CN114223459A

CN114223459A - Method for nursing forest ganoderma lucidum planting through grass irrigation

Info

Publication number: CN114223459A
Application number: CN202111517144.0A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 林永标; 陆宏芳; 刘思宇; 刘素萍
Original assignee: South China Botanical Garden of CAS
Current assignee: South China Botanical Garden of CAS
Priority date: 2021-12-08
Filing date: 2021-12-08
Publication date: 2022-03-25
Anticipated expiration: 2041-12-08
Also published as: CN114223459B

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for nursing forest ganoderma lucidum planting by shrub grass. In autumn and winter, selecting forest lands with forest stand canopy density of 0.3-0.6 and shrub grass coverage of 20-40%, mainly shade varieties, cleaning the lands, using the open ditches/holes as planting ditches/holes, disinfecting the forest lands and preventing termites; placing the ganoderma lucidum fungus bags or sticks outside the forest land in spring of the second year for forest land environment adaptive cultivation, and then planting the ganoderma lucidum fungus bags or sticks in planting ditches or holes; performing daily management after planting to ensure that the plants are not trampled by animals, keeping the grass irrigation coverage at 20% -40%, and naturally growing the lucid ganoderma to realize wild-like planting; harvesting after maturation and subsequent management. The method utilizes the better sheltering condition required by ganoderma lucidum planting, fully applies the grass-filled habitat under the forest to carry out the planting of the wild-simulated ganoderma lucidum, reduces the cost of facility construction, can also prevent water and soil loss, protects the biological diversity, improves the utilization rate of the forest land, and improves the soil quality of the forest land besides continuously producing high-quality ganoderma lucidum within 1 to 5 years.

Description

Method for nursing forest ganoderma lucidum planting through grass irrigation

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of edible fungi, forestry operation and ecological forestry, and particularly relates to a method for cultivating lucid ganoderma under shrubs and nursing the forest through grass.

Background

Under-forest plants and microorganisms play an important role in forests, wherein a large amount of wild edible fungus resources such as macrofungi, algae and the like are the fifth major planting industry of China after grains, oil, fruits and vegetables, and the method has the characteristics of circular, efficient and ecological industry development. In order to solve the contradiction between ecological protection and economic development in forestry production and operation, forest land resources and space environment are utilized, a forest is taken as a main mode, and an under-forest planting operation mode is established, which is a way of ecologically developing that green water green mountains are the Jinshan Yinshan. The area of the artificial forest in China is the first in the world, particularly the artificial forest in the south, the hydrothermal condition is good, the growth of plants under the forest is very flourishing, but measures such as burning mountains and cutting impurities are mostly adopted for bringing convenience to forestry operation and forest management for a long time, and a series of ecological problems such as serious water and soil loss, nutrient leaching and biodiversity loss are caused. And the under-forest planting is considered to have larger disturbance, which is not beneficial to water and soil conservation and nutrient retention. The artificial wild planting is carried out by applying the nursing functions (shading, water retention and the like) of the under-forest shrub and grass, and the artificial wild planting has wide application prospect and development potential for under-forest biodiversity protection, water and soil conservation, promotion of sustainable development of forestry and the like.

Ganoderma Ganoderma Lucidum (Leys. ex Fr.) Karst. is a fungus of Ganoderma of Polyporaceae, and is the fruiting body of Ganoderma. The distribution is very wide in China, and all provinces from northeast to south are distributed. The growing environment requires high temperature and humidity, and a great amount of wild resources exist in forests. Has effects of replenishing essence, relieving inflammation, relieving pain, resisting bacteria, removing toxic substance, promoting urination, and cleaning blood, and is a medicinal and edible fungus.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims at the problems of low productivity, low economic benefit and ecological benefit and the like commonly existing in the operation process of artificial forests and secondary forests in China, improves the operation benefit of forestry by planting under forests, but generally, the planting under forests needs to build partial facilities, and most of interference measures such as impurity cutting and weeding are carried out in the operation and management process, so as to avoid causing certain water and soil loss and influence on vegetation under forests, and provides a method for cultivating lucid ganoderma under shrubs and grasses, which can promote the growth of lucid ganoderma, greatly improve the yield, simultaneously prevent water and soil loss and improve the utilization rate of forest lands by using certain sheltering conditions required by the planting of the lucid ganoderma and carrying out grass planting under forests to simulate the wild lucid ganoderma, and is beneficial to improving the soil quality of the forest lands, besides continuously producing high-quality lucid ganoderma for 1 to 5 years, the residual bacteria after planting contain a large amount of organic matters and nutrients, and good ecological benefit and economic benefit are realized. The method makes full use of under-forest shrubbery and grass coverage to create a microenvironment beneficial to growth of the lucid ganoderma, and can combine other under-forest interplanting measures to integrate under-forest wild-like lucid ganoderma planting into a method for nursing the lucid ganoderma planting under the forest by shrubbery and grass.

The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:

a method for cultivating lucid ganoderma under a shrub grass nursing forest comprises the following steps:

in autumn and winter, selecting forest lands with forest stand canopy density of 0.3-0.6 and shrub grass coverage of 20-40%, mainly shade varieties, cleaning the lands, using the open ditches/holes as planting ditches/holes, disinfecting the forest lands and preventing termites;

placing the ganoderma lucidum fungus bags or sticks outside the forest land in spring of the second year for forest land environment adaptive cultivation, and then planting the ganoderma lucidum fungus bags or sticks in planting ditches or holes; performing daily management after planting to ensure that the plants are not trampled by animals, keeping the grass irrigation coverage at 20% -40%, and naturally growing the lucid ganoderma to realize wild-like planting;

harvesting after maturation and subsequent management.

Preferably, the forest land is a low-lying place on low hills or high mountain feet, the vegetation coverage is better, the forest stand canopy density is 0.3-0.6, the shrub and grass coverage is 20-40%, and the Chinese silvergrass, Chinese silvergrass and climbing liana are fewer.

Preferably, the forest land is broad-leaved forest or needle-leaved mixed forest which is convenient to transport.

The shade species mainly comprise:

(1) small ferns, such as dryopteris fragrans, pteris multifida, and golden dog; is not suitable for epiphytic or strong climbing (such as climbing gold sand) and underground species with developed rhizome;

(2) small-sized herbs are not suitable for the species of mango, bamboo and the species with strong invasiveness, such as wedeloa chinensis, miroposide chrysanthemum, ardisia crenata sims, golden bell vine, rootless vine and the like.

Preferably, the field cleaning is mainly used for cleaning dead branches, fasciculate, barbed or climbing shrubs and grass and the like which influence the planting of the lucid ganoderma, the planting field is slightly leveled, the drainage smoothness is kept, and the water and soil loss, the water accumulation and the like of the forest field are prevented.

Preferably, the ditch is horizontal, the depth of the ditch is about 20cm, the width is about 25cm, the length depends on the condition of the forest land, and the slope direction, the gradient, the planting, the management and the harvesting convenience are comprehensively considered.

Preferably, the ganoderma lucidum fungus bags or sticks can be purchased commercially, and according to planting plans, suitable ganoderma lucidum fungus bags (such as wood chips as a main material of a substrate, the harvest period of 2-3 years and the price is low) or fungus sticks (such as logs or twigs as a substrate, the harvest period of 4-5 years and the price is high) are selected.

The ganoderma lucidum fungus bag requires mature hypha cultivation, and the hypha on the surface layer of the fungus bag is dense and white.

The ganoderma lucidum fungus bag or stick is placed outside a forest land for forest land environment adaptive cultivation, and the specific method comprises the following steps:

(1) transporting the ganoderma lucidum fungus bags or sticks to the vicinity of a planting field, selecting an open field with flat terrain, good drainage and certain shading conditions, paving a layer of plastic film on the field, stacking the fungus bags orderly, covering a shading net for shading protection, and avoiding direct sunshine;

(2) adapting to cultivation conditions and time: under the condition of normal temperature, the outdoor cultivation time is suitable for more than 15 days, and in extreme weather such as 'late spring cold' and the like, a film is required to be covered for heat preservation.

Preferably, the forest land disinfection and termite prevention treatment is to uniformly spread quicklime on each planting ditch (hole) before planting, preferably to just cover the soil, and planting ganoderma lucidum fungus bags or sticks after one week.

Preferably, the ganoderma lucidum fungus bags or the ganoderma lucidum fungus sticks are planted by removing fungus bag plastic films, obliquely placing the fungus bags into planting ditches (holes), covering soil and compacting, and slightly exposing soil at bag openings.

Preferably, the daily management after the planting of the lucid ganoderma is mainly to remove vines or other plants with thorns which influence the growth management of the lucid ganoderma, so that the coverage under the forest reaches 20-40 percent and the natural state is kept.

The harvesting method of the lucid ganoderma comprises the following steps:

(1) harvesting time: collecting Ganoderma when pileus becomes hard and brown;

(2) the harvesting method comprises the following steps: the base of the handle was gently removed by hand.

The processing method of the lucid ganoderma comprises the step of drying or baking the collected lucid ganoderma in the sun.

Preferably, the follow-up management keeps the forest from being trampled by human and animals, maintains 20-40% of shrub and grass coverage in the forest, removes the understory plants with thorns and strong climbing ability, appropriately replanting or combining understory interplantation of Chinese herbal medicines such as roughhaired holly, polygala fallax hemsl and the like when the plants are bare, realizes continuous harvesting for many years and multiple operations for one-time planting, and the like until no ganoderma lucidum is produced.

The invention has the beneficial effects that:

the invention utilizes the better sheltering condition required by ganoderma lucidum planting, fully applies the natural habitat provided by grass irrigation under the forest to carry out wild-simulated ganoderma lucidum planting, reduces the investment cost of facility construction, increases the yield of ganoderma lucidum, can also prevent water and soil loss, improves the utilization rate of forest land, has a large amount of nutrients in the residual fungus bags besides continuously producing high-quality ganoderma lucidum within 1 to 5 years, is beneficial to improving the soil quality of the forest land, and realizes good ecological benefit and economic benefit. The lucid ganoderma is planted in the wild-simulated mode, the forest land can be disturbed only during planting, a small amount of water and soil loss is caused, the under-forest shading environment with good coverage is formed through under-forest grass irrigation management, lucid ganoderma growth is promoted, lucid ganoderma yield is increased, the quality of the lucid ganoderma is improved, and the lucid ganoderma is planted for continuous harvesting for many years at a time. Good ecological benefit and economic benefit are realized, thereby reducing the water and soil loss of under-forest management, improving the soil structure and improving the soil fertility.

The ganoderma lucidum has a very wide distribution range, is distributed in all provinces from the northeast Changbai mountain to the southeast, can grow naturally in forests with high canopy density and moist soil, and can be planted in wild-like manner under the forests through grass irrigation, so that facilities are not needed, the investment is less, the management cost is low, the income is high, and the ecological benefit is good. The input cost mainly comprises purchasing ganoderma lucidum fungus bags (sticks) and planting and harvesting manpower, the planting specification is 50 multiplied by 50cm according to the forest land utilization rate of 70%, planting is about 1800 bags per mu, the fungus bags (sticks) are 15 yuan per bag (stick), the planting and harvesting cost is about 1 ten thousand yuan per mu, and the total input is about 4 ten thousand yuan per mu; the annual output of the lucid ganoderma is about 180 jin/mu, the market price is about 200 yuan/mu, the annual output value is about 3.6 ten thousand yuan/mu, most of investment cost can be recovered in the first year, and most of the investment cost is net income except some management and collection manpower after the second year. By using grass irrigation nursing (namely the grass irrigation nursing under-forest ganoderma lucidum planting of the invention, the same below), the soil water content in the growing season (3-8 months) is improved by 9.5-43.2 percent compared with the shading facility planting, which is beneficial to the growth and development of the ganoderma lucidum. The growth amount of the lucid ganoderma is measured, the influence on the diameter of the lucid ganoderma pileus is small in the early stage (the first batch) (the average pileus diameter of facility planting is 8 multiplied by 9.8cm, the average pileus diameter of grass irrigation nursing is 6.3 multiplied by 9.7cm), the stipe is thickened (the average stipe diameter of the facility planting is 0.77cm, the average stipe diameter of the grass irrigation nursing is 1.07cm, and is increased by about 40%), and the stipe height is reduced (the average stipe height of the facility planting is 10.9cm, and the average stipe height of the grass irrigation nursing is 4.2 cm); in the later period (the second batch), the shrub nursing has the largest influence on the diameter of the pileus, the average diameter of the pileus of the facility planting is 7.7 multiplied by 9.1cm, and the average diameter of the pileus of the shrub nursing is 12.4 multiplied by 11.4cm, namely, the ganoderma lucidum of the shrub nursing grows short and fat (very strong), and the ganoderma lucidum of the facility planting grows long and tall and thin (very thin and weak). The ganoderma yield is determined, the yield of the facility-planted ganoderma is about 112 jin/mu, the yield of the irrigation-grass nursing ganoderma is about 177 jin/mu, the income is increased by 65 jin/mu, the yield is increased by more than 50%, and the yield value is increased by about 1.3 ten thousand yuan/mu. And less labor cost is input later, the crops can be continuously harvested for 2-5 years, the net income per year is about 3 ten thousand yuan/mu, and the economic benefit is higher. In the facility planting under the forest, a large amount of infrastructure such as shading nets, sprinkler irrigation systems and the like need to be put in the early stage, and the cost is about 5000 yuan/mu. According to the method, the wild-simulated planting of the lucid ganoderma is nursed by watering grass under the forest, so that the income of farmers in mountainous areas is increased, surplus labor force employment in rural areas is solved, and the sustainable operation capacity under the forest is improved; the method is also beneficial to keeping water and soil and biological diversity protection and maintaining soil fertility, provides a technical method for ecological forestry, understory economy and sustainable forestry operation, and has the advantages of high success rate, practical and convenient operation, easy popularization, wide application, good application prospect and market potential.

Drawings

FIG. 1 shows a method for facility cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum;

FIG. 2 is a method for cultivating Ganoderma lucidum under the nursery of shrubs.

Detailed Description

The present invention is described in detail below with reference to the following embodiments of the present invention, which are not intended to limit the present invention, but are rather intended to be exemplary embodiments of the present invention. Modifications and variations made in accordance with the present teachings are within the purview of the invention without departing from the intended scope of the invention.

Examples

Planting of wild-like ganoderma lucidum under China fir forest grass-filling nursing forest of certain ecological agriculture company

(1) The method is characterized by selecting the artificial forest of the low mountain land fir with convenient traffic and good forest appearance, wherein the canopy density is between 0.3 and 0.6, slightly cleaning the forest, preferably not influencing the planting management under the forest, mainly removing dead branches influencing the planting of the lucid ganoderma, shrubs with clusters, thorns or climbing, and the like, slightly flattening the planting field, keeping the drainage smooth, and preventing the water and soil loss and water accumulation of the forest field. The coverage of the under-forest shrubs and grasses reaches 20 to 40 percent, and mainly contains shade-born ferns and floret herbs. Small ferns, such as Botrytis cinerea, Pteridium multifida, Cibotium barometz, etc., are not suitable for epiphytic or highly climbing (such as climbing fern sand) and developed underground rhizomes; small-sized herbs are not suitable for miscanthus, bamboo and species with strong invasiveness;

(2) in spring of the next year, digging a horizontal ditch or a hole as a planting ditch or a hole, wherein the length and the width are not less than the length of the ganoderma lucidum fungus bag and are about 25-30cm according to the field situation of the planting field, the depth of the ditch is about 20cm, the width of the ditch is about 25cm, the length of the ditch depends on the situation of the forest land, and the slope direction, the gradient and the convenience of planting, management and harvesting are comprehensively considered.

(3) And uniformly spraying a layer of quicklime in the planted ditch or hole to cover soil properly, disinfecting the soil and preventing termite and insect damage, and planting the ganoderma lucidum fungus bag after one week.

(4) Purchasing and cultivating mature ganoderma lucidum fungus bags, transporting the ganoderma lucidum fungus bags to a planting field for adaptive cultivation, firstly paving a plastic film on the ground, arranging the ganoderma lucidum fungus bags orderly, and covering a layer of shading net for protection to prevent direct sun exposure. The cultivation time is more than 15 days under the condition of normal temperature and outdoor adaptation. In extreme weather such as late spring cold, etc., a film is required to be covered for heat preservation. The matrix of the ganoderma lucidum fungus bag is mainly made of wood chips, the harvesting period is 2-3 years, and the price is low. The ganoderma lucidum fungus bag requires mature hypha cultivation, and the hypha on the surface layer of the fungus bag is dense and white.

(5) Planting Ganoderma bags, removing plastic film of Ganoderma bags, inoculating with strain with one end upward, placing Ganoderma bags into ditch, covering soil, compacting, and exposing soil slightly at bag mouth.

(6) Daily management: after planting, the temperature and humidity are proper, generally no management is needed, a plastic film needs to be covered for heat preservation and moisture preservation when the temperature and humidity are low, and the water can be properly irrigated when the water is dry for a long time. Removing vines or other plants with thorns which influence the growth management of the lucid ganoderma, keeping the coverage of the forest at 20-40 percent and keeping the forest in a natural state. If a large amount of Chinese silvergrass in the forest is bred and grown, proper cutting-off or increasing shade in the forest is needed, coverage of the Chinese silvergrass is reduced, and the lucid ganoderma grows naturally.

(7) Harvesting and later-period management: and (4) harvesting when the pileus becomes hard and brown about 2 months after the ganoderma lucidum grows out. Picking off the ganoderma lucidum stems during picking, compacting soil after picking, and cultivating a second batch of ganoderma lucidum.

(8) In the 2 nd to 3 rd years, the forest is kept free from artificial interference and animal treading, proper (20 percent to 40 percent) grass irrigation coverage in the forest is maintained, the understory plants with thorns and strong climbing ability are removed, the Chinese herbal medicines such as roughhaired holly, polygala fallax hemsl and the like are properly replanted or combined with understory interplanted, and the continuous harvesting for many years and various operational benefits are realized by one-time planting until no glossy ganoderma is produced. Typically without human administration.

The ganoderma lucidum is planted through under-forest grass irrigation nursing, the under-forest planting income is increased, the facility investment is reduced, and the ganoderma lucidum can be combined with under-forest traditional Chinese medicine planting to realize sustainable forest management. Planting the ganoderma lucidum in the first year to produce the ganoderma lucidum, managing better, recovering the cost in the current year, not planting again after the second year, and continuously harvesting for 2-3 years (fungus bags) or 4-5 years (fungus sticks) until the ganoderma lucidum can not grow out under the condition that the ganoderma lucidum can grow out again. The harvest result is determined, the yield per mu of ganoderma lucidum planted by grass irrigation and nursing is 177 jin, the yield per mu of ganoderma lucidum planted by facilities is 112 jin, the yield is improved by 58 percent by grass irrigation and nursing, the income is increased by about 1.3 ten thousand yuan per mu, the facility investment is reduced by about 0.5 ten thousand yuan, the income is increased by 1.8 ten thousand yuan, and the water and soil loss and the nutrient loss are reduced. The grass irrigation nursing wild-imitating planting lucid ganoderma (namely the lucid ganoderma planting under the grass irrigation nursing forest of the invention) has strong yield capacity, and the diameter of the lucid ganoderma pileus is larger than that of the facility planting, is increased by about 43 percent, the diameter of the fungus stalk is also larger and is increased by about 40 percent, the height of the fungus stalk is small and is reduced by about 61 percent, namely the lucid ganoderma planted in the grass irrigation nursing is thicker (the original lucid ganoderma of the company is planted under the forest in a shading mode and under the sprinkling irrigation facility, namely the facility planting mode, but after the grass irrigation nursing wild-imitating planting mode is adopted, the growth condition is better than that of the facility planting mode, the growth is fast, the lucid ganoderma grows thicker, the yield is high, and most of the lucid ganoderma planted in the facility is immediately moved out to carry out the grass irrigation nursing wild-imitating planting mode. According to the method, ganoderma lucidum is planted through under-forest grass irrigation and nursing, continuous multi-year harvesting of one-time planting is realized, facility investment is not needed, although management is simple and extensive, economic benefits are better, after the first-year investment, the yield reaches 3 ten thousand yuan/mu after 2 years, meanwhile, fungus bags (sticks) contain a large amount of hyphae and organic matters, the organic carbon accumulation of soil is increased, the soil fertility is improved, and a technical method is provided for sustainable development of under-forest economy, ecological forestry and forestry.

Fig. 1 shows the ganoderma lucidum facility planting, and fig. 2 shows the grass irrigation nursing forest ganoderma lucidum planting of the invention.

The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that the above preferred embodiment should not be considered as limiting the present invention, and the protection scope of the present invention should be subject to the scope defined by the claims. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and adaptations can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, and these modifications and adaptations should be considered within the scope of the invention.

Claims

1. A method for cultivating lucid ganoderma under a shrub grass nursing forest is characterized by comprising the following steps:

harvesting after maturation and subsequent management.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the woodland is a low hill or a low lying area of mountain feet, vegetation coverage is better, forest stand canopy coverage is 0.3-0.6, shrub and grass coverage is between 20-40%, and there are fewer skips, miscanthus and climbing vines; is suitable for broad-leaved forest or mixed broad-leaved hardwood forest with convenient transportation.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein said species of shade consists essentially of:

(1) small ferns, such as Botrytis cinerea, Pteris multifida, and Cibotium barometz; is not suitable for epiphytic or high climbing ability and developed underground rhizomes;

4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the field cleaning is mainly used for removing dead branches, bush, thorn or climbing shrubs and grass which affect the ganoderma lucidum planting, and the field is slightly leveled, so as to keep smooth drainage and prevent water and soil loss, water accumulation and the like of the forest land.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the trench is about 20cm deep and 25cm wide, and has a length determined by the forest land conditions, and combines the advantages of slope, planting, management and harvesting.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the ganoderma lucidum fungus bag or stick is placed outside a forest land for forest land environment adaptive cultivation, and the specific method is as follows:

7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the forest land disinfection and termite prevention treatment is to uniformly spread quicklime on each planting furrow (hole) before planting so as to just cover the soil, and planting ganoderma lucidum fungus bags or sticks after one week.

8. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ganoderma lucidum fungus bags or sticks are planted by removing plastic films of the fungus bags, obliquely placing the fungus bags into planting furrows (holes), covering soil and compacting, and slightly exposing soil at bag openings.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the daily management after planting of Ganoderma lucidum mainly comprises removing vines or other plants with thorns which affect the growth management of Ganoderma lucidum, and keeping the under-forest coverage at 20-40% and natural state.

10. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said subsequent management keeps the forest from being trampled by human and animal interference, maintains 20% -40% of grass irrigation coverage in the forest, removes the understory plants with thorns and strong climbing ability, replanting or combining understory interplanted Chinese herbal medicines such as roughhaired holly, etc. properly when exposed, realizes continuous harvesting for many years by one-time planting until no production of ganoderma lucidum.