CN113924915A

CN113924915A - Breeding and cultivation regulation and control method for plum variety

Info

Publication number: CN113924915A
Application number: CN202111202731.0A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 罗洋; 陈劲松
Original assignee: Sichuan Bashan Fruit Agricultural Ecology Technology Co ltd
Current assignee: Sichuan Bashan Fruit Agricultural Ecology Technology Co ltd
Priority date: 2021-10-15
Filing date: 2021-10-15
Publication date: 2022-01-14

Abstract

The invention discloses a breeding and cultivation regulating method of plum varieties, and relates to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation. A plum variety breeding and cultivation regulation method comprises the following breeding steps: the method comprises the following steps: after fertilization and land preparation are carried out in sandy soil, rootstock seeds collected from strong, insect-free and high-yield rootstock stock plants are sowed on planting ridges according to the interval of 15-20 centimeters, 2-4 centimeters of soil is covered on the seeds, a layer of hay is paved on the soil, sterile water is sprayed on the hay to keep the soil around the seeds moist, and the selected height is not lower than 80 centimeters in the next spring. According to the invention, stock seedlings are cultivated automatically, and excellent stock seedlings can be selected as grafted seedlings during grafting, so that the grafted plum seedlings have vigorous vitality, the subsequent management is further facilitated, and the conditions of low fruit yield, poor quality and low high-quality fruit rate caused by seedling raising problems in a plum orchard are avoided.

Description

Breeding and cultivation regulation and control method for plum variety

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation, in particular to a breeding and cultivation regulation and control method of a plum variety.

Background

With the development of economy, the living standard of people is improved, the cultivation area of the domestic plum garden is rapidly enlarged at present, the yield of the plums is greatly increased, but in the processes of initial breeding and later cultivation of the plum trees, seedling selection and seedling raising are poor, blind close planting, one-side fertilization and excessive fertilization are performed, so that the situations of low yield, poor quality, more insect pests and fruits, low high-quality fruit rate and the like of a plurality of plum gardens are caused, the economic benefits of most plum plantation are relatively poor, and therefore a breeding and cultivation regulation and control method of the plum varieties is urgently provided to solve the technical problems.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a plum variety breeding and cultivation regulation and control method to solve the problems in the background technology.

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme and a breeding method of the plum variety, wherein the breeding method comprises the following steps:

the method comprises the following steps: after fertilizing and soil preparation is carried out in sandy soil, stock seeds collected from robust, insect-free and high-yield stock plants are sown on planting ridges according to the interval of 15-20 centimeters, 2-4 centimeters of soil is covered on the seeds, a layer of hay is laid on the soil, sterile water is sprayed on the hay to keep the soil around the seeds moist, and saplings with the height not less than 80 centimeters and the diameter not less than 1 centimeter are selected as the stocks in the next spring;

step two: collecting strong plum branches without diseases and insect pests for refrigeration in 3 months next year, wherein the storage temperature is below 0 ℃, and collecting branches with the length of 8-10 centimeters and 2-3 full teeth as grafting ears from the plum branches in 5 months of the year;

step three: and (3) grafting the grafting scion in the step two on the stock in the step one on a sunny day, and simultaneously, appropriately replanting the grafted seedling, wherein weeding, fertilization and pest control are enhanced in the growing season.

Furthermore, the steps of fertilizing and preparing soil are as follows: uniformly spreading 3000 kilograms of 2000-plus-one self-made fertilizer on sandy soil per 1 hectare, deeply ploughing and leveling, wherein the ploughing depth is not less than 20 centimeters, and water drainage channels are arranged on two sides of each planting ridge according to the topography and trend of the sandy soil, wherein the width and the depth of each water drainage channel are 20 centimeters, and the width of each planting ridge is 80-100 centimeters.

Further, seeds of Rosaceae tree species such as wild peach, wild apricot, wild cherry, Japanese apricot, and plum can be selected as the stock seeds in the step one.

Furthermore, the self-made fertilizer consists of 5 mass percent of bone powder, 5 mass percent of human and animal excreta, 0.5 mass percent of compound fertilizer and 90 mass percent of water, and the preparation method comprises the following steps: putting the bone powder and the human and animal excreta into a fermentation tank according to the mass ratio of 1:1, adding a proper amount of water after adding a biological fermentation agent so as to keep the water content of the mixture at 60%, sealing and storing for half a year to obtain a mixture A, adding water and a compound fertilizer into the mixture A according to the mass ratio of 50:150:1, and stirring and mixing to obtain the self-made fertilizer.

Furthermore, the bone powder is any one or a mixture of more of pig bones, cow bones, sheep bones, fish bones, chicken bones, duck bones, goose bones, shrimp and crab shells, hoof and horns of livestock and other miscellaneous bones, the mesh number of the bone powder is more than 20 meshes, and the biological leavening agent adopts a CM101 leavening agent.

A cultivation regulation method of plum varieties comprises the following cultivation steps:

step four: selecting a plum grafted seedling of three ages as a cultivation seedling, selecting a mountain land cultivation seedling which has a certain gradient and is fertilized by a self-made fertilizer, controlling the row spacing of cultivation to be 4-5 m, controlling the plant spacing to be 3-4 m, and planting a pollination plant which has the same flowering phase with the cultivation seedling in each row;

step five: in 7-9 months of the next year, 1-2 kg of self-made fertilizer is applied to the root of each plum tree;

step six: pruning the plum trees according to the growing tree vigor of the plum trees, shaping the tree shape according to a natural round head shape and a slender spindle shape, and pruning short main branches to promote the tree crowns to expand outwards continuously and timely dredge dense buds on the peripheries of the tree crowns;

step seven: when the plum trees bear fruits normally, the plum trees are fertilized and shaped once a year, and meanwhile weeding and pest control are enhanced in the growing season.

Furthermore, the slope of the mountain land is 5-15 ℃, the pH value of the soil is 5-8, and the average temperature of the mountain land is 15-25 ℃.

Further, the pest control method comprises spraying pesticide to plum trees every 10 days in 3-4 months every year.

Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects of,

(1) According to the breeding and cultivation regulation and control method of the plum variety, stock seedlings are cultivated automatically, and excellent stock seedlings can be selected as grafted seedlings during grafting, so that the grafted plum seedlings are vigorous in life, subsequent management is further facilitated, and the conditions of low fruit yield, poor quality and low high-quality fruit rate caused by seedling raising problems in a plum garden are avoided.

(2) According to the breeding and cultivation regulation and control method of the plum variety, the self-made fertilizer is automatically prepared in the early seedling stage, so that the fertilizer efficiency of the cultivation soil of the plum seedling is durable, the plum seedling contains nutrient elements required for growth for a long time, and meanwhile, the root system of the plum seedling is developed due to the phosphorus element rich in the plum seedling, so that the vitality of the plum seedling can be improved, and the disease and insect resistance of the plum seedling can be improved.

Detailed Description

The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Examples

A breeding method of plum varieties comprises the following steps:

the method comprises the following steps: after the fertilizer is applied and prepared in the sandy soil, the concrete steps of applying and preparing the fertilizer are as follows: uniformly spreading 2500 kilograms of self-made fertilizer on sandy soil per 1 hectare, deeply ploughing and leveling, wherein the ploughing depth is not less than 20 centimeters, arranging drainage channels on two sides of each planting ridge according to the topography and the trend of the sandy soil, the width and the depth of each drainage channel are 20 centimeters, the width of each planting ridge is 90 centimeters, sowing the Prunus cerasus seeds collected from a strong, insect-free and high-yield Prunus cerasus parent plant on the planting ridges at intervals of 18 centimeters, covering the seeds with 3 centimeters of soil, paving a layer of hay on the soil, spraying sterile water on the hay to keep the soil around the seeds moist, selecting seedlings with the height of not less than 80 centimeters and the diameter of not less than 1 centimeter as stocks in the next spring, wherein the Prunus cerasus trees in the embodiment have small and neat seeds and are in an oval shape, and the mother plants produce seeds, therefore, the plum tree is easy to obtain and relatively cheap compared with other tree species, and simultaneously, when the plum tree is used as the stock of the plum, the grafting affinity is good, the dwarfing effect is obvious, and the plum tree has the advantages of early fruit, early richness, drought resistance, cold resistance, strong adaptability and the like, so that the plum tree has certain market competitiveness;

step two: in 3 months of the next year, plum branches which grow robustly and have no diseases and insect pests are collected and refrigerated, the storage temperature is below 0 ℃, the branches with the length of 8 centimeters are collected from the plum branches in 5 months of the year, and 3 branches with full teeth are reserved as grafting ears, it is required to be known that the plum branches with the variety of Wuyue crisp are adopted as the grafting ears in the embodiment, the pulp of the Wuyue crisp plum has the characteristics of crisp, sweet, boneless, crisp, extremely fine and thin pulp, thin peel, strong fruity flavor, no bitter taste and sour taste in the peel and the like, and meanwhile, the plum has the characteristics of transportation resistance, long picking period after maturation, no softness, high sweetness and the like, so the plum trees planted with the variety have certain market competitiveness;

step three: grafting the grafting scion in the second step on the stock in the first step on sunny days, cutting off the stock from the ground level by 5-6 centimeters by using scissors when grafting, wherein the diameter of the scissors is about 1 centimeter, splitting of 2.2-2.5 centimeters is cut on the sunny front side of a trunk from the middle part and a blade from top to bottom, a cutter is sharp and clean, the grafting scion and the stock are cut by using the cutter, the cut surface is flat and neat, repeated cutting is avoided, if burrs appear on the cut surface, the matching of the grafting scion and the stock is influenced, after the stock and the graft are cut, the cutting surface of the grafting scion is inserted into the splitting of the stock, the cambium on the sunrise side is aligned to form a plane, the cutting surface of the grafting scion cannot be dislocated, the grafting scion is wound together from bottom to top by using an elastic plastic strip, no gap is left, so that the graft scion is prevented from being ventilated and filled with water, the graft is prevented from losing water and dying, and the survival rate is reduced, the scion is required to move quickly, the stability and accuracy are required, the top of the scion is coated with paint to avoid excessive water loss, the scion sprouts for about 20 days, after the interface heals for about 60 days, the plastic strip is stripped, a high-quality bud is reserved on the scion after survival, soil is kept moist after the scion, the water supply capacity of the stock to the scion is improved, meanwhile, the grafted seedling is appropriately reseeded, and weeding, fertilization and pest control are enhanced in the growing season.

The self-made fertilizer in the step one consists of 5 mass percent of bone powder, 5 mass percent of human and animal excreta, 0.5 mass percent of compound fertilizer and 90 mass percent of water, wherein the bone powder is any one or a mixture of more of pig bones, cow bones, sheep bones, fish bones, chicken bones, duck bones, goose bones, shrimp and crab shells, hoofs of livestock and other miscellaneous bones, the mesh number of the self-made fertilizer is more than 20 meshes, and the preparation method of the self-made fertilizer comprises the following steps: putting bone powder and human and animal feces into a fermentation tank according to the mass ratio of 1:1, adding a proper amount of water after adding a biological fermentation agent to keep the water content of the mixture at 60%, sealing and storing for half a year to obtain a mixture A, adding water and a compound fertilizer into the mixture A according to the mass ratio of 50:150:1 of the mixture A, the water and the compound fertilizer, and stirring and mixing to obtain a self-made fertilizer, wherein the biological fermentation agent adopts a CM101 fermentation microbial inoculum which belongs to a natural compound fermentation microbial inoculum, and the original strain is taken from the soil layer of the dense forest in the Changbai mountain, is a microbial colony consisting of various natural beneficial microorganisms such as bacteria, filamentous bacteria, yeast, actinomycetes and the like, has strong aerobic fermentation decomposition capacity, can ferment quickly and well, can simultaneously ferment at high temperature and can mature at low temperature, and shorten the fertilizer preparation time, the cost is reduced, so the self-made fertilizer prepared from the fermentation inoculant can effectively reduce the production cost, and the fertilizer effect of the prepared fertilizer is more durable.

step four: selecting a plum grafted seedling of three ages as a cultivation seedling, selecting a mountain land cultivation seedling which has a certain gradient and is fertilized by a self-made fertilizer, controlling the row spacing of the cultivation to be 4-5 m, controlling the plant spacing to be 3-4 m, and planting a pollination plant which has the same flowering phase with the cultivation seedling in each row, wherein the stock selected in the embodiment is a mao cherry tree, and the mao cherry tree has poor waterlogging resistance, so that when the mountain land is selected, the mountain land with a steep gradient needs to be selected as a plantation to facilitate subsequent drainage, the gradient of the mountain land in the embodiment is 15 degrees, the pH value range of soil is 7, and the average temperature of the mountain land is 20 degrees;

step seven: when the plum trees bear fruits normally, fertilizing and shaping the plum trees once a year, enhancing weeding and pest control in a growing season, and spraying pesticides to the plum trees every 10 days in a pest control method of 3-4 months every year.

Comparative example

A plum garden having approximately the same environment as in the comparative example and a cultivar of marbled was selected as the comparative example.

The yield and quality of plum orchard in examples and comparative examples were evaluated and compared, respectively.

Firstly, yield:

the trees of the plum gardens in the examples and the comparative examples are matrixed, ten matrix points are randomly selected from matrix maps of the plum gardens in the examples and the comparative examples, corresponding plum trees are found according to the selected matrix points, the plums on the plum trees are picked and then individually weighed, and the results are shown in table 1:

TABLE 1

Item	Example (kg)	Comparative example (kg)
			Fruit tree 1	38	22
Fruit tree 2	35	22
			Fruit tree 3	36	23
Fruit tree 4	35	35
			Fruit tree 5	30	25
Fruit tree 6	35	24
			Fruit tree 7	37	25
Fruit tree 8	36	24
			Fruit tree 9	32	21
Fruit tree 10	35	32

From table 1, it can be seen that the fruit trees in the examples have higher yield and more uniform yield.

Secondly, the quality of the plums is as follows:

1) fruit size:

100 plums were randomly extracted from the plums in which the yields of plum gardens in examples and comparative examples were evaluated, and then the average weights thereof were calculated, and the results thereof are shown in Table 2:

TABLE 2

It can be understood from Table 2 that the plums in the examples are significantly larger than those in the comparative examples.

2) Sweetness of the fruit:

ten consumers were randomly selected as testers, sucrose was added into cold plain boiled water with the sweetness of sucrose as 100%, sucrose solutions with concentration gradient of 1% and concentration range of 5% to 20% were prepared, the testers started testing from the sucrose solution with concentration range of 5%, first drunk about 5ml of sucrose solution, then eaten about 5 cubic centimeters of plum pulp, when the pulp was clearly perceived to be sweeter than the sucrose solution, the testers waited for 20 minutes after gargling, then tested concentration gradient until the sweetness of the pulp and sucrose solution was perceived to be equivalent, the sucrose concentration at that time was selected as the sweetness of the plum pulp, and the test results are shown in table 3:

TABLE 3

As can be seen from Table 3, the plum pulp in the examples had relatively high sweetness.

Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A breeding method of plum varieties is characterized in that: the breeding steps are as follows:

2. The breeding method of plum variety according to claim 1, characterized in that: the steps of fertilizing and soil preparation are as follows: uniformly spreading 3000 kilograms of 2000-plus-one self-made fertilizer on sandy soil per 1 hectare, deeply ploughing and leveling, wherein the ploughing depth is not less than 20 centimeters, and water drainage channels are arranged on two sides of each planting ridge according to the topography and trend of the sandy soil, wherein the width and the depth of each water drainage channel are 20 centimeters, and the width of each planting ridge is 80-100 centimeters.

3. The breeding method of plum variety according to claim 1, characterized in that: seeds of plants of Rosaceae such as Prunus persica, Prunus davidiana, and Prunus mume can be selected as the seeds of the stock in the first step.

4. The breeding method of plum variety according to claim 2, characterized in that: the self-made fertilizer consists of 5 mass percent of bone powder, 5 mass percent of human and animal excreta, 0.5 mass percent of compound fertilizer and 90 mass percent of water, and the preparation method comprises the following steps: putting the bone powder and the human and animal excreta into a fermentation tank according to the mass ratio of 1:1, adding a proper amount of water after adding a biological fermentation agent so as to keep the water content of the mixture at 60%, sealing and storing for half a year to obtain a mixture A, adding water and a compound fertilizer into the mixture A according to the mass ratio of 50:150:1, and stirring and mixing to obtain the self-made fertilizer.

5. The breeding method of plum variety according to claim 4, wherein: the bone powder is any one or a mixture of more of pig bones, cow bones, sheep bones, fish bones, chicken bones, duck bones, goose bones, shrimp and crab shells, hoof and horns of livestock and other miscellaneous bones, the mesh number of the bone powder is more than 20 meshes, and the biological leavening agent adopts a CM101 leavening agent.

6. A cultivation regulation and control method of plum varieties is characterized in that: the cultivation steps are as follows:

7. The method of controlling the cultivation of a plum variety according to claim 6, wherein: the slope of the mountain land is 5-15 ℃, the pH value range of the soil is 5-8, and the average temperature of the mountain land is 15-25 ℃.

8. The method of controlling the cultivation of a plum variety according to claim 6, wherein: the pest control method comprises the step of spraying pesticide to the plum trees every 10 days in 3-4 months every year.