CN105580687B - The culture fertility method of orchard planting hairy vetch - Google Patents
The culture fertility method of orchard planting hairy vetch Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
- A01H1/00—Processes for modifying genotypes ; Plants characterised by associated natural traits
- A01H1/02—Methods or apparatus for hybridisation; Artificial pollination ; Fertility
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of Labor-saving high-efficiency culture fertility methods of six the May 4th of orchard planting hairy vetch four or two one.The present invention provides a kind of cultivation of fruit tree methods, include the following steps：(1) fruit tree sapling is colonized in orchard；(2) in autumn current year of the field planting, in the hairy vetch seed of sowing in the ranks of fruit tree sapling.Method provided by the invention has great application and popularization value for cultivation of fruit tree, can generate huge economic benefit.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of Labor-saving high-efficiency culture fertility methods of six the May 4th of orchard planting hairy vetch four or two one.
Background technology
Investigation was found in recent years, the industrialized think of of worlds' fruit powerful industry nation such as the U.S., France, New Zealand and Japan
Road, theory, measure manage, manage modern fruit industry, realize comprehensively improved variety, diversification, compartmentalization, intensive, scale,
Standardization, mechanization, facility, light simplification, swardization, water-fertilizer integral, informationization, safe, systematism, integration, take
Obtained significant economic, society and ecological benefits.Compared with Production of fruit advanced country of the world, China's fruits industry there are still compared with
Big gap, the problem of needing to research and solve, are still very much, and wherein Apple Industry is mainly manifested in that " single varieties, nursery stock are chaotic, matter
Amount is difficult to ensure；Tall anvil dense planting, trunk are too short, orchard closing, the difficult length of small grass, disease pest aggravate；(age of tree is old, management orchard for three old structures
Personnel's age is old, idea is old), continuous cropping obstacle；Farming Culture, traditional concept strive fertilizer and strive water, clear weeding, get half the result with twice the effort；Spring
Non-irrigated water-logging from autumnal rains, have a large population and a few land, benefit is maximum, closing aggravation；Based on immediate interest, chemical fertilizer, fruit increase, quality decline, inefficient profit
With, pollution of area source, soil acidification, organic insufficient, fertility decline；Scale is smaller, decentralized management, technology difficulty system；Commodity processing, ratio
Relatively fall behind, is in urgent need to be improved ".These problems be economic, social, naturally many subjective and objective factors influence for a long time as a result, being related to producing
Before, production in and postpartum links.Therefore, the transition and upgrade of China's fruits industry is a sufficiently complex system engineering.Its
In in production technical aspect, the task of top priority be adaptation to local conditions, research establish be suitble to China's actual conditions the modern intensive height of wide row high level cadre
Cultivation mode and soil management system are imitated, to meet do mechanization operation, labor productivity improves, production cost declines and soil
The needs of increased quality.
Since orchard ground cover fails effectively to promote and apply Chinese, along with Chinese organic fertilizer resource is insufficient and edaphon
To the efficient degradation of the soil organism, lead to the content of organic matter in Chinese orchard to reduce year by year, in impoverishment trend, soil quality
And the ability of sustainable development declines, while increases production cost；Around the puzzled of grassThe misfortune of grassWith obtaining for grassThe problem of,
Seminar's investigation finds that the Farming Culture of more than 3000 years of Yellow River basin intensive cultivation and weeds strive the fertile Gu for striving water with fruit tree
Many reasons such as worry cause orchard ground cover that could not effectively be promoted and applied in China；Especially 103 leaves, alfalfa, sweet potato and height
The majority grass seeds such as wool is required to cradle 3-4 times every year, though orchard worker eliminates the misgivings of " weeds strive fertilizer with fruit tree and strive water ", but
Due to lacking suitable machinery of mowing, most orchard workers have to abandon sward and be changed to clear weeding or sprinkling herbicide；Recently
Experiment also found that 103 leaves easily cause red spider great outburst, and the root systems such as rye grass and high wool are too flourishing, cause topsoil
It is dry etc. to influence fruit tree root growth；For this purpose, further research screening is suitble to the grass seeds and its cultivation mode of China's actual conditions, to me
State's orchard soil management system is changed and the popularization and application of sward technology are of great significance.
Invention content
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of Labor-saving high-efficiency trainings of six the May 4th of orchard planting hairy vetch four or two one
Fertile ground force method.
The present invention provides a kind of cultivation of fruit tree methods, include the following steps：
(1) fruit tree sapling is colonized in orchard；
(2) in autumn current year of the field planting, in the hairy vetch seed of sowing in the ranks of fruit tree sapling.
In the step (1), be colonized fruit tree sapling when fruit tree sapling spacing in the rows be 1.3-1.7m, line-spacing 2.5-3.5m.
In the step (1), be colonized fruit tree sapling when fruit tree sapling spacing in the rows be 1.5m, line-spacing 3m.
In the step (1), following steps are further included：In the second year for completing the field planting, before spring rudiment, by fruit tree
The branch that sapling grows on the trunk within 1 meter of ground is all wiped out.Concretely March before the spring rudiment.
In the step (2), the method for " in the hairy vetch of the sowing in the ranks seed of fruit tree sapling " is：Sow cave with
The distance between cave is sowed as 0.4-0.6m, each sows 5-6 seeds of bunch planting kind, after planting earthing and earthing on seed
Thickness is 4-6mm.In the step (2), the method for " in the hairy vetch of the sowing in the ranks seed of fruit tree sapling " is：Sowing
The distance between cave and sowing cave are 0.5m, each to sow 5-6 seeds of bunch planting kind, after planting earthing and earthing on seed
Thickness is 5mm.
In the step (2), following steps are further included：Complete the second year of the field planting and later time, annual 7-8
Month applies urea.It is described apply urea method be preferably：Single is spread fertilizer over the fields, and applies 5-10 kilograms of urea per acre.
In the step (2), following steps are further included：Complete the second year of the field planting and later time, annual 8-9
Pull out pernicious ruderal month；The pernicious ruderal be artemisiifolia, three-coloured amaranth, lamb's-quarters, piemarker and humulus grass in any one or
Arbitrary combination.
In the step (2), following steps are further included：Complete the second year of the field planting and later time, annual September
In the last ten-days period, when ruderal length is to 30 centimetres or more, 15 centimetres or so of toothing cradles, and then applies urea.The application urea
Method be preferably：Single is spread fertilizer over the fields, and applies 10-15 kilograms of urea per acre.
The fruit tree sapling can be apple sapling.The fruit tree sapling can be seedling.The fruit tree sapling can be hybrid
Seedling.The fruit tree sapling can be apple hybrid seedling.
In the method, the place of the field planting can be located at Shandong Province.In the method, the specific position in place of the field planting
In Taian Shandong or Shandong Guan County.
The fruit tree sapling concretely ' Jin Shuai ' apple pollen to after emasculation ' tal fibre alma ' apple is awarded
The F that powder obtains1Sapling that hybrid seed grows up to, the pollen of ' Fuji apple ' apple pollinate to ' Song Benjin ' apple after emasculation
Obtained F1The sapling or the pollen of ' red crisp No. 1 ' apple that hybrid seed grows up to pollinate to ' Fuji apple ' apple after emasculation
Obtained F1The sapling that hybrid seed grows up to.
The preparation method of the apple hybrid seedling can be：
1st, by the pollen of ' Jin Shuai ' apple to after emasculation ' tal fibre alma ' apple is pollinated, harvest F1Cenospecies
Son, by F1Hybrid seed is put into 1-3 DEG C of fresh keeping chamber of refrigerator Stratificated treatment 60d or so after cleaning；
2nd, December, the seed for completing step 1 is seeded in the nutritive cube culture equipped with seedling medium to seedling height is
Lignifying at 8-15cm and rootstock, transplantation of seedlings to the new nutritive cube equipped with seedling medium that then will grow directly from seeds are cultivated；This step
Condition of culture in rapid is：25 DEG C, daily illumination 12 hours (intensity of illumination 3000lx), it is every since being sprouted seed to pour within 7-10 days
It is one time of nutrition liquid (it is nutrient solution that a great number of elements mother liquor of MS minimal mediums is diluted with water to 10 times of volumes), each every time
Nutritive cube pours 40-50ml.
The preparation method of the apple hybrid seedling can be：
1st, the pollen of ' Fuji apple ' apple pollinates to ' Song Benjin ' apple after emasculation, harvests F1Hybrid seed,
By F1Hybrid seed is put into 1-3 DEG C of fresh keeping chamber of refrigerator Stratificated treatment 60d or so after cleaning；
2nd, December, the seed for completing step 1 is seeded in the nutritive cube culture equipped with seedling medium to seedling height is
Lignifying at 8-15cm and rootstock, transplantation of seedlings to the new nutritive cube equipped with seedling medium that then will grow directly from seeds are cultivated；This step
Condition of culture in rapid is：25 DEG C, daily illumination 12 hours (intensity of illumination 3000lx), it is every since being sprouted seed to pour within 7-10 days
It is one time of nutrition liquid (it is nutrient solution that a great number of elements mother liquor of MS minimal mediums is diluted with water to 10 times of volumes), each every time
Nutritive cube pours 40-50ml.
The preparation method of the apple hybrid seedling can be：
1st, the pollen of ' red crisp No. 1 ' apple pollinates to ' Fuji apple ' apple after emasculation, harvests F1Hybrid seed,
By F1Hybrid seed is put into 1-3 DEG C of fresh keeping chamber of refrigerator Stratificated treatment 60d or so after cleaning；
2nd, December, the seed for completing step 1 is seeded in the nutritive cube culture equipped with seedling medium to seedling height is
Lignifying at 8-15cm and rootstock, transplantation of seedlings to the new nutritive cube equipped with seedling medium that then will grow directly from seeds are cultivated；This step
Condition of culture in rapid is：25 DEG C, daily illumination 12 hours (intensity of illumination 3000lx), it is every since being sprouted seed to pour within 7-10 days
It is one time of nutrition liquid (it is nutrient solution that a great number of elements mother liquor of MS minimal mediums is diluted with water to 10 times of volumes), each every time
Nutritive cube pours 40-50ml.
The preparation method of a great number of elements mother liquor of MS minimal mediums：By 1650mg NH4NO3、1900mg KNO3、440mg
CaCl2·2H2O、370mg MgSO4·7H2O and 170mg KH2PO4It is dissolved in water and is settled to 1L with water.
Method provided by the invention has great application and popularization value for cultivation of fruit tree, can generate huge economy
Benefit.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is hairy vetch morphology characters of seeds.
Fig. 2 is the Germinating status after hairy vetch seed soaks 24 hours.
Fig. 3 is the Germinating status after hairy vetch seed soaks 48 hours.
Fig. 4 is the upgrowth situation after hairy vetch seed soaks 4 days.
Fig. 5 is the seedling photo in April, 2008.
Fig. 6 is the photo of selective nursery described in early April, 2011.
Fig. 7 is the photo of selective nursery described in early June, 2011.
Fig. 8 is the situation of blooming of the hairy vetch of in early June, 2011.
Fig. 9 is the situation that bears pods of the hairy vetch of in early July, 2011.
Figure 10 is the photo of selective nursery described in mid-July, 2011.
Figure 11 is the germination and growth situation of in mid-September, 2011 hairy vetch seed.
Figure 12 is photo when in mid-September, 2011 is cradled with grass trimmer.
Figure 13 is photo when spreading fertilizer over the fields urea in mid-September, 2011.
Figure 14 is the hairy vetch upgrowth situation photo of selective nursery described in mid-November, 2011.
Figure 15 is the result of edaphon breathing and activity.
Figure 16 is the result of soil active microbiomass.
Specific embodiment
Following embodiment facilitates a better understanding of the present invention, but does not limit the present invention.Experiment in following embodiments
Method is conventional method unless otherwise specified.Test material used in following embodiments is certainly unless otherwise specified
What routine biochemistry reagent shop was commercially available.Quantitative test in following embodiment is respectively provided with three repeated experiments, as a result makes even
Mean value.
Hairy vetch is also known as long hairy vetch (scientific name：Vicia villosa Roth.)：Mention long hairy vetch
Document：Lee's method once, He Xinqiang, Ni Chenkai, Song Baohua, the common legume leaf protein yield in Shandong Province and protein content just
Step research, Shandong science, 1999,12 (2)：28-31.
The Labor-saving high-efficiency meaning of six the May 4ths four or two one is as follows：
Six word technologies：" the high dry model of wide row, to small grass point sunlight ".Inventor carries out he result of investigation table for years
Bright, orchard closing, the sunlight grown without small grass are that orchard ground cover technology is caused to fail effectively to promote and apply one of the major reasons.
Therefore, to reform soil management system and promote orchard ground cover technology, it is necessary to initially set up the intensive efficient cultivation of modern wide row high level cadre
Training pattern, to small some sunlight of grass.
Five word technologies：" positive time in the Autumnal Equinox, the sowing of three or five formulas ".Inventor investigate and test for years finding, belong to
In the hairy vetch of legume, there are 4：First, as other legumes, there is nitrogen fixation；Second is that
Seed, with regard to energy germination and growth after soaking 24 hours, has the characteristics that " taking root " without suspend mode；Third, there is the spy of winter wheat
Property, the seedling of planted in fall or current year germination and growth, after the freezing processing in a winter, spring growth is very prosperous to become advantage
Grass seeds and cover full ground, not only other weeds can not grow, but also can reduce moisture evaporation, have the function of water conservation；Four
It is after plant pods, body is easy to rot, without cradling.Hairy vetch seed subcircular, 100-grain weight 2.85g are put down
Equal grain weight 0.03g, average diameter 3.6mm.According to the These characteristics of hairy vetch, " positive time in the Autumnal Equinox, the sowing of three or five formulas "
Refer to current year September part in field planting fruit tree seedling, in field planting fruit tree seedling in the ranks, often dig a sowing at a distance of 0.5m
Cave, each to sow bunch planting kind 5-6 grain length pubescence vetch seeds, earthing 5mm on seed.Hairy vetch morphology characters of seeds
See Fig. 1.Germinating status after hairy vetch seed soaks 24 hours is shown in Fig. 2.Hairy vetch seed soaks 48 hours
Germinating status afterwards is shown in Fig. 3.Upgrowth situation after hairy vetch seed soaks 4 days is shown in Fig. 4.
Four word technologies：" grass fertilising is given, C " is changed with N.Sow the second year of hairy vetch seed and later annual 7-
August part, the hairy vetch plant that the previous year sprouts is naturally rotten, mistake of current year hairy vetch seed germination and growth
Cheng Zhong spreads fertilizer over the fields 5-10 kilograms of urea (single is spread fertilizer over the fields, and is spread fertilizer over the fields before rainfall preferably based on weather forecast), before on the one hand promoting per acre
The rotting of 1 year hairy vetch plant sprouted (because of the rotten participation for needing microorganism of plant, and microbial reproduction with
Growth needs N elements), the growth of hairy vetch seedling that current year on the other hand can be promoted to sprout reaches and " applies fertilizer to grass, with N
Change the effect of C ".
Four word technologies：It " stays good except disliking, cradles in due course, give grass fertilising, C " is increased with N.Sow the of hairy vetch seed
2 years and later annual 8-9 months, since the length that the hairy vetch plant that the previous year sprouts is rotted and current year sprouts is soft
Hairy vetch seedling is also smaller and ground cannot be completely covered, and leads to part weed germination growth.Therefore：August part is pulled out in time
Except pernicious ruderal (artemisiifolia, three-coloured amaranth, lamb's-quarters, piemarker and humulus grass), retain excellent ruderal (lady's-grass, barnyard grass, bald barnyard, dog tail
Grass etc.) it grows naturally.The second year of hairy vetch seed and later annual late September are sowed, when the excellent open country of reservation
When raw weeds are grown to 30 centimetres or more, cradled for 15 centimetres or so with grass trimmer toothing, then spread fertilizer over the fields 10-15 kilograms of urea per acre
(single applies, and is spread fertilizer over the fields before rainfall preferably based on weather forecast), to reach the effect of " giving grass fertilising, increase C, culture fertility with N "
Fruit.Artemisiifolia belongs to quarantine object noxious plant, and for pollen to people's allergy, farmland is generally more rare.Three-coloured amaranth, lamb's-quarters and piemarker plant
Tall and big, fruit tree growth can be influenced not in time by pulling out.Humulus grass, which is also named, uproots plants after their edible portions have been harvested, and climbs climing winding growth, pulling out not in time also can be serious
Influence fruit tree growth.
Two one：If reform soil management pattern, it is soft to be changed to plantation length by clear weeding for the orchard of clear weeding always
Hairy vetch, only in field planting fruit tree seedling hairy vetch of current year planted in fall, second year and later for many years, often
The hairy vetch seed germination and growth that year plant newly pods, without sowing；The long pubescence open country pea sprouted due to the previous year
The hairy vetch seedling that beans plant is rotted and current year sprouts is also smaller and ground cannot be completely covered, and leads to part weeds
Germination and growth.Therefore, the orchard of hairy vetch is planted, needs of annual late September cut the excellent ruderal of reservation
It cuts primary.
Labor-saving high-efficiency：, not only can be with fixed nitrogen due to the hairy vetch of orchard planting pulse family, but also need not cradle, and
And the ability Synchronous lifting of soil organic matter content and self-restraint liquid manure；The application of chemical fertilizer is changed to take advantage of rain by traditional ditch spread spreads fertilizer over the fields,
Greatly reduce orchard labor intensity.Therefore, of the invention above-mentioned two one and fertilization mode, not only effectively save labour
Power, and the new approaches of " giving grass fertilising, C, culture fertility are changed with N " are proposed and implement, it is a kind of fertilizing of Labor-saving high-efficiency
Power new method.
Nutritive cube volume is about 350mL used in embodiment.
Seedling medium：The plug media for flower plants and nursery stock plant of Shandong Yi Jing gardens Co., Ltd production, it is general each
There is production and selling in flower plants and nursery stock company.
The preparation method of a great number of elements mother liquor of MS minimal mediums：By 1650mg NH4NO3、1900mg KNO3、440mg
CaCl2·2H2O、370mg MgSO4·7H2O and 170mg KH2PO4It is dissolved in water and is settled to 1L with water.
Soil organic matter content, total nitrogen content, quick-acting potassium content and available phosphorus contents, phosphatase, urase and invertase
Method for detecting enzymatic activity is shown in document：Wu Yusen, Zhang Yanmin, Ji Xiaohao, Zhang Rui, Liu great Liang, Zhang Zongying, Li Wenyan, Chen Xuesen, from
Right influence of the sward to Huanghe delta theatre soil nutrient, enzymatic activity and fruit quality, Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2013,46
(1)：99-108.
Edaphon breathing, activity, the detection method of active microbiomass are shown in document：Wang Yanting, Ji Xiaohao, Zhang Yan
Quick, Wu Yusen, An Mengmeng, Zhang Rui, Wang Lixia, Zhang Jing, Liu Wen, Li Min, Li Wen swallow Chen Xuesen natural grasses are to the Yellow River triangle
Continent theatre soil physical property and microbial diversity influence, Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2015,35 (16)：1-16.
' Song Benjin ' apple variety is shown in document：Yang Zhenwei, the precocious excellent apple variety of Japan --- Song Benjin, Hebei fruit
Tree, 2000,3:18
' tal fibre alma ' apple and ' 2 strains of the summer red meat ' apple for Xinjiang red meat apple (R6R1), ' red crisp No. 1 '
It is ' the crisp meat new lines of red meat that tal fibre alma ' apple is selected with the apple varieties hybrid generation such as ' Jin Shuai ' and ' Fuji apple '.It carries
And the bibliography of ' red crisp No. 1 ', ' tal fibre alma ' and ' summer red meat '：Chen Xuesen, crystalline substance etc., Xinjiang red meat apple hybrid one
For fruit properties hereditary variation and the excellent strain evaluation of functional form apple, Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2014,47 (11)：2193-2204.
' Jin Shuai ' and ' Fuji apple ' apple is existing apple variety, refers to their bibliography：Chen Xuesen, Xin Pei
Just etc., the effect of marshal and Jin Shuai in Variety of Apple selection and breeding, Journal of Shandong agri.Univ, 1994,25 (2)：236—248.
The Labor-saving high-efficiency culture fertility method of embodiment 1, six the May 4th of apple selective nursery plantation hairy vetch four or two one
First, apple hybrid seedling is prepared
1st, hybridization (being carried out in Xinjiang Luntai County)
In April, 2007 by the pollen of ' Jin Shuai ' apple to after emasculation ' tal fibre alma ' apple is pollinated, harvest F1
Hybrid seed, by F1Hybrid seed is put into 1-3 DEG C of fresh keeping chamber of refrigerator Stratificated treatment 60d or so after cleaning (purpose is to pass through satisfaction
Chilling requirement releases seed dormancy).
2nd, it nurses young plants in hothouses
In December, 2007, the seed for completing step 1 is seeded in the nutritive cube equipped with seedling medium, and (each nutritive cube is sowed
3-5 seeds) it cultivates to seedling height and (is usually sowed 2-3 months) for lignifying at 8-15cm and rootstock, it then will be in fact
Raw transplantation of seedlings to the new nutritive cube (each nutritive cube transplants 1 plant) equipped with seedling medium is cultivated；Culture in this step
Condition is：25 DEG C, daily illumination 12 hours (intensity of illumination 3000lx), it is every since being sprouted seed to pour within 7-10 days one time of nutrition liquid
(it is nutrient solution that a great number of elements mother liquor of MS minimal mediums is diluted with water to 10 times of volumes), each nutritive cube pours every time
40-50ml。
2nd, the Labor-saving high-efficiency culture fertility method of six the May 4th of apple selective nursery plantation hairy vetch four or two one
Test place：Taian Shandong city Zhu Yang towns.
In April, 2008 1480 plants of apple hybrid seedlings that step 1 obtains are colonized in the selective nursery (strain of seedling
Away from for 1.5m, line-spacing 3m).It is in March, 2009 (before spring rudiment), seedling is raw on the trunk within 1 meter of ground
Long branch is all wiped out.Seedling carries out conventional cultivation management.The seedling photo in April, 2008 is shown in Fig. 5.
In early September, 2008, the hairy vetch of sowing in the ranks seed (the sowing cave of the seedling in the selective nursery
The distance between sowing cave is 0.5m, each to sow 5-6 seeds of bunch planting kind, after planting earthing and earthing thickness on seed
It spends for 5mm).2009 to 2014：Annual 7-8 months, the hairy vetch plant that the previous year sprouts it is naturally rotten,
During current year hairy vetch seed germination and growth, apply per acre 5-10 kilograms of urea (applying mode is spread fertilizer over the fields for single,
It is spread fertilizer over the fields before rainfall preferably based on weather forecast)；Pull out pernicious ruderal (artemisiifolia, three-coloured amaranth, lamb's-quarters, piemarker in annual 8-9 months
Fiber crops, humulus grass), retain excellent ruderal (lady's-grass, barnyard grass, bald barnyard, green bristlegrass etc.) and grow naturally；Annual late September, work as guarantor
When the excellent ruderal length stayed is to 30 centimetres or more, is cradled for 15 centimetres or so with grass trimmer toothing, then apply 10-15 per acre
Kilogram urea (applying mode is spread fertilizer over the fields for single, is spread fertilizer over the fields before rainfall preferably based on weather forecast).
The photo of selective nursery described in early April, 2011 is shown in Fig. 6, in early April, 2009, in early April, 2010,2012
Early April, in early April, 2013, the selective nursery photo of in early April, 2014 are basically identical with Fig. 6.It is observed that through
The hairy vetch in severe winter is crossed, spring (3-4 months) growth is vigorous, other weeds can not grow.
The photo of selective nursery described in early June, 2011 is shown in Fig. 7, in early June, 2009, in early June, 2010,2012
Early June, in early June, 2013, the selective nursery photo of in early June, 2014 are basically identical with Fig. 7.In early June, 2011
The situation of blooming of hairy vetch is shown in Fig. 8, in early June, 2009, in early June, 2010, in early June, 2012,2013 years 6
The situation of blooming of month the first tenday period of a month, hairy vetch of in early June, 2014 is basically identical with Fig. 8.
The situation of bearing pods of the hairy vetch of in early July, 2011 is shown in Fig. 9, in early July, 2009, in early July, 2010,
In early July, 2012, in early July, 2013, the hairy vetch of in early July, 2014 bear pods situation with Fig. 9 basic one
It causes.
The photo of selective nursery described in mid-July, 2011 is shown in Figure 10, in mid-July, 2009, in mid-July, 2010,2012
Mid-July in year, in mid-July, 2013, the selective nursery photo of in mid-July, 2014 are basically identical with Figure 10.It is observed that
Hairy vetch plant natural death, without cradling.
In mid-September, 2011, the germination and growth situation of hairy vetch seed was shown in Figure 11, in mid-September, 2009,2010
Year mid-September, in mid-September, 2012, in mid-September, 2013, in mid-September, 2014 hairy vetch seed germination and growth
Situation is basically identical with Figure 11.Photo when in mid-September, 2011 is cradled with grass trimmer is shown in Figure 12, in Septembers, 2009
When ten days, in mid-September, 2010, in mid-September, 2012, in mid-September, 2013, in mid-September, 2014 was cradled with grass trimmer
Photo it is basically identical with Figure 12.Photo when in mid-September, 2011 spreads fertilizer over the fields urea is shown in Figure 13, in mid-September, 2009,2010
Photo when spreading fertilizer over the fields year mid-September, in mid-September, 2012, in mid-September, 2013, in mid-September, 2014 urea with Figure 13 bases
This is consistent.
The photo of selective nursery described in mid-November, 2011 is shown in Figure 14, in mid-November, 2009, in mid-November, 2010,
In mid-November, 2012, in mid-November, 2013, in mid-November, 2014 selective nursery hairy vetch upgrowth situation photo
It is basically identical with Figure 14.
3rd, check experiment
Do not sow hairy vetch, other same step 2.
The Labor-saving high-efficiency culture fertility method of embodiment 2, six the May 4th of apple selective nursery plantation hairy vetch four or two one
First, apple hybrid seedling is prepared
1st, hybridization (being carried out in Shandong Yantai)
In April, 2009 pollinates to ' Song Benjin ' apple after emasculation the pollen of ' Fuji apple ' apple, harvests F1It is miscellaneous
Seed is handed over, by F1Hybrid seed is put into 1-3 DEG C of fresh keeping chamber of refrigerator Stratificated treatment 60d or so after cleaning (purpose is by meeting need
Cold releases seed dormancy).
2nd, it nurses young plants in hothouses
In December, 2009, the seed for completing step 1 is seeded in the nutritive cube equipped with seedling medium, and (each nutritive cube is sowed
3-5 seeds) it cultivates to seedling height and (is usually sowed 2-3 months) for lignifying at 8-15cm and rootstock, it then will be in fact
Raw transplantation of seedlings to the new nutritive cube (each nutritive cube transplants 1 plant) equipped with seedling medium is cultivated；Culture in this step
Condition is：25 DEG C, daily illumination 12 hours (intensity of illumination 3000lx), it is every since being sprouted seed to pour within 7-10 days one time of nutrition liquid
(it is nutrient solution that a great number of elements mother liquor of MS minimal mediums is diluted with water to 10 times of volumes), each nutritive cube pours every time
40-50ml。
2nd, the Labor-saving high-efficiency culture fertility method of six the May 4th of apple selective nursery plantation hairy vetch four or two one
Test place：Province of Taian Shandong city village town.
In April, 2010 1480 plants of apple hybrid seedlings that step 1 obtains are colonized in the selective nursery (strain of seedling
Away from for 1.5m, line-spacing 3m).It is in March, 2010 (before spring rudiment), seedling is raw on the trunk within 1 meter of ground
Long branch is all wiped out.Seedling carries out conventional cultivation management.
In early September, 2010, the hairy vetch of sowing in the ranks seed (the sowing cave of the seedling in the selective nursery
The distance between sowing cave is 0.5m, each to sow 5-6 seeds of bunch planting kind, after planting earthing and earthing thickness on seed
It spends for 5mm).2011 to 2014：Annual 7-8 months, the hairy vetch plant that the previous year sprouts it is naturally rotten,
During current year hairy vetch seed germination and growth, applying 5-10kg urea per acre, (applying mode is spread fertilizer over the fields for single, most
It is good to be spread fertilizer over the fields before rainfall according to weather forecast)；Annual 8-9 months, pull out pernicious ruderal (artemisiifolia, three-coloured amaranth, lamb's-quarters, piemarker,
Humulus grass), retain excellent ruderal (lady's-grass, barnyard grass, bald barnyard, green bristlegrass etc.) and grow naturally；Annual late September, work as reservation
Excellent ruderal length to 30 centimetres or more when, cradled for 15 centimetres or so with grass trimmer toothing, it is public then to apply 10-15 per acre
Jin urea (applying mode is spread fertilizer over the fields for single, is spread fertilizer over the fields before rainfall preferably based on weather forecast).
3rd, check experiment
Do not sow hairy vetch, other same step 2.
The Labor-saving high-efficiency culture fertility method of embodiment 3, six the May 4th of apple selective nursery plantation hairy vetch four or two one
First, apple hybrid seedling is prepared
1st, hybridization (being carried out in Xinjiang Luntai County)
In April, 2011 pollinates to ' Fuji apple ' apple after emasculation the pollen of ' red crisp No. 1 ' apple, harvests F1It is miscellaneous
Seed is handed over, by F1Hybrid seed is put into 1-3 DEG C of fresh keeping chamber of refrigerator Stratificated treatment 60d or so after cleaning (purpose is by meeting need
Cold releases seed dormancy).
2nd, it nurses young plants in hothouses
In December, 2011, the seed for completing step 1 is seeded in the nutritive cube equipped with seedling medium, and (each nutritive cube is sowed
3-5 seeds) it cultivates to seedling height and (is usually sowed 2-3 months) for lignifying at 8-15cm and rootstock, it then will be in fact
Raw transplantation of seedlings to the new nutritive cube (each nutritive cube transplants 1 plant) equipped with seedling medium is cultivated；Culture in this step
Condition is：25 DEG C, daily illumination 12 hours (intensity of illumination 3000lx), it is every since being sprouted seed to pour within 7-10 days one time of nutrition liquid
(it is nutrient solution that a great number of elements mother liquor of MS minimal mediums is diluted with water to 10 times of volumes), each nutritive cube pours every time
40-50ml。
2nd, the Labor-saving high-efficiency culture fertility method of six the May 4th of apple selective nursery plantation hairy vetch four or two one
Test place：Shandong Guan County.
In April, 2012 1480 plants of apple hybrid seedlings that step 1 obtains are colonized in the selective nursery (strain of seedling
Away from for 1.5m, line-spacing 3m).It is in March, 2012 (before spring rudiment), seedling is raw on the trunk within 1 meter of ground
Long branch is all wiped out.Seedling carries out conventional cultivation management.
In early September, 2012, the hairy vetch of sowing in the ranks seed (the sowing cave of the seedling in the selective nursery
The distance between sowing cave is 0.5m, each to sow 5-6 seeds of bunch planting kind, after planting earthing and earthing thickness on seed
It spends for 5mm).2013 to 2014：Annual 7-8 months, the hairy vetch plant that the previous year sprouts it is naturally rotten,
During current year hairy vetch seed germination and growth, applying 5-10kg urea per acre, (applying mode is spread fertilizer over the fields for single, most
It is good to be spread fertilizer over the fields before rainfall according to weather forecast)；Annual 8-9 months, pull out pernicious ruderal (artemisiifolia, three-coloured amaranth, lamb's-quarters, piemarker,
Humulus grass), retain excellent ruderal (lady's-grass, barnyard grass, bald barnyard, green bristlegrass etc.) and grow naturally；Annual late September, work as reservation
Excellent ruderal length to 30 centimetres or more when, cradled for 15 centimetres or so with grass trimmer toothing, it is public then to apply 10-15 per acre
Jin urea (applying mode is spread fertilizer over the fields for single, is spread fertilizer over the fields before rainfall preferably based on weather forecast).
3rd, check experiment
Do not sow hairy vetch, other same step 2.
In September, 2015 takes the soil in selective nursery, and (content of organic matter, total nitrogen content, available potassium contain detection indices
Amount and available phosphorus contents；Phosphatase enzyme activity, urase enzyme activity and invertase enzyme activity；Microbial respiratory and activity and enliven microorganism
Amount).Sward 6 years is after carrying out embodiment 1, the soil of in September, 2015 (h0 represents the processing for carrying out step 3, h6 represent into
The processing of row step 2).After sward as carries out embodiment 2 in 4 years, (n0 represents the place for carrying out step 3 to the soil of in September, 2015
Reason, n4 represent the processing for carrying out step 2).Sward 2 years is after carrying out embodiment 3, the soil of in September, 2015 (g0 represent into
The processing of row step 3, gq represent the processing for carrying out step 2).
Physical and chemical index the results are shown in Table 1.Enzyme activity index is shown in Table 2.Edaphon breathes and the result is shown in Figure 15 of activity.Soil
The result is shown in Figure 16 of earth active microbiomass.The plantation hairy vetch orchard soil content of organic matter of 6 years, 4 years and 2 years,
Total nitrogen content, quick-acting potassium content, available phosphorus contents, phosphatase enzyme activity, urase enzyme activity and invertase enzyme activity, microbial respiratory and work
Property, active microbiomass be all remarkably higher than it is respective control (in addition to the sward urase enzyme activity of 6 years, the sward invertase enzyme of 2 years
Work is not significantly different).The result shows that orchard planting hairy vetch is remarkably improved the soil organism, N content, P content
With K contents, significantly improve various enzymatic activitys and active microbiomass, be obviously improved soil quality or fertility.
1 soil physico-chemical index of table
2 soil enzymatic activities index of table
Claims (6)
1. a kind of cultivation of fruit tree method, includes the following steps：
(1) fruit tree sapling is colonized in orchard；Be colonized fruit tree sapling when fruit tree sapling spacing in the rows be 1.3-1.7m, line-spacing 2.5-
3.5m；In the second year for completing the field planting, before spring rudiment, fruit tree sapling is grown on the trunk within 1 meter of ground
Branch all wipe out；
(2) in autumn current year of the field planting, in the hairy vetch seed of sowing in the ranks of fruit tree sapling；" in fruit tree sapling
The hairy vetch of sowing in the ranks seed " method be：It is 0.4-0.6m, Mei Gebo to sow the distance between cave and sowing cave
Kind 5-6 seeds of bunch planting kind, after planting earthing and thickness of earth covering are 4-6mm on seed；Complete the second year of the field planting
And later time, annual 7-8 months apply urea；It completes the second year of the field planting and later time, the annual 8-9 months
Part, pull out pernicious ruderal；The pernicious ruderal is any one in artemisiifolia, three-coloured amaranth, lamb's-quarters, piemarker and humulus grass or appoints
Meaning combination；It completes the second year of the field planting and later time, annual late September, when ruderal length is to 30 centimetres or more
When, 15 centimetres or so of toothing cradles, and then applies urea.
2. the method as described in claim 1, it is characterised in that：In the step (1), fruit tree sapling when being colonized fruit tree sapling
Spacing in the rows is 1.5m, line-spacing 3m.
3. the method as described in claim 1, it is characterised in that：In the step (2), " grown in the sowing in the ranks of fruit tree sapling
The method of pubescence vetch seed " is：The distance between cave and sowing cave are sowed as 0.5m, it is each to sow 5-6 kinds of bunch planting kind
Son, after planting earthing and thickness of earth covering are 5mm on seed.
4. the method as described in any in claims 1 to 3, it is characterised in that：The method that annual 7-8 months apply urea
For：Single is spread fertilizer over the fields, and applies 5-10 kilograms of urea per acre.
5. the method as described in any in claims 1 to 3, it is characterised in that：The method that annual late September applies urea
For：Single is spread fertilizer over the fields, and applies 10-15 kilograms of urea per acre.
6. the method as described in any in claims 1 to 3, it is characterised in that：The fruit tree sapling is apple hybrid seedling.
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