CN114051886A - Ecological total-nutrient cultivation management method for tea trees - Google Patents
Ecological total-nutrient cultivation management method for tea trees Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
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- Ecology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention discloses an ecological total nutrient cultivation management method for tea trees. The cultivation management method adopts an ecological agriculture concept, supplements a carbon source fertilizer special for tea trees according to the soil fertility condition of the tea garden and the growth requirement of the tea trees, scientifically supplies the full-element nutrition requirement of the tea trees, and establishes a standardized tea garden; a set of standardized ecological tea garden cultivation management system is established from the links of seedling selection planting, soil cultivation, tea tree pruning, water and fertilizer management, green prevention and control, garden sealing management and the like, so that the management and protection level of the tea garden is effectively improved; the tea tree managed by the technology disclosed by the invention is vigorous in growth, the tea can be picked for 4 times in one year, and the yield of tea leaves is remarkably increased. The tenderness of the tea leaves is prolonged by about 7-10 days, the picking period can be prolonged, the substances contained in the tea leaves are more abundant, the bitter taste is reduced, the problems of production and manufacture of the tea in summer and autumn are particularly solved, and the quality of the finished tea is greatly improved. The invention is applied to the technical field of tea tree cultivation.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a tea tree cultivation method, in particular to an ecological total nutrient cultivation management method for tea trees.
Background
From the present, there are a number of problems with tea planting and cultivation: the yield is pursued blindly, and the chemical fertilizer is applied excessively for a long time, so that soil is hardened and acidified; the chicken claw branches and the withered branch rate are increased because the picking is carried out when the buds appear without paying attention to the combination of picking and breeding; the production of the tea in spring is heavy, while the production of the tea in summer and autumn is light, the yield is low, and the benefit is poor; the tea garden management and processing level is low, the tea leaves are heavy in bitter taste, low in quality, poor in benefit and the like, and the healthy development of the tea industry is greatly limited.
A good ecological environment condition is required for the normal growth of tea trees, and the supply of nutrients is one of the most important factors. In order to obtain high-quality and high-yield tea, the nutrient requirement rule of tea trees is mastered by analyzing the nutrient absorption characteristics of the tea trees and the basic principle of fertilization, and a technical scheme of fertilization is scientifically formulated by adopting balanced nutrient elements in production. And then, the measures of effectively preventing and controlling diseases, pests and weeds, reasonably pruning, collecting and cultivating and the like are combined with a green prevention and control technology, so that the improvement of the yield, the quality and the benefit of the tea can be realized.
At present, the tea garden in China generally has a series of problems of low tea green yield, heavy bitter taste of tea soup, low quality and economic benefit and the like due to low management level.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provide the ecological total-nutrient cultivation management method for the tea trees, which can prolong the picking period, enrich the content of tea leaves, reduce bitter taste, particularly solve the problems of production and preparation of summer and autumn tea and greatly improve the quality of finished tea.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: the invention comprises the following steps:
A. selecting seeds of nursery stocks: selecting tea tree varieties with strong cold resistance, stress resistance, disease and pest resistance and wide adaptability;
B. planting the nursery stock: planting seedlings in single row;
C. and (3) soil cultivation: shallow ploughing and topdressing are combined with artificial weeding, shallow ploughing is carried out for at least three times in one year: the first time is at the beginning of n months, the second time is at the beginning of n +2 months, and the third time is at n +5 or n +6 months;
D. water content management: arranging an irrigation system in a vegetable garden, watering the seedlings by the irrigation system, and ensuring that the relative water content of soil is 60-70%;
E. fertilizing: a. applying base fertilizer in the middle ten days of n +5 or n +6 months, applying 750Kg of decomposed organic fertilizer and 20-30Kg of compound fertilizer per mu, and covering soil after applying fertilizer; b. topdressing is respectively carried out at the beginning of the next n month and the beginning of the next n +2 months, and 30-40Kg of high-nitrogen low-phosphorus medium-potassium compound fertilizer is topdressed per mu; c. respectively carrying out foliar fertilization at the beginning of the next month of the next year n, the beginning of the next year n +2, the beginning of the next year n +3 and the next year n +4 months, picking one round and spraying twice, and spraying eight times all year round;
F. tea tree construction: a. slightly pruning adult tea trees once after autumn tea picking is finished every year, wherein the pruning depth is generally 3-7 cm; b. deep pruning is carried out once in 3-5 years, and the pruning depth is 10-15cm of the tree crown surface which is generally pruned; c. the height of heavy pruning is that the part above 2/3 of the whole tree crown surface is completely pruned, and 30-40cm is reserved above the ground;
G. controlling diseases, pests and weeds: a. agricultural control: timely trimming, picking in batches for multiple times and reasonably applying fertilizer; b, physical control: removing ova and harmful branches of diseases and pests, and destroying in time to reduce the base number of pests; c. biological control: using plant-derived pesticide and microbial preparation to prevent and treat plant diseases and insect pests; d. chemical control: when the pest and disease damage in the tea garden is rampant, the medicine is safely used according to national local standards.
Further, step G is followed by step h. park sealing management: after autumn tea is finished, spraying the lime sulphur mixture to seal the garden, and reducing the probability of disease attack in the next year tea garden.
Further, the row spacing of the seedlings planted in the single row in the step B is 1.5-1.8m, the cluster spacing is 0.33m, and one seedling is planted in each cluster.
Furthermore, the depth of shallow ploughing in the step C is 5-10cm, the number of times of shallow ploughing in one year is three, and the first time is in the beginning of the third month.
Further, the decomposed organic fertilizer is manure, and 600Kg of manure is applied; the compound fertilizer comprises the following components in a ratio of N to P to K of 25 to 6 to 9, and 30Kg of the compound fertilizer is used; the high-nitrogen low-phosphorus medium-potassium compound fertilizer comprises the following components in a ratio of N to P to K of 25 to 6 to 9, and 35Kg of the high-nitrogen low-phosphorus medium-potassium compound fertilizer is used.
Furthermore, the leaf surface fertilization adopts carbon source fertilizer and coenzyme, the dosage of the carbon source fertilizer per mu is 0.5L, the dosage of the carbon source fertilizer per mu is 200 times that of the carbon source fertilizer, the dosage of the coenzyme per mu is 0.125L, and the dosage of the coenzyme per mu is 800 times that of the carbon source fertilizer per mu that of the coenzyme fertilizer.
Further, the seed selection of the nursery stock in the step A also needs to select a tea tree variety suitable for the local climate environment.
Further, the lime sulphur mixture is 45% crystal lime sulphur mixture, the dosage per mu is 300-500mL, and the spray is diluted with 150-200 liquid.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the invention provides an ecological total nutrient cultivation management method for tea trees, which adopts an ecological agriculture concept, supplements a carbon source fertilizer special for the tea trees through reasonable picking, pruning and combination of picking and nourishing, scientifically supplies the total element nutrient requirements for the tea trees, and effectively prevents diseases, pests and weeds by applying a green prevention and control technology. Establishing a set of standardized ecological tea garden cultivation management system starting from the links of seedling selection and planting, soil cultivation, tea tree pruning, water and fertilizer management, green prevention and control, garden sealing management and the like; by applying the technology, the tea plant grows more robustly, the germination density and the leaf thickness are increased, and the tea green yield is obviously improved; the tenderness of the tea leaves is prolonged by about 7-10 days, the picking period can be prolonged, the contents of the tea polyphenol, catechin, tea polysaccharide and other probiotic components are improved, the contents of crude fiber and caffeine are reduced, and the quality of the finished tea is effectively improved.
Detailed Description
In this embodiment, the present invention includes the following steps:
1. selecting seeds of nursery stocks: selecting a tea variety of Shiqian moss which grows for 40 years as an implementation object, wherein the tea variety has strong cold resistance, stress resistance and disease and pest resistance and wide adaptability;
2. planting the nursery stock: planting in single row with row spacing of 1.5-1.8m and cluster spacing of 0.33m, and planting 1 plant in each cluster;
3. and (3) soil cultivation: mainly shallow ploughing with the depth of 5-10cm, respectively carrying out the operations once in the beginning of 5 months, in the beginning of 7 months and in the period of 10-11 months for three times, wherein the soil cultivation is carried out by combining topdressing and artificial weeding;
4. water content management: during the period of 7 to 9 months each year, the period is a drought period, and the few people are ten days and half months, and more than one month or two months, if appropriate measures are needed in drought, water is introduced into the tea garden for irrigation once every 3 days, the roots of the tea trees can be drenched by an irrigation system, the sufficient water supply of the tea trees is ensured, and the relative water content of the soil is ensured to be 60 to 70 percent;
5. the fertilizing method comprises the following steps:
5.1 base fertilizer: applying 600Kg of decomposed organic fertilizer (manure) and 30Kg of compound fertilizer (N: P: K ═ 25:6:9) per mu in the middle ten days of 11 months, and covering soil after applying fertilizer;
5.2 topdressing: respectively topdressing 35Kg of high-nitrogen low-phosphorus medium-potassium compound fertilizer (N: P: K is 25:6:9) per mu at the beginning of 5 months and at the beginning of 7 months;
5.3, leaf fertilizer: respectively spraying a round of carbon source fertilizer special for tea trees and coenzyme in the early 3 months, the early 5 months, the early 7 months and the early 8 months, wherein the using amount of the carbon source fertilizer per mu is 0.5L, the water is added for diluting by 150 times, the using amount of the coenzyme per mu is 0.125L, the water is added for diluting by 600 times, the cost is 800 times, the carbon source fertilizer is picked and sprayed twice, and the carbon source fertilizer is sprayed for 8 times all the year round;
6. pruning tea trees: after the autumn tea is picked, the tea tree is trimmed and trimmed, the depth of light trimming is 3-7cm, and under the premise of normal leaf-remaining picking, the autumn tips growing in the current year are generally trimmed off, and the spring tips and the summer tips growing in the current year are reserved; meanwhile, the gaps between the two adjacent tea rows are cut by 10-15cm, so that gaps of more than 30cm are reserved between the tea garden rows, and ventilation and light transmission are facilitated.
7. Controlling diseases, pests and weeds:
7.1 agricultural control, timely trimming, picking in batches for multiple times, and reasonably applying fertilizers to enhance tree vigor and improve the capability of resisting diseases and insect pests;
7.2 physical prevention and control, wherein insect eggs and harmful insect branches are removed manually, the garden is cleared, and the base number of the harmful insects is reduced by timely destroying the insects.
7.3 biological control, namely using 0.5 percent veratrine wettable powder 600-; the 10% polyoxin 1000-fold liquid can prevent and treat various diseases such as tea cake disease, brown spot and the like;
7.4 when the damage of the tea garden pest and disease damage is rampant, the tea garden pest and disease damage is treated according to a green prevention and control method when a local government goes out, and the national regulation banned pesticide is used absolutely.
8. And (3) garden sealing management: after autumn tea is finished, spraying lime sulphur (lime sulphur is 45% crystal lime sulphur, the dosage of per mu is 300-.
Control group
The conventional tea garden management mode comprises the following steps:
1. selecting seeds of nursery stocks: selecting a tea variety of Shiqian moss which grows for 40 years as an implementation object, wherein the tea variety has strong cold resistance, stress resistance and disease and pest resistance and wide adaptability;
2. planting the nursery stock: planting in single row with row spacing of 1.5-1.8m and cluster spacing of 0.33m, and planting 1 plant in each cluster;
3. the fertilizing method comprises the following steps:
3.1 base fertilizer: applying 50Kg of compound fertilizer (N: P: K: 18: 8: 10) per mu from 10 middle ten days to 11 middle ten days, ditching 15-20 cm along the water dripping line position of the tea tent, and then covering soil;
3.2 topdressing: opening a shallow trench for 5-10cm 40-50 days before spring tea mining, topdressing 8Kg of urea per mu, and covering soil after application;
4. pruning tea trees: pruning the tea garden at the end of autumn (from the last ten days of 10 months to the middle ten days of 11 months), using hedge shears or pruning machines to remove branches and leaves with the length of 3-5 cm on the tree crown surface, and cutting the space between two adjacent tea rows by 10-15cm, so that the space between the tea garden rows is more than 30cm, which is beneficial to ventilation and light transmission;
5. controlling diseases, pests and weeds: the main pests and diseases of the tea garden comprise: tea caterpillar, tea lesser leafhopper, chafer, acarid, anthracnose, tea cake disease, red spot, etc. In the annual peak period of harm of 5-6 months and 8-9 months, the treatment is carried out according to a green prevention and control method of local government;
6. and (3) garden sealing management: spraying lime sulphur agent (the lime sulphur agent is 45% crystal lime sulphur agent, the dosage per mu is 300-.
The tea leaves are picked according to the standard of 2-3 leaves in one bud, the yield of the tea leaves in the statistical example and the control group is shown in table 1, and the detection result of the quality components of the tea leaves is shown in table 2.
Table 1: fresh and heavy tea leaves in different seasons
Table 2: index of finished tea processed differently
As shown in table 1, the cultivation management according to the embodiment can significantly improve the yield of tea leaves. Compared with the control, the average yield increase of the tea leaves in each season in 2019 is 76.25%, and the average yield increase of the tea leaves in each season in 2020 is 88.14%.
As shown in table 2, the cultivation management according to the example significantly increased the beneficial components in the tea leaves, and the water extract, tea polyphenol, catechin, and tea polysaccharide contents were increased by 7.09%, 14.18%, 92.21%, and 24.64%, respectively, as compared to the control. The bitter and astringent components are obviously reduced, the contents of crude fiber and caffeine are respectively reduced by 4.70 percent and 5.71 percent compared with photographic ratio, and the quality of the tea leaves is effectively improved.
The invention is applied to the technical field of tea tree cultivation.
While the embodiments of the invention have been described in terms of practical embodiments, they are not intended to be limiting and modifications of the embodiments and combinations with other embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art in light of the disclosure.
Claims (8)
1. An ecological total-nutrient cultivation management method for tea trees is characterized by comprising the following steps:
A. selecting seeds of nursery stocks: selecting tea tree varieties with strong cold resistance, stress resistance, disease and pest resistance and wide adaptability;
B. planting the nursery stock: planting seedlings in single row;
C. and (3) soil cultivation: shallow ploughing and topdressing are combined with artificial weeding, shallow ploughing is carried out for at least three times in one year: the first time is at the beginning of n months, the second time is at the beginning of n +2 months, and the third time is at n +5 or n +6 months;
D. water content management: arranging an irrigation system in a vegetable garden, watering the seedlings by the irrigation system, and ensuring that the relative water content of soil is 60-70%;
E. fertilizing: a. applying base fertilizer in the middle ten days of n +5 or n +6 months, applying 750Kg of decomposed organic fertilizer and 20-30Kg of compound fertilizer per mu, and covering soil after applying fertilizer; b. topdressing is respectively carried out at the beginning of the next n month and the beginning of the next n +2 months, and 30-40Kg of high-nitrogen low-phosphorus medium-potassium compound fertilizer is topdressed per mu; c. respectively carrying out foliar fertilization at the beginning of the next month of the next year n, the beginning of the next month n +2, the beginning of the next year n +3 and the next year n +4 months, picking one round and spraying twice, and spraying eight times all year round;
F. tea tree construction: a. slightly pruning adult tea trees once after autumn tea picking is finished every year, wherein the pruning depth is generally 3-7 cm; b. deep pruning is carried out once in 3-5 years, and the pruning depth is 10-15cm of the crown surface which is generally pruned; c. the height of heavy pruning is that the part above 2/3 of the whole tree crown surface is completely pruned, and 30-40cm is reserved above the ground;
G. controlling diseases, pests and weeds: a. agricultural control: timely trimming, picking in batches for multiple times and reasonably applying fertilizer; b. physical control: removing ova and harmful branches of diseases and pests, and destroying in time to reduce the base number of pests; c. biological control: using plant-derived pesticide and microbial preparation to prevent and treat plant diseases and insect pests; d. chemical control: when the pest and disease damage in the tea garden is rampant, the medicine is safely used according to national local standards.
2. The ecological total nutrient cultivation and management method for tea trees according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: step G is followed by step H. park sealing management: after autumn tea is finished, spraying lime sulfur mixture to seal the garden, and reducing the probability of disease attack in the next year tea garden.
3. The ecological total nutrient cultivation and management method for tea trees according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: and B, planting the seedlings in a single row in a row mode in the step B, wherein the row spacing is 1.5-1.8m, the cluster spacing is 0.33m, and one seedling is planted in each cluster.
4. The ecological total nutrient cultivation and management method for tea trees according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: and C, shallow ploughing in the step C to a depth of 5-10cm, wherein the number of times of shallow ploughing in one year is three, and the first time is in the beginning of the third month.
5. The ecological total nutrient cultivation and management method for tea trees according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the decomposed organic fertilizer is manure, and 600Kg of manure is applied; the compound fertilizer comprises the following components in a ratio of N to P to K of 25 to 6 to 9, and 30Kg of the compound fertilizer is used; the high-nitrogen low-phosphorus medium-potassium compound fertilizer comprises the following components in a ratio of N to P to K of 25 to 6 to 9, and 35Kg of the high-nitrogen low-phosphorus medium-potassium compound fertilizer is used.
6. The ecological total nutrient cultivation and management method for tea trees according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the foliar fertilizer adopts carbon source fertilizer and coenzyme, wherein the dosage of the carbon source fertilizer per mu is 0.5L, the dosage of the carbon source fertilizer per mu is 200 times diluted by adding water, the dosage of the coenzyme per mu is 0.125L, and the dosage of the coenzyme per mu is 800 times diluted by adding water.
7. The ecological total nutrient cultivation and management method for tea trees according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: and B, selecting a tea tree variety suitable for the local climate environment according to the seedling selection in the step A.
8. The ecological total nutrient cultivation and management method for tea trees according to claim 2, which is characterized in that: the lime sulphur mixture is 45% crystal lime sulphur mixture, the dosage per mu is 300-500mL, and the spray is diluted with 150-200 liquid.
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