银、钯、铜、镍及锌组成的组中的至少1种金属构成。并且,从抑制接合后的柯肯达尔空洞的观点及抑制阻抗不一致的观点考虑,电极焊盘21优选至少接合面由含有铜的材料构成,更优选由以一定比例以上(例如90质量%以上)含有铜的材料构成。构成金属柱状物11及电极焊盘21的材料(金属)可以相同,也可以不同。
接合用铜糊料30在金属柱状物11与电极焊盘21之间形成有接合部。在图1中,接合用铜糊料30仅存在于金属柱状物11与电极焊盘21之间,但接合用铜糊料30的配置位置并不限定于此。即,接合用铜糊料30只要至少存在于金属柱状物11与电极焊盘21之间即可,也可存在于金属柱状物11与电极焊盘21之间以外的区域。
层叠体50中的接合用铜糊料的厚度(从金属柱状物11的接合面至电极焊盘21的接合面的距离)可以为1~1000μm、5~500μm、10~500μm、15~500μm、20~300μm、50~200μm、10~3000μm、10~250μm或15~150μm。接合用铜糊料的厚度可以为1μm以上、5μm以上、10μm以上、15μm以上、20μm以上或50μm以上。接合用铜糊料的厚度可以为3000μm以下、1000μm以下、500μm以下、300μm以下、250μm以下、200μm以下或150μm以下。
层叠体50例如可如下获得:在第1构件10的金属柱状物11及第2构件20的电极焊盘21中的至少一者的接合面上配置接合用铜糊料30之后,经由接合用铜糊料30将第1构件10的金属柱状物11与第2构件20的电极焊盘21连接。例如,如图2所示,可以在第2构件20中的电极焊盘21的接合面上配置接合用铜糊料30后(参考图2(a)),通过接合用铜糊料30,以金属柱状物11与电极焊盘21彼此对置的方式,在第2构件20上配置第1构件10(参考图2(b)),通过经由接合用铜糊料30将金属柱状物11与电极焊盘21连接,从而获得层叠体50(参考图2(c))。还可以如图3所示,在第1构件10中的金属柱状物11的接合面上配置接合用铜糊料30后(参考图3(a)),经由接合用铜糊料30,以金属柱状物11与电极焊盘21彼此对置的方式在第1构件10上配置第2构件20(参考图3(b)),将金属柱状物11与电极焊盘21连接,从而获得层叠体50(参考图3(c))。接合用铜糊料30只要配置在金属柱状物11及电极焊盘21的接合面的至少一部分上即可,也可配置于整个接合面上。
将接合用铜糊料30配置于金属柱状物11及电极焊盘21的接合面上的方法只要是能够使接合用铜糊料附着在金属柱状物11的接合面(端面)及电极焊盘21的接合面上的方法即可,能够采用公知的方法。
作为将接合用铜糊料附着于金属柱状物11的接合面上的方法的具体例,可举出以下方法:在利用刮板等薄薄地均匀地延展的接合用铜糊料中浸渍金属柱状物11的接合面的方法;利用薄薄地均匀地涂布有接合用铜糊料的轧辊将接合用铜糊料转印至金属柱状物11的接合面上的方法;利用针式分配器将接合用铜糊料印刷至金属柱状物11的接合面上的方法等。
作为将接合用铜糊料配置于电极焊盘21的接合面上的方法的具体例,可以举出丝网印刷、转印印刷、胶版印刷、凸版印刷、凹版印刷、凹版印刷、钢板印刷、喷墨印刷等利用印刷的方法;使用分配器(例如喷墨式分配器、针式分配器)、逗号辊涂布机、狭缝涂布机、模涂机、凹版涂布机、狭缝涂布机、棒涂机、涂敷器、喷涂机、旋涂机、浸渍涂布机等的方法;利用软光刻的方法;利用粒子堆积法、电沉积涂饰的方法等。
作为层叠第1构件(例如,微型器件)和第2构件(例如,基板)的方法,例如可以举出使用芯片安装机、倒装片接合机、碳制或陶瓷制的定位夹具等的方法。
配置于第1构件与第2构件之间(金属柱状物11与电极焊盘21之间)的接合用铜糊料30从抑制烧结时的流动及孔隙的发生的观点考虑,也可将其干燥。即,本实施方式的制造方法还可以在第1工序后、第2工序前,进一步具备将接合用铜糊料30干燥的干燥工序。
干燥可以在大气中进行,也可以在氮气、稀有气体等无氧气氛中进行,也可以在氢气、甲酸等还原气氛中进行。干燥方法可以是通过放置在常温(例如25℃)下进行的干燥,也可以是加热干燥,还可以是减压干燥。加热干燥或减压干燥中,例如能够使用加热板、热风干燥机、热风加热炉、氮气干燥机、红外线干燥机、红外线加热炉、远红外线加热炉、微波加热装置、激光加热装置、电磁加热装置、加热器加热装置、蒸汽加热炉、热板加压装置等。干燥条件(干燥的温度及时间)可以根据接合用铜糊料中使用的挥发成分(例如分散介质等除金属粒子以外的成分)的种类及量来适当地设定。作为干燥条件(干燥的温度及时间),例如可以是在50℃以上且小于150℃下干燥1~120分钟的条件。
(第2工序)
在第2工序中,对层叠体50在氢浓度为45%以下的气体气氛下进行加热,在规定的烧结温度下使接合用铜糊料30烧结而制成烧结体31。由此,获得具备第1构件10、第2构件20、以及设置于金属柱状物11及电极焊盘21之间的烧结体(接合部)31的接合体100(参考图1(b))。在接合体100中,利用烧结体31将金属柱状物11与电极焊盘21电连接。
加热处理中,例如能够使用加热板、热风干燥机、热风加热炉、氮气干燥机、红外线干燥机、红外线加热炉、远红外线加热炉、微波加热装置、激光加热装置、电磁加热装置、加热器加热装置、蒸汽加热炉等。
烧结温度(加热处理时的到达最高温度)从使烧结充分地进行的观点、减少对第1构件(例如微型设备)及第2构件(例如基板)的热伤害的观点、提高成品率的观点考虑,可以为150~300℃、170~250℃或200~250℃。烧结温度可以为150℃以上、170℃以上或200℃以上。烧结温度可以为300℃以下或250℃以下。当烧结温度为300℃以下时,具有能够以对第1构件及第2构件较少的热伤害使烧结充分地进行,可获得充分的接合强度的倾向。若烧结温度为150℃以上,则具有即使烧结时间为60分钟以下也使烧结充分进行的倾向。即使烧结温度小于150℃,通过使烧结时间超过60分钟,也能够使烧结充分地进行。为了提高温度循环试验、功率循环试验等可靠性试验中的可靠性,还能够在300℃以上的条件下进行加热处理。
烧结时间(到达最高温度下的保持时间)从能够充分去除挥发性成分(例如分散介质等除金属粒子以外的成分)、使烧结充分地进行的观点考虑,可以为1分钟以上、1.5分钟以上或2分钟以上。烧结时间从提高成品率的观点考虑,可以为60分钟以下、小于40分钟或小于30分钟。从这些观点考虑,烧结时间可以为1~60分钟、1分钟以上且小于40分钟、或1分钟以上且小于30分钟。尤其,当烧结温度为150~300℃时,优选烧结时间为上述范围。
第2工序中进行层叠体50的加热的气氛能够设为氢浓度为45%以下的气体气氛,考虑到氢气的爆炸性,可以是氢浓度为10%以下的气体气氛,也可以是氢浓度为4.5%以下的气体气氛,也可以是不包含氢气的气体气氛。
作为气体气氛,可以举出包含氢气及稀有气体和/或氮气的混合气体气氛、包含甲酸气体的气体气氛、包含甲酸气体及稀有气体和/或氮气的混合气体气氛、包含稀有气体和/或氮气的气体气氛。作为不含氢气的气体气氛,从惰性气体的观点考虑,优选为氮气气氛、氩气气氛、或氮气与氩气的混合气体气氛。
第2工序还可以在加压下实施,还可以在无加压下(接合用铜糊料只承受接合的构件的重量、或除了其重量以外还承受0.01MPa以下的微压力的状态,换言之,压力为0.01MPa以下)实施。作为承受接合用铜糊料为0.01MPa以下的压力的方法,例如可以举出在配置于铅垂方向上侧的构件(例如,第1构件)上放置重物的方法、通过弹簧夹具进行加压的方法等。
如上所述,本实施方式的接合体的制造方法通过使用本实施方式的接合用铜糊料,即使在不含氢或低氢浓度的气体气氛下加热的情况下也能够获得充分的接合强度。此外,即使在无加压下,也能够获得充分的接合强度。本实施方式的接合体的制造方法在不支持防爆的接合装置中也能够实施,甚至在无加压下也能够获得充分的接合强度,因此能够获得工序的简化、接合装置的简单化、制造成品率的提高等效果。
从使第1构件和第2构件充分接合的观点考虑,接合体100的剪切强度可以为5MPa以上,也可以为7MPa以上,也可以为10MPa以上,也可以为15MPa以上。芯片剪切强度能够使用通用粘合测试仪(Royce 650,Royce Instruments公司制)或万能型粘合测试仪(4000系列、DAGE公司制)等来测定。
本实施方式的接合体的制造方法能够应用于微型器件的倒装芯片接合。
本实施方式的接合体的制造方法不限定于上述一实施方式,能够进行各种变更。
例如,第1构件及第2构件为包含选自由硅、氮化镓及碳化硅组成的组中的1种或2种以上的半导体的晶圆或芯片,第1电极及第2电极可以是贯通电极。根据该方法,能够获得如下半导体装置作为接合体:设置有贯通电极的多个半导体晶圆和/或半导体芯片的层叠体且层间被微突起接合。
作为上述晶圆或芯片,可以举出硅晶圆、氮化镓晶圆、碳化硅晶圆、硅芯片、氮化镓芯片及碳化硅芯片。并且,作为包含2种以上的半导体的晶圆或芯片,可以举出硅晶圆或芯片上层叠有氮化镓的硅晶圆或芯片。
此外,参考附图对本实施方式的接合体的制造方法进行详细说明。
图4是表示通过本实施方式的接合体的制造方法制造的接合体的一例的示意剖视图。
图4所示的接合体125具备第1构件102、第2构件103、接接合第1构件102和第2构件103的本实施方式的接合用铜糊料的烧结体101。
第1构件及第2构件例如可以举出半导体晶圆、半导体芯片、IGBT、二极管、肖特基势垒二极管、MOS-FET、晶闸管、逻辑电路、传感器、模拟集成电路(模拟IC)、功率IC、LED、半导体激光器、发射器等半导体元件;引线框;金属板粘贴陶瓷基板(例如DBC);LED封装等半导体元件搭载用基材;铜及金属框架等金属配线;金属块等块体;端子等供电用构件;散热板;水冷板等。
第1构件102及第2构件103的与接合用铜糊料的烧结体接触的表面102a及103a可以包含金属。作为金属,例如可以举出铜、镍、银、金、钯、铂、铅、锡、钴等。金属可以单独使用1种,也可以将2种以上组合使用。并且,与烧结体接触的表面可以是包含上述金属的合金。作为用于合金的金属,除了上述金属以外,还可以举出锌、锰、铝、铍、钛、铬、铁、钼等。作为在与烧结体接触的面包含金属的构件,例如可以举出具有各种金属镀层的构件(具有金属镀层的芯片、具有各种金属镀层的引线框等)、导线、散热片、贴附有金属板的陶瓷基板、由各种金属构成的引线框、铜板、铜箔等。
从使第1构件102和第2构件103充分接合的观点考虑,接合体125的剪切强度可以为5MPa以上,也可以为7MPa以上,也可以为10MPa以上,也可以为15MPa以上。芯片剪切强度能够使用通用粘合测试仪(Royce 650,Royce Instruments公司制)或万能型粘合测试仪(4000系列、DAGE公司制)等来测定。
在上述接合体125中,当第1构件为半导体元件时,上述接合体125成为半导体装置。
图5是表示通过本实施方式的接合体的制造方法制造的半导体装置的一例的示意剖视图。图5所示的半导体装置130具备本实施方式所涉及的接合用铜糊料的烧结体111、引线框115a、引线框115b、导线116、经由烧结体111连接于引线框115a上的半导体元件118及将这些进行模制的注塑树脂117。半导体元件118经由导线116而连接于引线框115b。
作为半导体装置,例如可以举出二极管、整流器、晶闸管、MOS门驱动器、电源开关、功率MOSFET、IGBT、肖特基二极管、快恢复二极管等功率模块;信号发送器;放大器;高亮度LED模块;传感器等。
图6(图6(a)及图6(b))是用于说明接合体125的制造方法的示意剖视图。本实施方式所涉及的接合体125的制造方法具备以下工序:准备第1构件102、在该第1构件102的重量起作用的方向侧上述接合用铜糊料110及第2构件103依次层叠的层叠体60(图6(a)),在氢浓度为45%以下的气体气氛下加热层叠体60并烧结接合用铜糊料110的工序。由此,可获得接合体125(图6(b))。另外,第1构件102的重量起作用的方向也能够称为重力作用的方向。
在上述工序,也可以在承受第1构件102的重量的状态、或承受第1构件102的重量及0.01MPa以下的微压力的状态下(换言之,压力为0.01MPa以下的条件下)烧结接合用铜糊料110。
能够在与上述层叠体50相同的方法及条件下准备上述层叠体60。关于接合用铜糊料110的干燥、烧结,也能够在与上述接合用铜糊料30相同的方法及条件下进行。
接合用铜糊料110的厚度可以为1μm以上、5μm以上、10μm以上、15μm以上、20μm以上或50μm以上,也可以为3000μm以下、1000μm以下、500μm以下、300μm以下、250μm以下或150μm以下。例如,接合用铜糊料10的厚度也可以为1~1000μm,也可以为10~500μm,也可以为50~200μm,也可以为10~3000μm。也可以为15~500μm,也可以为20~300μm,也可以为5~500μm,也可以为10~250μm,也可以为15~150um。
作为将一个构件配置于另一个构件上的方法(例如,在设置有接合用铜糊料110的第2构件103上配置第1构件102的方法),例如可以举出使用芯片安装机、倒装片接合机、碳制或陶瓷制的定位夹具等的方法。
通过使用本实施方式的接合用铜糊料110,即使在氢浓度为45%以下的气体气氛下进行加热,接合体能够具有充分的接合强度。并且,即使在进行无加压下的接合的情况下,接合体也能够具有充分的接合强度。
本实施方式所涉及的半导体装置130能够以与上述接合体125的制造方法相同的方式制造。即,半导体装置的制造方法具备以下工序:第1构件及第2构件中的至少一者使用半导体元件,准备第1构件、在该第1构件的重量起作用的方向侧上述接合用铜糊料及第2构件依次层叠的层叠体,在氢浓度为45%以下的气体气氛下加热层叠体并烧结接合用铜糊料的工序。例如,如图7(图7(a)~图7(c))所示,在引线框115a上设置接合用铜糊料120,配置半导体元件118而获得层叠体70之后(图7(a)),加热该层叠体70,并烧结接合用铜糊料120,从而获得接合体80(图7(b))。接着,通过导线116连接所获得的接合体80中的引线框115b和半导体元件118,并利用密封树脂将它们进行密封。通过以上工序获得半导体装置130(图7(c))。所获得的半导体装置120即使在氢浓度为45%以下的气体气氛下、优选在无加压下进行接合的情况下,也能够具有充分的芯片剪切强度及连接可靠性。本实施方式的半导体装置具有充分的接合力,并具备包含导热率及熔点高的铜的接合用铜糊料的烧结体,由此具备充分的芯片剪切强度,连接可靠性优异,并且功率循环耐性也优异。
图8所示的接合体140具备第1构件102、第2构件103、第3构件104、第4构件105、接合第1构件102和第2构件103的上述接合用铜糊料的烧结体101a、接合第1构件102和第3构件104的上述接合用铜糊料的烧结体101b、及接合第3构件104和第4构件105的上述接合用铜糊料的烧结体101c。
这种接合体140例如如图9(图9(a)及图9(b))所示,能够通过具备如下工序的方法来获得:准备具有第3构件104、在该第3构件104的重量作用的方向侧第2接合用铜糊料110b、第1构件102、第1接合用铜糊料110a、及第2构件103依次层叠的层叠部分、及第3构件104、在该第3构件104的重量作用的方向侧第3接合用铜糊料110c、及第4构件105的层叠部分依次层叠的层叠体90(图9(a)),以与上述接合体125的制造方法相同的方式,对第1接合用铜糊料110a、第2接合用铜糊料110b及第3接合用铜糊料110c进行烧结(图9(b))。在上述方法中,第1接合用铜糊料110a、第2接合用铜糊料110b及第3接合用铜糊料110c为本实施方式所涉及的接合用铜糊料,通过烧结第1接合用铜糊料101a而获得烧结体110a,通过烧结第2接合用铜糊料110b而获得烧结体101b,通过烧结第3接合用铜糊料110c而获得烧结体101c。
并且,接合体140也能够通过具备如下工序的方法来获得:例如在获得上述接合体125之后,形成第3构件104、在该第3构件4的重量作用的方向侧第2接合用铜糊料110b、及第1构件102依次层叠的层叠部分、及第3构件104、在该第3构件104的重量作用的方向侧第3接合用铜糊料110c、及第4构件105依次层叠的层叠部分,以与上述接合体125的制造方法相同的方式,对第2接合用铜糊料110b及第3接合用铜糊料110c进行烧结。
图10所示的接合体150具备第1构件102、第2构件103、第3构件104、第4构件105、第5构件106、接合第1构件102和第2构件103的上述接合用铜糊料的烧结体101a、接合第3构件104和第4构件105的上述接合用铜糊料的烧结体101c、接合第1构件102和第5构件106的上述接合用铜糊料的烧结体101d、及接合第3构件104和第5构件106的上述接合用铜糊料的烧结体101e。
这种接合体150例如如图11(图11(a)及图11(b))所示,能够通过具有如下工序的方法来获得:准备具有第3构件104、在该第3构件104的重量作用的方向侧第5接合用铜糊料110e、第5构件106、第4接合用铜糊料110d、第1构件102、第1接合用铜糊料110a、及第2构件103依次层叠的层叠部分、及第3构件104、在该第3构件104的重量作用的方向侧第3接合用铜糊料110c、及第4构件105的层叠部分依次层叠的层叠体95(图11(a)),以与上述接合体125的制造方法相同的方式,对第1接合用铜糊料110a、第3接合用铜糊料110c、第4接合用铜糊料110d及第5接合用铜糊料110e进行烧结(图11(b))。在上述方法中,第1接合用铜糊料110a、第3接合用铜糊料110c、第4接合用铜糊料110d及第5接合用铜糊料110e为本实施方式所涉及的接合用铜糊料,通过烧结第1接合用铜糊料110a而获得烧结体101a,通过烧结第3接合用铜糊料110c而获得烧结体101c,通过烧结第4接合用铜糊料110d而获得烧结体101d,通过烧结第5接合用铜糊料110e而获得烧结体101e。
并且,接合体150也能够通过具备如下工序的方法来获得:准备第3构件104、在该第3构件104的重量作用的方向侧第5接合用铜糊料110e、第5构件106、第4接合用铜糊料110d、第1构件102、第1接合用铜糊料110a及第2构件103依次层叠的层叠体,以与上述接合体125的制造方法相同的方式,对第1接合用铜糊料110a、第4接合用铜糊料110d及第5接合用铜糊料110e进行烧结后,形成第3构件104、该第3构件104的重量作用的方向侧第3接合用铜糊料110c及第4构件105依次层叠的层叠部分,以与上述接合体125的制造方法相同的方式,对第3接合用铜糊料110c进行烧结。
并且,接合体150也能够通过具备如下工序的方法来获得:在获得上述接合体125之后,形成第3构件104、在该第3构件104的重量作用的方向侧第5接合用铜糊料110e、第5构件106、第4接合用铜糊料110d及第1构件102依次层叠的层叠部分、及第3构件104、在该第3构件104的重量作用的方向侧第3接合用铜糊料110c、及第4构件105依次层叠的层叠部分,以与上述接合体125的制造方法相同的方式,对第3接合用铜糊料110c、第4接合用铜糊料110d及第5接合用铜糊料110e进行烧结。
在上述变形例中,作为第3构件104、第4构件105及第5构件106的例子,与第2构件103的例子相同,例如,第3构件104可以为铜带及金属框等金属配线,第4构件105可以为端子或引线框,第5构件106可以为金属块等块体。并且,第3构件104、第4构件105及第5构件106的接合用铜糊料的与烧结体接触的面可以包含金属。可以含有的金属的例子与第1构件102及第2构件103在接合用铜糊料的与烧结体接触的面中可含有的金属的例子相同。并且,在上述变形例中使用的第1接合用铜糊料110a、第2接合用铜糊料110b、第3接合用铜糊料110c、第4接合用铜糊料110d、第5接合用铜糊料110e可以分别相同,也可以不同。
<接合体>
本实施方式的接合体具备第1构件、第2构件、及接合第1构件和第2构件的本实施方式的接合用铜糊料的烧结体。本实施方式的接合体能够通过上述本实施方式的接合体的制造方法来获得。
上述第1构件及第2构件中的至少一者可以是半导体元件。即,接合体可以是半导体装置。
本实施方式的接合体中,上述第1构件具有第1电极,上述第2构件具有与第1电极对置的第2电极,烧结体可以接合第1电极和第2电极。
第1电极及第2电极中的至少一者可以是金属柱状物。
第1构件及第2构件为包含选自由硅、氮化镓及碳化硅组成的组中的1种或2种以上的半导体的晶圆或芯片,第1电极及第2电极可以是设置于半导体晶圆和/或半导体芯片的贯通电极。该接合体能够应用于具有由TSV(Through Silicon Via)连接的结构的LSI。
图12是用于说明TSV的芯片层间被微突起接合的接合体及其制造方法的示意剖视图。图12(a)所示的接合体52具有设置有贯通电极14的多个半导体芯片13及经由微突起15及烧结体16而接合的结构。烧结体16为本实施方式的接合用铜糊料的烧结体。
接合体52能够以与上述接合体的制造方法相同的方式制造。例如,如图12(b)所示,在一个半导体芯片13中的微突起15上配置接合用铜糊料17之后,以隔着接合用铜糊料17使微突起15与另一个半导体芯片13’中的微突起15’彼此对置的方式在一个半导体芯片13上配置另一个半导体芯片13’,隔着烧结的接合用铜糊料17连接微突起15和微突起15’,从而能够获得接合体。通过反复该工序或同时进行该工序,可获得接合体52。
实施例
以下,根据实施例及比较例,进一步具体说明本发明,但是本发明并不限定于以下实施例。
<接合用铜糊料的制备>
(实施例1)
将作为包含亚微米铜粒子的材料的CH-0200(MITSUI MINING&SMELTING CO.,LTD.制、产品名称、50%体积平均粒径:0.36μm、MITSUI MINING&SMELTING CO.,LTD.制)6.16g、二氢松油醇(NIPPON TERPENE CHEMICALS,INC.制)1.1956g、及2,2-二甲基戊二酸(熔点:83℃、FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation制)0.0044g,在2000rpm、1分钟的条件下,利用THINKY CORPORATION制搅拌机(商品名:“Thinkymixer ARE-310”、以下相同。)进行了混合。然后,用三辊磨机进行10次分散处理,获得了混合物。
将通过分散处理而获得的混合物转移到聚乙烯制容器中后,作为包含片状微米铜粒子的材料称取1050YF(Mitsui Mining&Smelting Co.,Ltd.制、产品名称、50%体积平均粒径:1.7μm、纵横比7)2.64g并添加到容器中,在2000rpm、1分钟的条件下在THINKYCORPORATION制搅拌机中进行了混合。然后,用三辊磨机进行5次分散处理,获得了接合用铜糊料。
(实施例2~11及比较例1)
除了将接合用铜糊料的组成变更为表1或表2所示的组成(数值的单位为g)以外,以与实施例1相同的方式制备了接合用铜糊料。
<接合用铜糊料的评价>
对于上述获得的接合用铜糊料,根据下述方法进行了接合强度及保存稳定性的评价。将结果示于表1及表2。
(接合强度)
通过剪切强度来评价接合强度。首先,在无氧铜板(19mm×25mm×厚度3mm)上,使用厚度100μm的镂空掩模对接合用铜糊料进行丝网印刷,通过在下述各条件下进行加热,分别制作了在铜板上形成10个凸块直径200μm的凸块的测定用样品。
加热条件1:氢浓度4.5%与氮浓度95.5%的气体气氛、加热温度30℃、加热时间60分钟
加热条件2:氢浓度10%与氮浓度90%的气体气氛、加热温度30℃、加热时间60分钟
加热条件3:氮浓度100%的气体气氛、加热温度30℃、加热时间60分钟
将上述获得的测定用样品的凸块,使用安装有称重传感器(BS-5KG、NordsonAdvanced Technology(Japan)K.K.制)的万能型接合试验器Dage4000(Nordson AdvancedTechnology(Japan)K.K.制、产品名称),在温度25℃、剪切速度100μm/秒、剪切高度10μm的条件下沿水平方向按压,进行了剪切试验。接着,用数码显微镜VHX-5000(KEYENCECORPORATIO N制、产品名称)观察试验后的凸块的断裂部,计算出断裂面的总面积。根据将所获得的剪切强度除以总面积而得的每单位面积的剪切强度,以下述判定基准评价了接合强度。
[判定基准]
A:剪切强度为15MPa以上
B:剪切强度为10MPa以上且小于15MPa
C:剪切强度为5MPa以上且小于10MPa
D:剪切强度小于5MPa
(保存稳定性)
将接合用铜糊料在-30℃的环境下保存了168小时。将保存后的接合用铜糊料在铜板上使用具有开口直径为200μm的圆柱状开口部的厚度为100μm的镂空掩模进行了丝网印刷。根据此时的印刷性,以下述判定基准评价了保存稳定性。
[判定基准]
A:能够在不欠缺糊料的情况下进行印刷。
B:欠缺糊料。
C:无法印刷。
表中的亚微米铜粒子A、微米铜粒子B及微米铜粒子C的详细情况如下。
亚微米铜粒子A:CH-0200(MITSUI MINING&SMELTING CO.,LTD.制、产品名称、50%体积平均粒径:0.36μm、MITSUI MINING&SMELTING CO.,LTD.制)
微米铜粒子B:1050YF(MITSUI MINING&SMELTING CO.,LTD.制、产品名称、50%体积平均粒径:1.7μm、纵横比7)
微米铜粒子C:2L3N(Fukuda Metal Foil&Powder Co.,Ltd.制、产品名称、50%体积平均粒径:7.2μm、纵横比5.2)
符号说明
10-第1构件,11-金属柱状物,12-第1基板,20-第2构件,21-电极焊盘,22-第2基板,30-接合用铜糊料,31-烧结体,50、60、70、90、95-层叠体,80、100-接合体,101、1a、1b、1c、1d、1e、11-接合用铜糊料的烧结体,102-第1构件,103-第2构件,110、110a、110b、110c、110d、110e、120-接合用铜糊料,115a、115b-引线框,116-导线,117-注塑树脂,118-半导体元件,125、140、150-接合体,130-半导体装置。
Claims (21)
1.一种接合用铜糊料,其含有铜粒子、熔点为120℃以下的聚羧酸及分散介质。
2.根据权利要求1所述的接合用铜糊料,其中,
以所述铜粒子的总量为基准,所述聚羧酸的含量为0.01~1.5质量%。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的接合用铜糊料,其中,
作为所述聚羧酸,包含由下述通式(1)表示的二羧酸,
HOOC-R-COOH (1)
式(1)中,R表示2价的碳原子数2~10的直链或支链的饱和或不饱和烃基。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的接合用铜糊料,其中,
作为所述聚羧酸,包含熔点为100℃以下的聚羧酸。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的接合用铜糊料,其中,
作为所述聚羧酸,包含二甲基戊二酸。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的接合用铜糊料,其中,
作为所述分散介质,包含二氢松油醇。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的接合用铜糊料,其中,
作为所述铜粒子,包含体积平均粒径为0.12~0.8μm的亚微米铜粒子及最大直径为2~50μm且纵横比为3.0以上的片状微米铜粒子。
8.根据权利要求7所述的接合用铜糊料,其中,
以所述铜粒子的总质量为基准,所述亚微米铜粒子的含量为30~90质量%,
以所述铜粒子的总质量为基准,所述微米铜粒子的含量为10~70质量%。
9.根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的接合用铜糊料,其用于无加压接合。
10.一种接合体的制造方法,其具备:
第1工序,准备依次层叠有第1构件、权利要求1至8中任一项所述的接合用铜糊料及第2构件的层叠体;及第2工序,在氢浓度为45%以下的气体气氛下加热所述层叠体来烧结所述接合用铜糊料。
11.根据权利要求10所述的接合体的制造方法,其中,
所述气体气氛为氮气气氛。
12.根据权利要求10或11所述的接合体的制造方法,其中,
在所述第2工序中,将所述接合用铜糊料在承受所述第1构件的重量的状态或承受所述第1构件的重量及0.01MPa以下的微压力的状态下进行加热并烧结。
13.根据权利要求10至12中任一项所述的接合体的制造方法,其中,
所述第1构件及所述第2构件中的至少一者为半导体元件。
14.根据权利要求10至13中任一项所述的接合体的制造方法,其中,
在所述层叠体中,所述第1构件具有第1电极,所述第2构件具有与所述第1电极对置的第2电极,所述接合用铜糊料设置于所述第1电极与所述第2电极之间。
15.根据权利要求14所述的接合体的制造方法,其中,
所述第1电极及所述第2电极中的至少一者为金属柱状物。
16.根据权利要求14所述的接合体的制造方法,其中,
所述第1构件及所述第2构件为包含选自由硅、氮化镓及碳化硅组成的组中的1种或2种以上的半导体的晶圆或芯片,所述第1电极及所述第2电极为贯通电极。
17.一种接合体,其具备第1构件、第2构件、及接合第1构件和第2构件的权利要求1至8中任一项所述的接合用铜糊料的烧结体。
18.根据权利要求17所述的接合体,其中,
所述第1构件及所述第2构件中的至少一者为半导体元件。
19.根据权利要求17或18所述的接合体,其中,
所述第1构件具有第1电极,所述第2构件具有与所述第1电极对置的第2电极,所述烧结体接合所述第1电极和所述第2电极。
20.根据权利要求19所述的接合体,其中,
所述第1电极及所述第2电极中的至少一者为金属柱状物。
21.根据权利要求19所述的接合体,其中,
所述第1构件及所述第2构件为包含选自由硅、氮化镓及碳化硅组成的组中的1种或2种以上的半导体的晶圆或芯片,所述第1电极及所述第2电极为贯通电极。
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