CN114027043A - Fast-growing and high-yield cultivation method for grafting improved variety bud seedlings of peach trees - Google Patents
Fast-growing and high-yield cultivation method for grafting improved variety bud seedlings of peach trees Download PDFInfo
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- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 39
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- 230000035764 nutrition Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 238000013138 pruning Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000013517 stratification Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
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- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 claims description 31
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims description 23
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- 235000019796 monopotassium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000010152 pollination Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010257 thawing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
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- PJNZPQUBCPKICU-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid;potassium Chemical compound [K].OP(O)(O)=O PJNZPQUBCPKICU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- 235000013547 stew Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/30—Grafting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
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Abstract
The invention discloses a fast-growing and high-yield cultivation method for grafting improved variety buds of peach trees, which comprises the following steps: the method comprises the following steps of bud seedling grafting, grafted seedling transplanting, seedling management, winter pruning, greenhouse management, fruit ripening and follow-up management, wherein after sand storage stratification treatment is carried out on seeds in the bud seedling grafting, peach seedlings which are sown and grow in the same year in a nutrition pot are taken as stocks, in addition, 1000 plus-plant seedlings are adopted in the grafted seedling transplanting, and then, the planting is expanded in a year-by-year density reduction transplanting mode, the peach tree planting income time is shortened, the normal income of a land block before peach tree transplanting is ensured, the utilization rate of the land block is improved to the maximum degree, and the peach tree planting cost is reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a peach tree cultivation technology, in particular to a peach tree improved variety bud seedling grafting rapid-growing high-yield cultivation method.
Background
The peach as the traditional important economic tree species in China has a certain proportion in the development of the forest and fruit industry, has the characteristics of drought resistance, easy management, fast growth and the like, has beautiful fruit shape, bright color and rich nutrition, is popular with consumers, and is one of the preferable tree species for developing the forest and fruit industry in China.
At present, peach trees are dozens of plants per mu, the number of close planting is about 200-300 plants per mu, and the peach trees are planted according to the number of the plants per mu when seedlings are planted. At present, peach tree planting is generally in the phenomenon that the time from planting to fruiting is too long, for example, folk theory that the time from peach tree planting to peach tree fruiting is five years exists, namely, peach tree planting usually has income after peach tree planting for three years at present, although the income time is still longer compared with other tree species, the income time is still longer even if the result is fast, and the land blocks for planting peach trees only invest in the three years before peach tree fruiting, and have no output, so that the burden of fruit growers and the peach tree planting cost are increased, the income of the fruit growers is reduced, and the peach tree planting and the popularization of good varieties are not facilitated.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of providing a peach tree improved variety bud seedling grafting rapid-growing high-yield cultivation method which can reduce the peach tree planting cost, shorten the peach tree planting income time and improve the income.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows: the fast grafting and high yield cultivation method of peach improved variety bud seedling includes the following steps:
1) the method comprises the following steps of (1) bud grafting, wherein peach tree buds growing in the same year in a nutrition pot are used as stocks, the peach tree buds growing in the same year in the nutrition pot are generally used as the stocks, the bud grafting is carried out when the height of the buds reaches 5-8 cm, and the time is about 2 ten days later; at the moment, scion buds of the seed trees also reach about 5-8 cm, so that the grafted scions and peach tree seedlings serving as stocks are in a semi-lignification period; the scion takes the new tip and top bud of a variety tree, grafted seedlings after grafting are placed in a small arched shed in a greenhouse or a small arched shed in the greenhouse so as to be beneficial to heat preservation and moisture preservation, and the small arched shed is removed for hardening seedlings after the grafting openings are healed; after the scion buds of the variety trees are collected, putting the scion buds into a box and tightly covering the scion buds with wet cloth for later use;
2) transplanting grafted seedlings, transplanting the grafted seedlings into the land after hardening off, watering thoroughly in time after planting, and because the peach grafted seedling transplanting has a small tree shape in the current year, 1000 plus seedlings are adopted in the method for planting 1200 plants per mu, while the number of the planted plants per mu in the conventional peach close planting cultivation is about 200 plus plants 300, so that the method greatly improves the utilization rate of land blocks and the income on the premise of not influencing the normal growth of the peach grafted seedlings;
3) managing the seedlings, pinching 5 +/-1 cm when the seedlings are 60-80 cm high, preferably pinching 5 cm, pinching the second and third top buds after pinching to promote the development and the enrichment of lower bearing branches, pinching the second and third top buds after the new shoots grow 60-70 cm again, wherein the time is about 5 months, the second and third top buds are also pinched, and pinching the second and third top buds after the first and second top buds 7-15 days after the first and second pinching is preferably performed respectively, so that the seedlings grow and are enriched, and the flower buds are full; when leaves fall in autumn, the growth height of the nursery stock reaches more than 1.5-1.8 meters or higher, the number of bearing branches reaches more than 15, preferably 15, and the bearing branches are spirally distributed, thereby laying a solid foundation for the result; the thickness of the nursery stock is more than 2 cm;
4) pruning in winter, after the seedling leaves, pruning bare branches, competitive branches, overlapped branches and insect-disease branches by adopting a long branch pruning method, and lengthening other branches, wherein the spacing between the bearing branches in the same direction is kept more than 50 cm, preferably 50-60 cm;
5) managing the greenhouse, namely starting to stew the greenhouse after frost, covering a heat preservation quilt in the daytime, uncovering the greenhouse at night to reduce the temperature of the greenhouse, increasing the low-temperature accumulation below 7 ℃, controlling the temperature of cultivation in the greenhouse from 12 months to the next year at 16-28 ℃ in the daytime, controlling the humidity in the greenhouse from 6-12 ℃ at night, controlling the humidity in the greenhouse from 65-75% before flowering and the humidity in the greenhouse from 50-60% during flowering period to facilitate pollination, wherein the cold requirement needs to reach 950 plus 1050 hours;
6) and (4) fruit ripening and subsequent management, wherein the fruits ripen in the next 4 months, after fruit harvest, one plant is removed at intervals for transplanting, 600 plants per mu of peach trees are kept for each charge of 500, and after fruit harvest in the third year, one line is removed at intervals for transplanting, and 300 plants per mu of peach trees are kept for each row.
The peach is normally managed, fruits of the peach are ripe about 4 months and 20 days, about 14 months is calculated from the beginning of bud seedling grafting, the single plant yield of the peach can reach about 4 jin, so that the yield per mu in the next year after the bud seedling grafting cultivation of the peach can reach more than 4000 jin, and the high-quality fruit rate also reaches more than 80%. And after fruit harvest, transplanting by removing one strain at intervals, wherein the removal of peach trees can be used for expanding production, 500 plus plants are kept for peach trees per mu, the yield of the peach trees is stably improved, the yield of a single plant can reach 8-10 jin, and the yield per mu is maintained at 4000 plus plants; in the third year, fruits are harvested and moved one row at intervals, 300 peach trees per mu are kept, the yield of a single peach tree reaches about 20 jin, the yield per mu is maintained at about 5000 jin, and the number of the peach trees per mu can be stabilized at the number later, so that the original 1000 jin 1200 peach trees per mu are transplanted into four blocks of 300 peach trees per mu through twice density reduction, the yield of the single peach tree is stably increased, the yield per mu is not reduced, the yield per mu after peach tree cultivation is directly connected to a high yield period from a seedling period, and the benefits can be obtained in a short period of peach tree cultivation.
As a preferable technical scheme, the planting of the peach tree seedlings sowed and grown in the nutrition pot in the same year comprises the following steps:
a, carrying out sand storage stratification treatment on seeds, namely carrying out 11 months in the last year of bud seedling grafting, preferably 11 months and 10 days, digging 16-25 cm deep ditches, paving 3-5 cm of bottom layer wet sand at the bottoms of the ditches, paving 8-12 cm of seeds on the bottom layer wet sand, covering 3-5 cm of upper layer wet sand on the upper sides of the seeds, covering soil on the upper sides of the upper layer wet sand, covering soil higher than the ground, covering a layer of woven bag on the soil, preserving moisture and preventing rain from being poured in, and layering for more than 60 days to enable the peach seeds to pass through a dormancy stage, wherein the moisture content of the wet sand can be controlled in a state that the wet sand is held by a hand to form clusters and loosened;
b, sowing, namely taking out sand-stored seeds and sowing the seeds into a nutrition pot, putting the sowed nutrition pot into a greenhouse, and preferentially putting the nutrition pot into a peach protected land cultivation greenhouse; sowing is preferably carried out in the last ten days of month;
as a preferred technical scheme, the seeds and sand are uniformly mixed according to the volume ratio of 1:5 and then are paved on the bottom layer wet sand; and 7-15 days before sowing, covering a mulching film on the sand-stored seeds, raising the temperature and thawing, and taking out the seeds conveniently.
As a preferable technical scheme, the sowing time is started 1-5 days before the bell flowers the variety trees cultivated in the greenhouse, the nutrient soil in the nutrient pot is sandy loam doped with the bio-organic fertilizer, and the volume content of the bio-organic fertilizer is 7-15%.
As an optimized technical scheme, when the bud seedling is grafted, the bud seedling stock is cut at a position 1-2 cm above the cotyledon, the middle of the cut section of the bud seedling stock is longitudinally cut to a depth of 0.7-1.5 cm, the bottom of the scion is cut into a wedge shape and inserted into the bud seedling stock, and the wedge shape is fixed by a clamp.
As a preferable technical scheme, the humidity in the small arched shed is 60-80%, the small arched shed is dismantled after 5-10 days, and the seedlings are hardened for 10-15 days. The bud seedling grafting can be used for cultivation in a greenhouse, and greenhouse management is the same as that of a normal peach tree in a greenhouse management method; if the cultivation is carried out in the open air, the grafting time of the bud seedlings can be about 10-15 days after 4 months.
As a preferable technical scheme, the nutrition pot can be torn and thrown away when the grafted seedlings are transplanted, or can be directly buried in the ground, the nutrition pot is longitudinally scratched for 4-5 times and then planted in the soil, and the row spacing is 1-1.5 meters multiplied by 0.3-0.7 meter.
As a preferred technical scheme, the nursery stock is mainly used for nitrogen fertilizer before 6 months, is mainly used for phosphorus-potassium fertilizer after 6 months, is sprayed with a solution which is 200 times of monopotassium phosphate and 160 times of urea once in 8 months and is sprayed for 2-3 times in 7-15 days, so that the bud filling degree is enhanced, the growth and the seedling strengthening are promoted, and a foundation is laid for the high yield and the high quality in the next year.
The invention discloses a fast-growing and high-yield cultivation method for grafting improved variety buds of peach trees, which comprises the following steps: the invention can harvest mature fruits about 14 months after peach tree bud seedling grafting, the time for obtaining income after peach tree planting is short, and through the mode of planting 1000 plus 1200 plants per mu during transplanting, the planting mode of later density reduction transplanting ensures the income of peach trees, reduces the occupation of land blocks in the current peach tree planting year, ensures the normal income of more land blocks, avoids the loss caused by occupying more land blocks due to no or less fruits in the current peach tree planting mode, ensures that the number of planted peach trees reaches the normal level through twice density reduction transplanting in the next year and the third year, ensures the normal income of the land blocks before peach tree transplanting, maximizes the utilization rate of the land blocks, reduces the peach tree planting cost, The income time for planting the peach trees is shortened.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples. In the following detailed description, certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described by way of illustration only. Needless to say, a person skilled in the art realizes that the described embodiments can be modified in various different ways without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. The following description is therefore illustrative in nature and is not intended to limit the scope of the claims.
Example one
A fast-growing high-yield cultivation method for grafting improved variety bud seedlings of peach trees, wherein the peach tree variety is Jinxiangfei, comprises the following steps:
1) the method comprises the following steps of bud grafting, wherein peach tree buds growing in the same year in a nutrition pot are used as stocks, bud grafting is carried out when the height of the buds reaches 5 cm, the buds are cut at a position 1.5 cm above cotyledons of the bud stock during bud grafting, the middle of the cut section of the bud stock is longitudinally cut by one cut with the depth of 1 cm, scions take new tips and top buds of variety trees, the length of the scions is 3 cm, the bottoms of the scions are cut into wedges and inserted into the bud stock, the scions are fixed by clamps, the grafted seedlings after grafting are placed into a small arched shed in a greenhouse, the small arched shed is removed after the grafting joints are healed, seedling hardening is carried out, the humidity in the small arched shed is 70%, the small arched shed is removed after 7-8 days, and the seedlings are hardened for 10 days;
wherein, the planting of the peach tree sprout which is sown and grows in the same year in the nutrition pot comprises the following steps:
a, carrying out sand storage and stratification treatment on seeds, digging 20 cm deep ditches in 10 days in the last year of bud and seedling grafting, paving 3 cm of bottom-layer wet sand at the bottoms of the ditches, paving 10 cm of seeds on the bottom-layer wet sand, uniformly stirring the seeds and the sand according to the volume ratio of 1:5, paving the seeds on the bottom-layer wet sand, covering 3 cm of upper-layer wet sand on the upper sides of the seeds, covering soil on the upper sides of the upper-layer wet sand, covering a layer of woven bag on the soil, and performing stratification for more than 60 days, wherein the humidity of the wet sand is suitable for being agglomerated by hand and being loosened after being held;
b, sowing, namely sowing when the variety trees cultivated in the greenhouse start to be sown 3 days before the small bell flowers, taking out sand-stored seeds and sowing the seeds into a nutrition pot, wherein the nutrition soil in the nutrition pot is sandy loam doped with a bio-organic fertilizer, the volume content of the bio-organic fertilizer is 10%, and the sown nutrition pot is placed in the greenhouse; and 10 days before sowing, covering a mulching film on the sand-stored seeds, and raising the temperature for thawing to facilitate taking out the seeds;
2) transplanting grafted seedlings, transplanting the grafted seedlings into soil after hardening off, watering thoroughly in time after planting, planting 1100 seedlings per mu, longitudinally scratching 4-5 knives in a nutrition pot during transplanting the grafted seedlings, and planting the seedlings into the soil, wherein the row spacing of the seedlings is 1.2 meters multiplied by 0.5 meter;
3) managing the seedlings, namely pinching 5 cm when the seedlings are 60-80 cm high, pinching the second bud and the third bud at the top 10 days after pinching, carrying out secondary top bud pinching after the new shoots grow 60-70 cm again in 5 months, pinching the second bud and the third bud below the top buds 10 days after the secondary top bud pinching, and leaving 15 bearing branches when the growth height of the leaf-fallen seedlings in autumn reaches more than 1.5-1.8 m;
before 6 months, the nursery stocks mainly use nitrogen fertilizers, after 6 months, mainly use phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, spray a solution which is 200 times that of monopotassium phosphate and 160 times that of urea in the last ten days of 8 months, spray the solution once in 10 days and continuously spray the solution for 2 to 3 times, so that the flower bud filling degree is enhanced, the growth and the seedling are promoted, and a foundation is laid for the high yield and the high quality in the next year;
4) pruning in winter, after the seedling leaves, pruning bare branches, competitive branches, overlapped branches and insect-disease branches by adopting a long branch pruning method, and keeping the spacing between the bearing branches in the same direction to be more than 50 cm;
5) managing the greenhouse, starting to smother the greenhouse after frost, covering a heat preservation quilt in the daytime, uncovering the greenhouse at night to reduce the temperature, increasing the low temperature accumulation below 7 ℃, controlling the greenhouse cultivation temperature of the peach trees with the cold quantity required to reach 1000 hours, controlling the greenhouse cultivation temperature of 12 months and 20 to the next year fruit maturity as shown in the table 1, controlling the humidity in the greenhouse before flowering to be 70 percent and the humidity in the greenhouse during flowering period to be 50-60 percent, and facilitating pollination;
table 1: peach greenhouse cultivation temperature control table
6) Fruit ripening and subsequent management, the fruit ripening in the next 4 months, the single plant yield of the peach tree can reach about 4 jin, thus the yield per mu in the next year after grafting cultivation of the bud seedlings of the peach tree can reach more than 4000 jin, and the high-quality fruit rate also reaches more than 80%; after fruits are harvested, removing one plant every other plant for transplanting, wherein 550 plants of peach trees are kept per mu, the yield of each plant can reach 8-10 jin after the fruits are mature, and the yield per mu is kept at about 5000 jin; and after the fruits are harvested in the third year, moving away one row every other row for transplanting, wherein 275 peach trees per mu are kept, the yield of a single peach tree reaches about 20 jin, and the yield per mu is maintained at about 5500 jin.
Example two
The fast grafting and high yield cultivation method of peach improved variety bud seedling includes the following steps:
1) the method comprises the following steps of bud grafting, wherein peach tree buds which are sown and grow in the same year in a nutrition pot are used as stocks, bud grafting is carried out when the height of the buds reaches 8 cm, the buds are cut 2 cm above cotyledons of the bud stock during bud grafting, the middle of the cut section of the bud stock is longitudinally cut by one cut with the depth of 1.5 cm, scions take new tips and top buds of variety trees, the length of the scions is 3 cm, the bottom of the scions is 1.5 cm, the scions are cut into wedges and inserted into the bud stock, the scions are fixed by clamps, the grafted seedlings are placed into a small arched shed in a greenhouse, the small arched shed is removed after the grafting joints are healed, seedling hardening is carried out, the humidity in the small arched shed is 80%, the small arched shed is removed after 8 days, and the seedlings are hardened for 12 days; wherein
The planting of the peach tree seedlings sowed and grown in the nutrition pot in the same year comprises the following steps:
a, performing sand storage and stratification treatment on seeds, digging 25 cm deep ditches in the last 11 months of the last year of bud seedling grafting, paving 5 cm of bottom-layer wet sand at the bottoms of the ditches, paving 12 cm of seeds on the bottom-layer wet sand, uniformly stirring the seeds and the sand according to the volume ratio of 1:5, paving the seeds on the bottom-layer wet sand, covering 5 cm of upper-layer wet sand on the upper sides of the seeds, covering soil on the upper sides of the upper-layer wet sand, covering a layer of woven bag on the soil, and performing stratification for 65 days;
b, sowing, namely sowing when the variety trees cultivated in the greenhouse start to be sown 5 days before the small bell flowers, taking out sand-stored seeds and sowing the seeds into a nutrition pot, wherein the nutrition soil in the nutrition pot is sandy loam doped with a bio-organic fertilizer, the volume content of the bio-organic fertilizer is 15%, and the sown nutrition pot is placed in the greenhouse; and 15 days before sowing, covering a mulching film on the sand-stored seeds, and raising the temperature for thawing to facilitate taking out the seeds;
2) transplanting grafted seedlings, transplanting the grafted seedlings into soil after hardening off, watering thoroughly in time after planting, planting 1000 seedlings per mu, and planting the grafted seedlings into the soil after longitudinally cutting 4-5 knives by using a nutrition pot during transplanting;
3) managing the seedlings, namely pinching 6 cm when the seedlings are 80 cm high, pinching the second bud and the third bud at the top 10 days after pinching, pinching the second bud and the third bud after the new shoots grow 60-70 cm again, pinching the second bud and the third bud under the top buds 10 days after pinching the second bud, and leaving 15 bearing branches when the growth height of the fallen leaves seedlings in autumn reaches more than 1.5 m;
before 6 months, the nursery stocks mainly use nitrogen fertilizers, after 6 months, mainly use phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, spray a solution which is 200 times potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 160 times urea in 8 months, spray the solution once in 15 days and continuously spray the solution for 2 times, so that the flower bud filling degree is enhanced, the growth and the seedling strengthening are promoted, and a foundation is laid for the high yield and the high quality in the next year;
4) pruning in winter, after the seedling leaves, pruning bare branches, competitive branches, overlapped branches and insect-disease branches by adopting a long branch pruning method, and keeping the spacing of the bearing branches in the same direction at 50 cm;
5) managing the greenhouse, starting to smother the greenhouse after frost, covering a heat preservation quilt in the daytime, uncovering the greenhouse at night to reduce the temperature, increasing the low temperature accumulation below 7 ℃, controlling the greenhouse cultivation temperature of the peach trees from 12 months to the next year of fruit maturity as shown in the table 2, controlling the humidity in the greenhouse before flowering to be 75 percent and the humidity in the greenhouse during flowering period to be 60 percent, and facilitating pollination;
table 2: peach greenhouse cultivation temperature control table
| Date | Daytime temperature (. degree. C.) | Temperature at night (. degree.C.) | Maintenance time (sky) | Remarks for note |
| 12 ten days of the month | 25 | 6 | 3 | |
| Last 12 th month-last 1 th month of the following year | 18 | 6 | 10 | |
| 1 month last ten days-last ten days of the following year | 20 | 8 | 15 | |
| Last ten days of the following year 1 month-last ten days of the following year 2 months | 22 | 10 | 15 | |
| Last ten days of the year 2-middle ten days | 22 | 8 | 10 | Full bloom stage |
| 2 middle of month of the next year-3 middle of month of the next year | 25 | 10 | 30 | |
| 3 middle ten days of the next year to 4 last ten days of the next year | 28 | 12 | 35 | |
| 4 last ten days of the year | 28 | 12 | Maturation of the plant |
6) Fruit ripening and subsequent management, the fruit ripening in the last 4 months of the next year, the single plant yield of the peach tree can reach about 4 jin, thus the yield per mu in the next year after grafting and cultivation of the bud seedlings of the peach tree can reach about 4000 jin, and the high-quality fruit rate also reaches more than 80%; after fruits are harvested, one peach tree is moved away every other peach tree for transplanting, 500 peach trees are kept per mu, the yield of each peach tree can reach about 9 jin after the fruits are mature, and the yield per mu is maintained at about 4500 jin; and after the fruits are harvested in the third year, moving away one row every other row for transplanting, wherein 250 peach trees per mu are kept, the yield of a single peach tree reaches about 20 jin, and the yield per mu is kept at about 5000 jin.
EXAMPLE III
The fast grafting and high yield cultivation method of peach improved variety bud seedling includes the following steps:
1) the method comprises the following steps of bud grafting, wherein peach tree buds which are sown and grow in the same year in a nutrition pot are used as stocks, bud grafting is carried out when the height of the buds reaches 6 cm, the buds are cut at a position 1 cm above cotyledons of the bud seedling stocks during bud grafting, the middle of the cut section of the bud seedling stocks is longitudinally cut by one cut, the depth is 0.7 cm, scions take new tips and top buds of variety trees, the length of the scions is 2 cm, the bottom of the scions is 0.7 cm, the scions are cut into wedges and inserted into the bud seedling stocks, the scions are fixed by clips, the grafted seedlings are placed into a small arched shed in a greenhouse, the small arched shed is removed after the grafting joints are healed, seedling hardening is carried out, the humidity in the small arched shed is 60%, the small arched shed is removed after 5 days, and the seedlings are hardened for 8 days; wherein
The planting of the peach tree seedlings sowed and grown in the nutrition pot in the same year comprises the following steps:
a, performing sand storage and stratification treatment on seeds, taking Shandong areas as an example, in the last 11 months of the last year of bud seedling grafting, digging 16 cm deep ditches, paving 3 cm of bottom-layer wet sand at the bottoms of the ditches, paving 8 cm of seeds on the bottom-layer wet sand, uniformly stirring the seeds and the sand according to a volume ratio of 1:5, paving the seeds on the bottom-layer wet sand, covering 3 cm of upper-layer wet sand on the upper sides of the seeds, covering soil on the upper sides of the upper-layer wet sand, covering a layer of woven bag on the soil, and performing stratification for more than 60 days;
b, sowing, namely sowing when the variety trees cultivated in the greenhouse are positioned 2 days before the small bell flowers, taking out sand-stored seeds and sowing the seeds into a nutrition pot, wherein the nutrition soil in the nutrition pot is sandy loam doped with a bio-organic fertilizer, the volume content of the bio-organic fertilizer is 7%, and the sowed nutrition pot is placed in the greenhouse; and 7 days before sowing, covering a mulching film on the sand-stored seeds, and raising the temperature for thawing to facilitate taking out the seeds;
2) transplanting the grafted seedlings, transplanting the grafted seedlings into soil after hardening off, and watering thoroughly in time after planting, so that 1200 seedlings are planted per mu;
3) managing the seedlings, namely pinching 4 cm when the seedlings are 70 cm high, pinching the second bud and the third bud at the top 10 days after pinching, pinching the second bud and the third bud after the new shoots grow 60-70 cm again, pinching the second bud and the third bud under the top buds 10 days after pinching the second bud, and pinching the second bud and the third bud after the growth height of the fallen leaves seedlings reaches more than 1.5 m in autumn, wherein 15 bearing branches are required to be left;
before 6 months, the nursery stocks mainly use nitrogen fertilizers, after 6 months, mainly use phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, spray a solution which is 200 times potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 160 times urea in 8 months, spray the solution once in 7 days and continuously spray the solution for 3 times, so that the flower bud filling degree is enhanced, the growth and the seedling strengthening are promoted, and a foundation is laid for the high yield and the high quality in the next year;
4) pruning in winter, after the seedling leaves, pruning bare branches, competitive branches, overlapped branches and insect-disease branches by adopting a long branch pruning method, and keeping the spacing between the bearing branches in the same direction to be more than 50 cm;
5) managing the greenhouse, starting to smother the greenhouse after frost, covering a heat preservation quilt in the daytime, uncovering the greenhouse at night to reduce the temperature, increasing the low-temperature accumulation below 7 ℃, controlling the greenhouse cultivation temperature of the peach trees from 12 months and 20 days to the next year as shown in table 3, controlling the humidity in the greenhouse before flowering to be 75 percent and the humidity in the greenhouse during flowering to be 60 percent, and facilitating pollination;
table 3: peach greenhouse cultivation temperature control table
| Date of start | Daytime temperature (. degree. C.) | Temperature at night (. degree.C.) | Maintenance time (sky) | Remarks for note |
| 12 month and 20 days | 25 | 6 | 3 | |
| 12 month and 23 days | 16-18 | 6 | 10 | |
| The next year, 1 month and 5 days | 18-20 | 6-8 | 15 | |
| The next year, 1 month and 20 days | 20-22 | 8-10 | 15 | |
| Next year 2, 5 months | 22 | 8 | 10 | Full bloom stage |
| The next year, 2 months and 15 days | 22-25 | 10 | 28 | |
| The next year is 3 months and 15 days | 25-28 | 10-12 | 35 | |
| 4 month and 20 days of the next year | 25-28 | 10-12 | Maturation of the plant |
6) Fruit ripening and subsequent management, the fruit ripening in the last 4 months of the next year, the single plant yield of the peach tree can reach about 4 jin, thus the yield per mu in the next year after grafting and cultivation of the bud seedlings of the peach tree can reach more than 4000 jin, and the high-quality fruit rate also reaches more than 80%; after fruits are harvested, one peach tree is moved away every other peach tree for transplanting, 600 peach trees are kept per mu, the yield of each peach tree after the fruits are ripe can reach about 9 jin, and the yield per mu is maintained at about 5400 jin; and after the fruits are harvested in the third year, moving the peaches one row at intervals for transplanting, wherein 300 peaches per mu are kept, the yield of each peach tree reaches about 20 jin, and the yield per mu is maintained at about 6000 jin.
The above description is only an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Any equivalent changes and modifications that can be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and principles of the invention should fall within the protection scope of the invention.
Claims (8)
1. The fast-growing and high-yield cultivation method for grafting the improved variety of the peach tree bud seedlings is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
1) bud seedling grafting, wherein peach tree buds growing in the same year in a nutrition pot are used as stocks, bud seedling grafting is carried out when the height of the bud seedlings reaches 5-8 cm, scions take new tips of the variety trees as terminal buds, grafted seedlings are placed in a small arched shed in a greenhouse after grafting, and the small arched shed is removed after grafting openings are healed for hardening seedlings;
2) transplanting the grafted seedlings, transplanting the grafted seedlings into the land after hardening off, and watering thoroughly in time after planting, wherein 1000 plants are planted per mu and 1200 plants are added;
3) managing the seedlings, pinching 5 +/-1 cm when the seedlings are 60-80 cm high, and pinching the second bud and the third bud at the top after pinching; when the young shoots are 60-70 cm long, second apical bud pinching is carried out, and the second bud and the third bud below the apical buds are also pinched; before leaf falling in autumn, the height of the nursery stock reaches 1.5-1.8 m, the thickness reaches more than 2 cm, and each plant is spirally distributed with 14-16 bearing branches;
4) pruning in winter, namely pruning bare branches, competitive branches, overlapped branches and insect-disease branches after the nursery stock leaves, and keeping the spacing between the bearing branches in the same direction to be more than 50 cm;
5) managing the greenhouse, namely starting to stew the greenhouse after frost, covering a heat preservation quilt in the daytime, uncovering the greenhouse at night to reduce the temperature of the greenhouse, increasing the low-temperature accumulation below 7 ℃, controlling the temperature of cultivation in the greenhouse from 12 months to the next year at 16-28 ℃ in the daytime, controlling the humidity in the greenhouse from 6-12 ℃ at night, controlling the humidity in the greenhouse from 65-75% before flowering and the humidity in the greenhouse from 50-60% during flowering period to facilitate pollination, wherein the cold requirement needs to reach 950 plus 1050 hours;
6) and (4) fruit ripening and subsequent management, wherein the fruits ripen in the next 4 months, after fruit harvest, one plant is removed at intervals for transplanting, 600 plants per mu of peach trees are kept for each charge of 500, and after fruit harvest in the third year, one line is removed at intervals for transplanting, and 300 plants per mu of peach trees are kept for each row.
2. The method for grafting fast-growing high-yield peach improved variety sprouts to the peach tree as claimed in claim 1, wherein the planting of the peach tree sprouts growing in the same year in the nutrition pots comprises the steps of:
a, carrying out sand storage and stratification treatment on seeds, namely, carrying out ditching 16-25 cm deep in 11 months in the last year of bud seedling grafting, paving 3-5 cm of bottom layer wet sand at the bottom of the ditch, paving 8-12 cm of seeds on the bottom layer wet sand, covering 3-5 cm of upper layer wet sand on the upper side of the seeds, covering soil on the upper side of the upper layer wet sand, covering a layer of woven bag on the soil, and performing stratification for more than 60 days;
and B, sowing, namely taking out the sand-stored seeds, sowing the seeds into a nutrition pot, and putting the sowed nutrition pot into a greenhouse.
3. The fast-growing and high-yield peach tree improved variety bud grafting cultivation method as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that: uniformly stirring the seeds and the sand according to the volume ratio of 1:5, and then paving the mixture on the bottom layer wet sand; and 7-15 days before sowing, covering a mulching film on the sand-stored seeds, raising the temperature and thawing, and taking out the seeds conveniently.
4. The fast-growing and high-yield peach tree improved variety bud grafting cultivation method as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that: the sowing time is that sowing is started 1-5 days before the bell flowers grow the cultivated species trees in the greenhouse, the nutrient soil in the nutrient bowl is sandy loam doped with bio-organic fertilizer, and the volume content of the bio-organic fertilizer is 7-15%.
5. The fast-growing and high-yield peach tree improved variety bud grafting cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: when grafting the bud seedling, cutting the bud seedling stock at a position 1-2 cm above the cotyledon, longitudinally cutting the middle of the cut section of the bud seedling stock to a depth of 0.7-1.5 cm, cutting the bottom of the scion into a wedge shape, inserting the wedge shape into the bud seedling stock, and fixing the wedge shape by using a clamp.
6. The fast-growing and high-yield peach tree improved variety bud grafting cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: the humidity in the small arched shed is 60-80%, the small arched shed is dismantled after 5-10 days, and the seedlings are hardened for 10-15 days.
7. The fast-growing and high-yield peach tree improved variety bud grafting cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: when transplanting grafted seedlings, 4-5 cuts are longitudinally scratched by a nutrition pot and then planted in soil, and the row spacing of the seedlings is 1-1.5 meters multiplied by 0.3-0.7 meter.
8. The fast-growing and high-yield cultivation method for grafting improved variety buds of peach trees as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 7, which is characterized in that: the fertilizer and water management during the nursery stock management period is that the nursery stock is mainly sprayed with nitrogen fertilizer before 6 months, is mainly sprayed with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer after 6 months, is sprayed with a solution which is 200 times potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 160 times urea in 8 months, and is sprayed for 2-3 times in 7-15 days.
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