CN113796307A - Sunflower hybrid pollination breeding method under southern damp-heat condition - Google Patents
Sunflower hybrid pollination breeding method under southern damp-heat condition Download PDFInfo
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- CN113796307A CN113796307A CN202111071759.5A CN202111071759A CN113796307A CN 113796307 A CN113796307 A CN 113796307A CN 202111071759 A CN202111071759 A CN 202111071759A CN 113796307 A CN113796307 A CN 113796307A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
- A01H1/00—Processes for modifying genotypes ; Plants characterised by associated natural traits
- A01H1/02—Methods or apparatus for hybridisation; Artificial pollination ; Fertility
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
- A01C1/06—Coating or dressing seed
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
Abstract
The invention discloses a sunflower hybrid pollination breeding method under the southern damp-heat condition, which selects a land with relatively flat terrain, medium or more fertility and good drainage; selecting plump seeds, and sun-planting for 2-3 days before planting to enhance the activity of enzymes in the seeds and improve the germination vigor and the germination rate; generally applying 0.5-1.0 ton/mu of organic fertilizer, 10-15 kg/mu of calcium-magnesia phosphate fertilizer, 10-15 kg/mu of urea and 20-30 kg/mu of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer as base fertilizer; adopting a seedling transplanting or breath type precision dibbler direct sowing mode, spring sowing, film covering and grass suppression, wherein the row spacing of the planted plants is 50 multiplied by 55 cm; the row spacing of the plants planted in autumn is 45 multiplied by 50 cm. The invention carries out hybridization on the sunflower by scientific sunflower hybrid seed production method and technical means of land selection and preparation, seed selection, fertilization, planting and the like so as to enhance the disease and insect pest resistance of the sunflower, and the cultured sunflower variety is suitable for being planted under the humid and hot conditions in the south, has non-high-sensitivity to other diseases, high-temperature heat resistance, excellent comprehensive agronomic characters and wide adaptability.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of sunflower planting, in particular to a sunflower hybrid pollination breeding method under the southern damp-heat condition.
Background
The sunflower is a sunflower herb of the genus Helianthus of the family Compositae, is named after the inflorescence rotates along with the sun, is resistant to high temperature and low temperature, has lower requirement on soil, has stronger saline-alkali resistance, has salt absorption performance, is 1-3.5 meters higher, has upright stems, is round and polygonal, and is hard and white and rough in bristles; the wide oval leaves usually alternate, rough on both sides, hairy, long-handled, head-like inflorescence, growing singly at the stem tip or branch end; the bracts are multi-layer, leafy, arranged in a tile shape, long-bristled, blossoming in summer, lignified in peel, gray or black.
The breeding of the sunflower inbred line is the basis of sunflower crossbreeding, is the basic condition for breeding excellent hybrid seeds, and can breed high-yield and high-quality hybrid seeds only by breeding the inbred line with excellent properties, but the existing hybrid seeds sunflower can not be planted in a damp-heat environment and is easy to have diseases, so that the sunflower crossbreeding and breeding method under the damp-heat condition in the south is provided.
Disclosure of Invention
Based on the technical problems in the background art, the invention provides a sunflower hybrid pollination breeding method under the southern damp-heat condition, and aims to solve the problems in the background art.
The invention provides the following technical scheme:
a sunflower hybrid pollination breeding method under the condition of southern damp-heat comprises the following steps:
A. land selection and preparation: selecting a land with relatively flat topography, over medium fertility and good drainage;
B. seed selection: selecting plump seeds, and sun-planting for 2-3 days before planting to enhance the activity of enzymes in the seeds and improve the germination vigor and the germination rate;
C. fertilizing: generally applying 0.5-1.0 ton/mu of organic fertilizer, 10-15 kg/mu of calcium-magnesia phosphate fertilizer, 10-15 kg/mu of urea and 20-30 kg/mu of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer as base fertilizer;
D. planting: adopting a seedling transplanting or breath type precision dibbler direct sowing mode, spring sowing, film covering and grass suppression, wherein the row spacing of the planted plants is 50 multiplied by 55 cm; planting in open air in autumn sowing field with planting row spacing of 45 × 50 cm;
E. thinning and final singling: thinning the seedlings in the 1 st pair of true leaves during flattening and fixing seedlings in the 4 pairs of true leaves;
F. bagging and isolating: after the parent combination is determined, observing and selecting plant type standard in the late stage of bud emergence of the sunflower, wherein the flowering phases of the father and the mother can meet or the flowering phase of the father and the mother is earlier than that of the mother, respectively bagging the father and the mother when the flower buds turn yellow but the lingulate flowers are not spread, and sheathing and tightening the flower discs of the father and the mother by using a customized 60-80 mesh gauze bag to prevent honeybees and other insects from pollination;
G. manual castration: when the female parent lingulate flowers are spread out at ordinary times, all lingulate flowers are removed, the sunflower single-disc tubular flowers bloom for 3-5 rounds every day, the flowering and emasculation sequence is from outside to inside, the tweezers are deeply inserted into the tubular flowers, the stamens are removed, the stigmas are left, the emasculation time is 6:00-8:00 in the morning, the emasculation is completed within 3 days of each flower disc, the tubular flowers in the central area of the flower disc have low maturing rate and should be completely removed, and the hybridization brands are hung to mark the emasculation time.
H. Manually taking powder: when the male parent blooms and looses pollen, pollen (pollen-taking male parent registration hybridization cards which are used for marking the female parent for pollination) is taken at 10:00-11:00 in the morning and 4:00-5:00 in the afternoon every day, a window gauze and a plastic container are adopted for taking the pollen, a flower disc of the male parent is lightly rubbed on the window gauze, the pollen is collected in the plastic container, the collected pollen on the day is transferred into a glass bottle and is refrigerated and stored in a refrigerator at 4 ℃, the pollen-taking date is marked, the pollen is used within 1 month, and the pollen is taken each day and is required to be placed separately.
I. Artificial pollination: and (3) pollinating the female parent after artificial castration by using the male parent which is artificially powdered, wherein the pollination time is high, and 9 a.m. every day: 00-10:30, optimally 4:00-5:30 in the afternoon, each flower disc is pollinated for 2-3 days continuously, 3-4 times, and is not pollinated in rainy days, and pollen-supplying male parents and pollination time are marked in a hybridization brand.
J. Harvesting: when the back surfaces of male parent sunflower plates and female parent sunflower plates turn yellow and the seed hulls and the seed kernels become hard, the male parent sunflower plates and the female parent sunflower plates are in the mature period and are harvested in pairs in time.
Preferably, the land selected in the step A can be reasonably rotated for more than three years, the previous stubble is preferably rice, wheat, corn, sorghum, barley, sweet potato and the like, and the land with overlong previous stubble and residual effect of herbicide is forbidden to be selected.
Preferably, 150 ml of 40% phoxim is added with 5-7.5 kg of water, and 25-30 kg of seed dressing is carried out on the uncoated seeds in the step B, and the uncoated seeds are treated with the seed dressing and then used.
Preferably, the mulching film is tightly attached to the ground when the film is coated in the step D, damaged places are tightly covered with soil, and soil belts are transversely driven every 5-10 meters, so that the mulching film is prevented from being damaged when wind blows.
Preferably, in the step F, the pollination time is that after the female parent is subjected to impurity removal, when the pollen collection of the male parent is started, the first artificial supplementary pollination is carried out, each flower disc is continuously pollinated for 2-3 days, the pollination is carried out for 3-4 times, the pollination time is preferably carried out after 9:00 am, the pollination is finished when 10:30 am is reached, the pollination time is carried out after 4 pm, and the pollination time is carried out when 5 pm: and (5) ending at 30 days, and not pollinating in rainy days.
Preferably, harvesting is carried out in clear weather in the harvesting period in the step J, harvested sunflower plates are strictly forbidden to be stacked, threshing is carried out in a single plate mode, then the harvested sunflower plates are hung in a net room to be dried, parents and parents are separately placed in pairs, the threshed sunflower plates and other varieties are strictly forbidden to be mixed and aired, rotten seeds and rotten seed grains are strictly forbidden to be mixed, the seed quality of hybrid breeding stock seeds is improved, and the germination rate at high temperature is improved by hanging and airing.
The invention provides a sunflower hybrid pollination seed selection method under the southern damp-heat condition, which is characterized in that through a scientific sunflower hybrid seed production method and through technical means of land selection and preparation, seed selection, fertilization, planting and the like, the sunflower is hybridized so as to enhance the disease and insect pest resistance of the sunflower, and the cultured sunflower variety is suitable for being planted under the southern damp-heat condition, has non-high sensitivity to other diseases, is resistant to high temperature and heat damage, has excellent comprehensive agronomic characters and wide adaptability.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the steps of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Referring to fig. 1, the present invention provides a technical solution:
the first embodiment is as follows:
A. land selection and preparation: selecting a land with relatively flat topography, over medium fertility and good drainage;
B. seed selection: selecting plump seeds, and sun-planting for 2-3 days before planting to enhance the activity of enzymes in the seeds and improve the germination vigor and the germination rate;
C. fertilizing: generally applying 0.5-1.0 ton/mu of organic fertilizer, 10-15 kg/mu of calcium-magnesia phosphate fertilizer, 10-15 kg/mu of urea and 20-30 kg/mu of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer as base fertilizer;
D. planting: adopting a seedling transplanting or breath type precision dibbler direct sowing mode, spring sowing, film covering and grass suppression, wherein the row spacing of the planted plants is 50 multiplied by 55 cm; planting in open air in autumn sowing field with planting row spacing of 45 × 50 cm;
E. thinning and final singling: thinning the seedlings in the 1 st pair of true leaves during flattening and fixing seedlings in the 4 pairs of true leaves;
F. bagging and isolating: after the parent combination is determined, observing and selecting plant type standard in the late stage of bud emergence of the sunflower, wherein the flowering phases of the father and the mother can meet or the flowering phase of the father and the mother is earlier than that of the mother, respectively bagging the father and the mother when the flower buds turn yellow but the lingulate flowers are not spread, and sheathing and tightening the flower discs of the father and the mother by using a customized 60-80 mesh gauze bag to prevent honeybees and other insects from pollination;
G. manual castration: when the female parent lingulate flowers are spread out at ordinary times, all lingulate flowers are removed, the sunflower single-disc tubular flowers bloom for 3-5 rounds every day, the flowering and emasculation sequence is from outside to inside, the tweezers are deeply inserted into the tubular flowers, the stamens are removed, the stigmas are left, the emasculation time is 6:00-8:00 in the morning, the emasculation is completed within 3 days of each flower disc, the tubular flowers in the central area of the flower disc have low maturing rate and should be completely removed, and the hybridization brands are hung to mark the emasculation time.
H. Manually taking powder: when the male parent blooms and looses pollen, pollen (pollen-taking male parent registration hybridization cards which are used for marking the female parent for pollination) is taken at 10:00-11:00 in the morning and 4:00-5:00 in the afternoon every day, a window gauze and a plastic container are adopted for taking the pollen, a flower disc of the male parent is lightly rubbed on the window gauze, the pollen is collected in the plastic container, the collected pollen on the day is transferred into a glass bottle and is refrigerated and stored in a refrigerator at 4 ℃, the pollen-taking date is marked, the pollen is used within 1 month, and the pollen is taken each day and is required to be placed separately.
I. Artificial pollination: and (3) pollinating the female parent after artificial castration by using the male parent which is artificially powdered, wherein the pollination time is high, and 9 a.m. every day: 00-10:30, optimally 4:00-5:30 in the afternoon, each flower disc is pollinated for 2-3 days continuously, 3-4 times, and is not pollinated in rainy days, and pollen-supplying male parents and pollination time are marked in a hybridization brand.
J. Harvesting: when the back surfaces of male parent sunflower plates and female parent sunflower plates turn yellow and the seed hulls and the seed kernels become hard, the male parent sunflower plates and the female parent sunflower plates are in the mature period and are harvested in pairs in time.
Example two:
A. land selection and preparation: the selected land can be reasonably rotated for more than two years, the previous stubbles are preferably rice, wheat, corn, millet, sorghum and potato, and the land blocks with overlong previous stubbles and residual herbicides are forbidden to be selected;
B. seed selection: selecting full seeds, and sunning the seeds for 2-3 days before planting to enhance the activity of enzymes in the seeds and improve the germination vigor and the germination rate, wherein 150 ml of 40% phoxim is used for uncoated seeds, 5-7.5 kg of water and 25-30 kg of seeds are mixed for seed treatment;
C. fertilizing: generally applying 0.5-1.0 ton/mu of organic fertilizer, 10-15 kg/mu of calcium-magnesium-phosphate fertilizer, 10-15 kg/mu of urea and 20-30 kg/mu of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer as base fertilizer, before and after the sunflower enters the bud stage, combining intertillage cultivation, topdressing 5kg of urea per mu, spraying 0.3-0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution on the leaf surface in the bud stage or the flower stage, and adding 1 kg of urea for 1-2 times;
D. planting: adopting a seedling transplanting or breath type precision dibbler direct sowing mode, spring sowing, film covering and grass suppression, wherein the row spacing of the planted plants is 50 multiplied by 55 cm; planting in open air in autumn sowing field with planting row spacing of 45 × 50 cm;
r, interval final singling: thinning seedlings when the 1 st pair of true leaves appear in the seedlings, and fixing seedlings before 4 pairs of true leaves:
F. bagging and isolating: after the parent combination is determined, observing and selecting plant type standard in the late stage of bud emergence of the sunflower, wherein the flowering phases of the father and the mother can meet or the flowering phase of the father and the mother is earlier than that of the mother, respectively bagging the father and the mother when the flower buds turn yellow but the lingulate flowers are not spread, and sheathing and tightening the flower discs of the father and the mother by using a customized 60-80 mesh gauze bag to prevent honeybees and other insects from pollination;
G. manual castration: when the female parent lingulate flowers are spread out at ordinary times, all lingulate flowers are removed, the sunflower single-disc tubular flowers bloom for 3-5 rounds every day, the flowering and emasculation sequence is from outside to inside, the tweezers are deeply inserted into the tubular flowers, the stamens are removed, the stigmas are left, the emasculation time is 6:00-8:00 in the morning, the emasculation is completed within 3 days of each flower disc, the tubular flowers in the central area of the flower disc have low maturing rate and should be completely removed, and the hybridization brands are hung to mark the emasculation time.
H. Manually taking powder: when the male parent blooms and looses pollen, pollen is taken at 10:00-11:00 in the morning and 4:00-5:00 in the afternoon every day, a window gauze and a plastic container are adopted for taking the pollen, the flower disc of the male parent is lightly rubbed on the window gauze, the pollen is collected in the plastic container, the collected pollen on the day is transferred into a glass bottle and is refrigerated and stored in a refrigerator with 4 degrees, the pollen taking date is marked, and the pollen is taken separately every day after the pollen is used within 1 month.
I. Artificial pollination: and (3) pollinating the female parent after artificial castration by using the male parent which is artificially powdered, wherein the pollination time is high, and 9 a.m. every day: 00-10:30, optimally 4:00-5:30 in the afternoon, each flower disc is pollinated for 2-3 days continuously, 3-4 times, and is not pollinated in rainy days, and pollen-supplying male parents and pollination time are marked in a hybridization brand.
J. Harvesting: when the backs of male parent sunflower plates and female parent sunflower plates turn yellow, and hardening of seed hulls and seed kernels is the mature period, harvesting should be carried out in pairs in time, harvesting should be carried out in clear weather in the harvest period, the harvested sunflower plates are strictly forbidden to be stacked, threshing should be carried out after single-plate opening and airing, threshing is strictly forbidden to be mixed with conventional varieties and other varieties during threshing, rotten plates and rotten seed kernels are strictly forbidden to be mixed, and the product grade is improved to ensure the product quality.
According to the invention, through a scientific sunflower hybrid seed production method and through technical means of land selection and preparation, seed selection, fertilization, planting and the like, the sunflowers are hybridized so as to enhance the disease and insect pest resistance of the sunflowers, and the cultured sunflowers are suitable for being planted under the humid and hot conditions in the south, have non-high-sensitivity to other diseases, are resistant to high temperature and heat damage, have excellent comprehensive agronomic characters and have wide adaptability.
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art should be considered to be within the technical scope of the present invention, and the technical solutions and the inventive concepts thereof according to the present invention should be equivalent or changed within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. A sunflower hybrid pollination breeding method under the condition of southern damp heat is characterized by comprising the following steps:
A. land selection and preparation: selecting a land with relatively flat topography, over medium fertility and good drainage;
B. seed selection: selecting plump seeds, and sun-planting for 2-3 days before planting to enhance the activity of enzymes in the seeds and improve the germination vigor and the germination rate;
C. fertilizing: generally applying 0.5-1.0 ton/mu of organic fertilizer, 10-15 kg/mu of calcium-magnesia phosphate fertilizer, 10-15 kg/mu of urea and 20-30 kg/mu of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer as base fertilizer;
D. planting: adopting a seedling transplanting or breath type precision dibbler direct sowing mode, spring sowing, film covering and grass suppression, wherein the row spacing of the planted plants is 50 multiplied by 55 cm; planting in open air in autumn sowing field with planting row spacing of 45 × 50 cm;
E. thinning and final singling: thinning the seedlings in the 1 st pair of true leaves during flattening and fixing seedlings in the 4 pairs of true leaves;
F. bagging and isolating: after the parent combination is determined, observing and selecting plant type standard in the late stage of bud emergence of the sunflower, wherein the flowering phases of the father and the mother can meet or the flowering phase of the father and the mother is earlier than that of the mother, respectively bagging the father and the mother when the flower buds turn yellow but the lingulate flowers are not spread, and sheathing and tightening the flower discs of the father and the mother by using a customized 60-80 mesh gauze bag to prevent honeybees and other insects from pollination;
G. manual castration: when the female parent lingulate flowers are spread out at ordinary times, all lingulate flowers are removed, the sunflower single-disc tubular flowers bloom for 3-5 rounds every day, the flowering and emasculation sequence is from outside to inside, the tweezers are deeply inserted into the tubular flowers, the stamens are removed, the stigmas are left, the emasculation time is 6:00-8:00 in the morning, the emasculation is completed within 3 days of each flower disc, the tubular flowers in the central area of the flower disc have low maturing rate and should be completely removed, and the hybridization brands are hung to mark the emasculation time.
H. Manually taking powder: when the male parent blooms and looses pollen, pollen is taken at 10:00-11:00 in the morning and 4:00-5:00 in the afternoon every day, a window gauze and a plastic container are adopted for taking the pollen, the flower disc of the male parent is lightly rubbed on the window gauze, the pollen is collected in the plastic container, the collected pollen on the day is transferred into a glass bottle and is refrigerated and stored in a refrigerator with 4 degrees, the pollen taking date is marked, and the pollen is taken separately every day after the pollen is used within 1 month.
I. Artificial pollination: and (3) pollinating the female parent after artificial castration by using the male parent which is artificially powdered, wherein the pollination time is high, and 9 a.m. every day: 00-10:30, optimally 4:00-5:30 in the afternoon, each flower disc is pollinated for 2-3 days continuously, 3-4 times, and is not pollinated in rainy days, and pollen-supplying male parents and pollination time are marked in a hybridization brand.
J. Harvesting: when the back surfaces of male parent sunflower plates and female parent sunflower plates turn yellow and the seed hulls and the seed kernels become hard, the male parent sunflower plates and the female parent sunflower plates are in the mature period and are harvested in pairs in time.
2. The method for selective breeding of sunflower hybrid pollination under the southern damp-heat condition according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: and C, performing reasonable rotation on the land selected in the step A for more than three years, wherein previous crops comprise rice, wheat, corn, sorghum, barley and sweet potatoes, and the previous crops cannot select land blocks which use overlong and residual herbicides.
3. The method for selective breeding of sunflower hybrid pollination under the southern damp-heat condition according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: and B, 150 ml of 40% phoxim is used for uncoated seeds in the step B, 5-7.5 kg of water is added, and 25-30 kg of seeds are mixed for seed treatment and then used.
4. The method for selective breeding of sunflower hybrid pollination under the southern damp-heat condition according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: and D, tightly attaching the mulching film to the ground during film covering in the step D, covering the damaged part tightly with soil, and transversely driving a soil belt every 5-10 meters or so to prevent the mulching film from being damaged during wind blowing.
5. The method for selective breeding of sunflower hybrid pollination under the southern damp-heat condition according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: and F, performing first artificial supplementary pollination when the pollen of the male parent is collected after the female parent is subjected to impurity removal and the pollen of the male parent is collected, continuously pollinating each flower disc for 2-3 days, performing the pollination for 3-4 times, preferably performing the pollination after 9:00 am, ending the pollination when 10:30 am, performing the pollination after 4 pm, and performing the pollination when 5 pm: and (5) ending at 30 days, and not pollinating in rainy days.
6. The method for breeding sunflower hybrid pollination under the southern moist heat condition of claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: and D, harvesting in the harvesting period in the step J in sunny weather, strictly piling harvested sunflower plates, threshing in a single plate, hanging in a net room for drying, placing parents and parents in pairs separately, strictly drying in the sun with conventional varieties and other varieties in a mixed mode during threshing, strictly mixing rotten seeds and rotten seeds, improving the seed quality of the hybrid breeding stock seeds, and improving the germination rate at high temperature through hanging and drying.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN115735758A (en) * | 2022-11-16 | 2023-03-07 | 山西农业大学经济作物研究所 | Emasculation hybridization method for sunflowers |
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