CN113940409B - 一种含不饱和脂肪酸的肉丸的制备方法 - Google Patents
一种含不饱和脂肪酸的肉丸的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开含不饱和脂肪酸的肉丸制备方法,包括以下步骤:1)杜仲籽去皮、加水打浆,得浆液,浆液中加入杜仲籽油、蔗糖酯、维生素E,超声混合、超高压微射流处理,得杜仲籽油乳液;2)杜仲籽油乳液喷雾干燥,得复合油乳化粉;3)将复合油乳化粉和大孔磷酸酯淀粉混合、研磨,得双层微胶囊油粉;4)选取肥膘肉切割、绞碎、斩拌,得肉糜A,肉糜A中加入双层微胶囊油粉,斩拌,得乳化肉糜B;5)选取动物肉清洗、去杂、切片、斩拌,得肉糜C;6)将乳化肉糜B、肉糜C、水、转谷氨酰胺酶和盐、味精斩拌,得乳化肉糜D,制丸即得。本方法制备的肉丸,口感好,富含不饱和脂肪酸、油脂不易分离,制备方法简单。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于食品制作技术领域。
背景技术
肉丸是一种深受消费者喜爱的肉制品,其主要成分为动物蛋白质及动物脂肪,但动物脂肪的脂肪酸组成以饱和脂肪酸为主,缺少亚油酸、亚麻酸等不饱和脂肪酸,长期摄入动物脂肪酸,容易造成心脑血管疾病。而不饱和脂肪酸,具有预防降血脂、预防心脑血管疾病的作用。因此,人们在富含动物脂肪的食品中添加植物油,如大豆油、玉米油、棕榈油、葵花籽油等,通过使用一种或几种植物油添加到牛乳中以提高食品中的不饱和脂肪酸比例。
在肉制品加工中,专利CN101305814A申请了一种富含ω-3不饱和脂肪酸肉制品的加工方法,先将畜禽皮、大豆分离蛋白、肥肉丁、深海鱼油和维生素E斩拌形成乳化肉糜,再将乳化肉糜与腌制瘦肉、肥肉丁和香料粉进一步斩拌形成乳化效果更好的细肉糜,将ω-3不饱和脂肪酸与肉品成份充分乳化融合在一起;专利CN103621763B申请了一种复合蛋白乳化体系的制备方法,将大豆分离蛋白与水混合制成大豆蛋白溶液,并调节蛋白溶液pH至中性,将中性大豆蛋白溶液加热进行改性,加热改性后冷冻干燥制得改性大豆分离蛋白,将猪里脊肉浸提后离心、过滤得肌原纤维蛋白,将改性大豆分离蛋白与肌原纤维蛋白混合后溶解于含有氯化钠的磷酸缓冲液中配成混合蛋白溶液,向混合蛋白溶液中加入植物油得蛋白油脂混合溶液,均质后得复合蛋白乳化体系,将乳化体系添加到乳化肠制品中应用;专利CN106343381B申请了一种含有酶法改性大豆分离蛋白的乳化肠及其制备方法。以上公开的专利文献都是将富含ω-3不饱和脂肪酸的油脂和改性或者不改性蛋白质混合,制成乳化体系添加到肉制品中,主要目的是改变蛋白质特性,制备蛋白质-油脂乳化体系。但这些富含不饱和脂肪酸乳化体系的油脂都是液态,制备的乳化体系在肉制品中,液态的油脂和动物的固态油脂难以充分融合,加工和储藏过程中,固态油脂和液态油脂会发生分离,容易形成油脂析出;同时,这些富含不饱和脂肪酸的油脂往往带有腥味,容易氧化,影响产品的风味。
发明内容
本发明目的在于提供一种含不饱和脂肪酸的肉丸的制备方法。
基于上述目的,本发明采取以下技术方案:
一种含不饱和脂肪酸的肉丸的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)将杜仲籽去皮、加水打浆,得浆液,浆液中加入杜仲籽油、蔗糖酯、维生素E,超声混合、超高压微射流处理,得杜仲籽油乳液;
2)将步骤1)杜仲籽油乳液喷雾干燥,得复合油乳化粉;
3)将步骤2)复合油乳化粉和大孔磷酸酯淀粉按质量比1:(1~3)混合、研磨,得双层微胶囊油粉;
4)选取肥膘肉切割、绞碎、斩拌20~30 min,得肉糜A,肉糜A中加入步骤3)双层微胶囊油粉,斩拌10~20min,得乳化肉糜B;肥膘肉与双层微胶囊油粉的质量比为(1~3):1;
5)选取动物肉清洗、去杂、切片、斩拌20~30 min,得肉糜C;
6)将步骤4)乳化肉糜B、步骤5)肉糜C、水、转谷氨酰胺酶和调味料斩拌10~20min,得乳化肉糜D,将乳化肉糜D制丸即得。
步骤1)中,水的质量为杜仲籽去皮后质量的4~6倍,杜仲籽油、蔗糖酯、维生素E分别占浆液质量的10~20%、0.5~5%、0.1~2%。
步骤1)中,超声采用超声波,条件为功率200~600 W,时间为5~20min;超高压微射流处理条件,压力100~600MPa、温度20~55℃,处理次数1-3次。
步骤2)中,喷雾干燥条件:入口温度160~220℃,出口温度60~90℃,复合油乳化粉的含水量5-6%;步骤3)中,研磨时间为10~30 min。
步骤5)中,动物肉为猪肉、牛肉或羊肉;步骤6)中,斩拌时采用超声处理,超声功率150-220W。
步骤6)中,乳化肉糜B、肉糜C、水、盐、味精的质量分别占乳化肉糜D质量的60~70%、15~25%、5~10%、1%~5%、0.5~2%,每1g乳化肉糜D的转谷氨酰胺酶用量为1-2U。
步骤6)中,调味料包括盐、味精和其它辅料,盐、味精分别占乳化肉糜D质量的1%~5%、0.5~2%。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下有益效果:
1)本发明首先采用植物肉和动物肉进行组合,增加肉丸中不饱和脂肪酸含量;
2)采用杜仲籽蛋白和富含不饱和脂肪酸的杜仲籽油、抗氧化能力强的维生素E,未添加外来蛋白质,利用植物杜仲籽本身的蛋白质和杜仲籽油进行乳化,发挥杜仲籽油和杜仲籽蛋白质在植物生长过程中形成的天然亲和性,通过超声和超高压微射流处理,形成乳化稳定性好的杜仲籽油乳液,再经过喷雾干燥形成复合油乳化粉,克服液态乳液直接添加乳液容易分离的缺点;采用大孔磷酸酯淀粉对复合油乳化粉二次包埋,进一步防止植物油脂的析出和氧化,同时,大孔磷酸酯淀粉,具有乳化特性,在后续斩拌中,协同二次超声波处理,可以和动物油脂充分乳化,将植物油脂成分和动物油脂成分有机结合,发挥大孔磷酸酯淀粉包埋和乳化双作用;
3)本方法制备的肉丸,口感好,富含不饱和脂肪酸、油脂不易分离,制备方法简单。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明的技术方案,下面将对实施例中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍,显而易见地,下面描述中的附图仅仅是本发明的一些实施例,对于本领域技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动的前提下,还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1为不同方法制备的乳液的粒径;
图2为不同方法制备的乳液的Zeta电位变化;
图3为延长储藏时间不同方法制备的乳液的粒径变化;
图4为延长储藏时间不同方法制备的乳液的Zeta电位变化图;
图5 为不同方法制备的肉丸的不饱和脂肪酸含量;
图6为不同方法制备的肉丸的过氧化值含量;
图7为实施例1、4~ 10得到的产品感官评分。
具体实施方式
为使本发明的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚,下面对本发明的技术方案进行详细描述,但下述实施例仅仅是本发明的一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动的前提下所得到的所有其它实施方式,都属于本发明所保护的范围。
实施例1
一种含不饱和脂肪酸的肉丸的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)将杜仲籽去皮、加水打浆,得浆液,浆液中加入杜仲籽油、蔗糖酯、维生素E,于功率500 W下,采用超声波超声15min进行混合,于压力600MPa、温度20℃,超高压微射流处理2次,得杜仲籽油乳液;水的质量为杜仲籽去皮后质量的6倍,杜仲籽油、蔗糖酯、维生素E分别占浆液质量的15%、1.5%、0.5%;
2)将步骤1)杜仲籽油乳液喷雾干燥,入口温度200℃,出口温度80℃,得含水量5%的复合油乳化粉;
3)将步骤2)复合油乳化粉和大孔磷酸酯淀粉按质量比1: 3混合、研磨20 min,得双层微胶囊油粉;
4)选取猪肉的肥膘肉切割、绞碎、斩拌机斩拌30 min,得肉糜A,肉糜A中加入步骤3)双层微胶囊油粉,继续斩拌15min,得乳化肉糜B;肥膘肉与双层微胶囊油粉的质量比为1:1;
5)选取猪肉清洗、去杂、切片、斩拌30 min,得肉糜C;切片后肉片厚度0.1~0.2cm;
6)将步骤4)乳化肉糜B、步骤5)肉糜C、冰水、转谷氨酰胺酶和调味料混匀,斩拌15min,得乳化肉糜D,将乳化肉糜D制丸即得;斩拌时采用超声处理(斩拌用斩拌机,在斩拌机上用超声波发出波,斩拌刀在超声环境中进行),超声功率220W;乳化肉糜B、肉糜C、冰水、盐、味精的质量分别占乳化肉糜D质量的60%、25%、5%、3%、1%,其余为生姜粉,1g乳化肉糜D的转谷氨酰胺酶用量2U。
实施例2
一种含不饱和脂肪酸的肉丸的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)将杜仲籽去皮、加水打浆,得浆液,浆液中加入杜仲籽油、蔗糖酯、维生素E,于功率600 W下,采用超声波超声5min进行混合,于压力100MPa、温度55℃,超高压微射流处理1次,得杜仲籽油乳液;水的质量为杜仲籽去皮后质量的4倍,杜仲籽油、蔗糖酯、维生素E分别占浆液质量的20%、5%、2%;
2)将步骤1)杜仲籽油乳液喷雾干燥,入口温度160℃,出口温度60℃,得含水量6%的复合油乳化粉;
3)将步骤2)复合油乳化粉和大孔磷酸酯淀粉按质量比1:1混合、研磨10min,得双层微胶囊油粉;
4)选取猪肉的肥膘肉切割、绞碎、斩拌20 min,得肉糜A,肉糜A中加入步骤3)双层微胶囊油粉,斩拌10min,得乳化肉糜B;肥膘肉与双层微胶囊油粉的质量比为3:1;
5)选取猪肉清洗、去杂、切片、斩拌30 min,得肉糜C;切片后肉片厚度0.1~0.2cm;
6)将步骤4)乳化肉糜B、步骤5)肉糜C、冰水、转谷氨酰胺酶和调味料混匀,斩拌10min,得乳化肉糜D,将乳化肉糜D制丸即得;斩拌时采用超声处理,超声功率150W;乳化肉糜B、肉糜C、冰水、盐、味精的质量分别占乳化肉糜D质量的70%、15%、8%、5%、1%,其余为生姜粉,1g乳化肉糜D的转谷氨酰胺酶用量2U。
实施例3
一种含不饱和脂肪酸的肉丸的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)将杜仲籽去皮、加水打浆,得浆液,浆液中加入杜仲籽油、蔗糖酯、维生素E,于功率200 W下,采用超声波超声20min进行混合,于压力600MPa、温度35℃,超高压微射流处理3次,得杜仲籽油乳液;水的质量为杜仲籽去皮后质量的5倍,杜仲籽油、蔗糖酯、维生素E分别占浆液质量的15%、3%、1%;
2)将步骤1)杜仲籽油乳液喷雾干燥,入口温度220℃,出口温度90℃,得含水量5%的复合油乳化粉;
3)将步骤2)复合油乳化粉和大孔磷酸酯淀粉按质量比1:2混合、研磨20min,得双层微胶囊油粉;
4)选取羊肉的肥膘肉切割、绞碎、斩拌20 min,得肉糜A,肉糜A中加入步骤3)双层微胶囊油粉,斩拌20min,得乳化肉糜B;肥膘肉与双层微胶囊油粉的质量比为2:1;
5)选取羊肉清洗、去杂、切片、斩拌20 min,得肉糜C;切片后肉片厚度0.1~0.2cm;
6)将步骤4)乳化肉糜B、步骤5)肉糜C、冰水、转谷氨酰胺酶和调味料混匀,斩拌20min,得乳化肉糜D,将乳化肉糜D制丸即得;斩拌时采用超声处理,超声功率180W;乳化肉糜B、肉糜C、冰水、盐、味精的质量分别占乳化肉糜D质量的65%、20%、10%、1%、2%,其余为生姜,1g乳化肉糜D的转谷氨酰胺酶用量1U。
实施例4(步骤1)不包括超声和超高压微射流处理)
一种含不饱和脂肪酸的肉丸的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)将杜仲籽去皮、加水打浆,得浆液,浆液中加入杜仲籽油、蔗糖酯、维生素E,混合均匀,得杜仲籽油乳液;水的质量为杜仲籽去皮后质量的6倍,杜仲籽油、蔗糖酯、维生素E分别占浆液质量的15%、1.5%、0.5%;
2)将步骤1)杜仲籽油乳液喷雾干燥,入口温度200℃,出口温度80℃,得含水量5%复合油乳化粉;
3)将步骤2)复合油乳化粉和大孔磷酸酯淀粉按质量比1: 3混合、研磨20 min,得双层微胶囊油粉;
4)选取猪肉的肥膘肉切割、绞碎、斩拌机斩拌30 min,得肉糜A,肉糜A中加入步骤3)双层微胶囊油粉,继续斩拌15min,得乳化肉糜B;肥膘肉与双层微胶囊油粉的质量比为1:1;
5)选取猪肉清洗、去杂、切片、斩拌30 min,得肉糜C;切片后肉片厚度0.1~0.2cm;
6)将步骤4)乳化肉糜B、步骤5)肉糜C、冰水、转谷氨酰胺酶和调味料混匀,斩拌15min,得乳化肉糜D,将乳化肉糜D制丸即得;斩拌时采用超声处理,超声功率220W;乳化肉糜B、肉糜C、冰水、盐、味精的质量分别占乳化肉糜D质量的60%、25%、5%、3%、1%,其余为生姜粉,1g乳化肉糜D的转谷氨酰胺酶用量2U。
实施例5 (步骤1)不包括超声处理)
一种含不饱和脂肪酸的肉丸的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)将杜仲籽去皮、加水打浆,得浆液,浆液中加入杜仲籽油、蔗糖酯、维生素E,混合,于压力600MPa、温度20℃下,超高压微射流处理2次,得杜仲籽油乳液;水的质量为杜仲籽去皮后质量的6倍,杜仲籽油、蔗糖酯、维生素E分别占浆液质量的15%、1.5%、0.5%;
2)将步骤1)杜仲籽油乳液喷雾干燥,入口温度200℃,出口温度80℃,得含水量5%复合油乳化粉;
3)将步骤2)复合油乳化粉和大孔磷酸酯淀粉按质量比1: 3混合、研磨20 min,得双层微胶囊油粉;
4)选取猪肉的肥膘肉切割、绞碎、斩拌机斩拌30 min,得肉糜A,肉糜A中加入步骤3)双层微胶囊油粉,继续斩拌15min,得乳化肉糜B;肥膘肉与双层微胶囊油粉的质量比为1:1;
5)选取猪肉清洗、去杂、切片、斩拌30 min,得肉糜C;切片后肉片厚度0.1~0.2cm;
6)将步骤4)乳化肉糜B、步骤5)肉糜C、冰水、转谷氨酰胺酶和调味料混匀,斩拌15min,得乳化肉糜D,将乳化肉糜D制丸即得;斩拌时采用超声处理,超声功率220W;乳化肉糜B、肉糜C、冰水、盐、味精的质量分别占乳化肉糜D质量的60%、25%、5%、3%、1%,其余为生姜粉,1g乳化肉糜D的转谷氨酰胺酶用量2U。
实施例6
与实施例1的不同之处在于,步骤1)不包括超高压微射流处理,其它同实施例1。
实施例7
与实施例1的不同之处在于,不包括步骤2)喷雾干燥,其它同实施例1。
实施例8
与实施例1的不同之处在于,不包括步骤3)中,复合油乳化粉和大孔磷酸酯淀粉混合、研磨步骤,其它同实施例1。
实施例9
一种含不饱和脂肪酸的肉丸的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)选取猪肉的肥膘肉切割、绞碎,加入蔗糖酯、维生素E,采用斩拌机斩拌30 min为肉糜A,蔗糖酯、维生素E分别占肥膘肉质量的1.5%、0.5%;
2)选取猪肉清洗、去杂、切片、斩拌30 min,得肉糜C;切片后肉片厚度0.1~0.2cm;
3)将肉糜A、肉糜C、冰水、转谷氨酰胺酶和调味料混匀,斩拌15min,得肉糜D,将肉糜D制丸即得;斩拌时采用超声处理,超声功率220W;肉糜A、肉糜C、冰水、盐、味精的质量分别占肉糜D质量的60%、25%、5%、3%、1%,其余为生姜粉,1g乳化肉糜D的转谷氨酰胺酶用量2U。
实施例10
与实施例1的不同之处在于,步骤6)不包括超声处理,其它同实施例1。
实施例11 试验例
10.1、不同乳化方法对乳化液稳定性的影响
分别取30 mL的实施例1、实施例4、实施例5和实施例6制备的乳液样品,加入到50mL 离心管中,加盖密封,室温条件下,10000 r/min离心20min,测定其粒径和Zeta电位,比较其粒径和zeta-电位,如图1、图2所示,相同情况下,粒径越大、zeta-电位越低,乳液越不稳定。
由图1和图2得知,本发明实施例1制备的杜仲籽油乳液,乳液粒径最小、zeta-电位最大,由此表明,经过超声和超高压微射流的杜仲籽油乳液稳定性更佳。
将以上乳液样品放在25℃条件下,储存12 d,每隔3 d测定其粒径和Zeta电位。其粒径结果如图3,其Zeta电位结果如图4。
延长贮藏时间和提高贮藏温度会使得纳米乳液粒径增大,Zeta电位值绝对值减小,导致纳米乳液的稳定性降低,颗粒间出现絮凝现象。
从图3和4得知,本发明实施例1制备的乳液样品,乳液粒径增大和Zeta电位变小的趋势最为缓慢,由此表明,经过超声和超高压微射流的乳液稳定性更佳。
、不同制备方法对肉丸不饱和脂肪酸含量的影响
对实施例1、实施例4-10制备的肉丸,在-18℃条件下,储藏3个月后取出,按GB5009.168-2016《食品中脂肪酸的测定》测定食品中不饱和脂肪酸含量(g/100g),结果见图5。
从图5得知,实施例9为不添加不饱和脂肪酸的常规肉丸,基本无不饱和脂肪酸,添加不饱和脂肪酸未经过包埋和喷雾干燥的样品,不饱和脂肪酸在储存期间损失大。经过包埋的产品,不饱和脂肪酸损失小,但仅仅经过超声和超高压微射流处理的样品,不利于二次包埋,不饱和脂肪酸在储藏后也小于同时经过超声和超高压微射流处理的样品,不超过二次超声处理的样品,不饱和脂肪酸在储藏后也小于同时经过二次超声处理的样品。经长时间储藏后,本发明实施例1的肉丸样品含有较高的不饱和脂肪酸含量。
、不同制备方法对肉丸油脂氧化的影响
对实施例1、实施例4-10制备的肉丸,在-18℃条件下储藏3个月后取出,按参照GB5009.227-2016《食品中过氧化值的测定》测定食品中过氧化值含量(g/100g),结果见图6。
从图6得知,添加不饱和脂肪酸未经过包埋和干燥的样品,过氧化值大。经过包埋的产品,过氧化值小,但仅仅经过超声和超高压微射流处理的样品,不利于二次包埋,过氧化值在储藏后也大于同时经过超声和超高压微射流处理的样品。不超过二次超声处理的样品,过氧化值在储藏后也大于同时经过二次超声处理的样品。经长时间储藏后,本发明实施例1的肉丸样品油脂氧化影响比较小。
、不同制备方法对肉丸感官品质的影响
将实施例1、4-10得到的肉丸产品,煮熟后感官评分,感官评分由感官评价员从色泽、气味、口感、组织形态和质地五个方面进行评分。结果如图7所示。
色泽标准:具有正常肉丸的颜色15~20分,色泽略有杂色6~14分,色泽杂色明显1~5分;气味标准为:具有肉类自然香味15~20分,略有植物油腥味6~14分,植物油腥味明显1~5分;
口感标准:爽口筋道、不油腻15~20分,筋道、略油腻6~14分,不筋道、油腻1~5分;
组织形态:断面均一、无油脂析出15~20分,断面较均一、略有油脂析出6~14分,断面不均一、油脂析出严重1~5分;
质地标准:富有弹性15~20分,较有弹性6~14分,弹性差1~5分。
从图7可知,实施例1的感官评分最高,实施例4-10得分较低,实施例1的感官评分更高,表明实施例1制备的肉丸,质量较佳,并且好于常规为添加不饱和脂肪酸的样品。
以上所述,仅为本发明的具体实施方式,但本发明的保护范围并不局限于此,任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本发明揭露的技术范围内,可轻易想到变化或替换,都应涵盖在本发明的保护范围之内。因此,本发明的保护范围应以权利要求书的保护范围为准。
Claims (5)
1.一种含不饱和脂肪酸的肉丸的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
1)将杜仲籽去皮、加水打浆,得浆液,浆液中加入杜仲籽油、蔗糖酯、维生素E,超声混合、超高压微射流处理,得杜仲籽油乳液;
2)将步骤1)杜仲籽油乳液喷雾干燥,得复合油乳化粉;
3)将步骤2)复合油乳化粉和大孔磷酸酯淀粉按质量比1:(1~3)混合、研磨,得双层微胶囊油粉;
4)选取肥膘肉切割、绞碎、斩拌20~30 min,得肉糜A,肉糜A中加入步骤3)双层微胶囊油粉,斩拌10~20min,得乳化肉糜B;肥膘肉与双层微胶囊油粉的质量比为(1~3):1;
5)选取动物肉清洗、去杂、切片、斩拌20~30 min,得肉糜C;
6)将步骤4)乳化肉糜B、步骤5)肉糜C、水、转谷氨酰胺酶和调味料斩拌10~20min,得乳化肉糜D,将乳化肉糜D制丸即得;
步骤1)中,水的质量为杜仲籽去皮后质量的4~6倍,杜仲籽油、蔗糖酯、维生素E分别占浆液质量的10~20%、0.5~5%、0.1~2%;
步骤1)中,超声采用超声波,条件为功率200~600 W,时间为5~20min;超高压微射流处理条件,压力100~600MPa、温度20~55℃,处理次数1-3次。
2.如权利要求1所述的含不饱和脂肪酸的肉丸的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤2)中,喷雾干燥条件:入口温度160~220℃,出口温度60~90℃;步骤3)中,研磨时间为10~30 min。
3.如权利要求2所述的含不饱和脂肪酸的肉丸的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤5)中,动物肉为猪肉、牛肉或羊肉;步骤6)中,斩拌时采用超声处理,超声功率150-220W。
4.如权利要求3所述的含不饱和脂肪酸的肉丸的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤6)中,乳化肉糜B、肉糜C、水的质量分别占乳化肉糜D质量的60~70%、15~25%、5~10%,每1g乳化肉糜D的转谷氨酰胺酶用量为1-2U。
5.如权利要求4所述的含不饱和脂肪酸的肉丸的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤6)中,调味料包括盐、味精和其它辅料,盐、味精分别占乳化肉糜D质量的1%~5%、0.5~2%。
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