CN105941071B - A kind of cultivation of new varieties apple tree and mating system - Google Patents
A kind of cultivation of new varieties apple tree and mating system Download PDFInfo
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- CN105941071B CN105941071B CN201610505178.0A CN201610505178A CN105941071B CN 105941071 B CN105941071 B CN 105941071B CN 201610505178 A CN201610505178 A CN 201610505178A CN 105941071 B CN105941071 B CN 105941071B
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- 235000011430 Malus pumila Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 235000015103 Malus silvestris Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 240000007119 Malus pumila Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 230000023298 conjugation with cellular fusion Effects 0.000 title abstract description 11
- 230000013011 mating Effects 0.000 title abstract description 11
- 230000021037 unidirectional conjugation Effects 0.000 title abstract description 11
- 230000001488 breeding Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 27
- 235000009508 confectionery Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 4
- 244000269722 Thea sinensis Species 0.000 abstract description 3
- 241000220225 Malus Species 0.000 description 14
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 12
- 239000002420 orchard Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000006308 pollination Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 7
- 241000256844 Apis mellifera Species 0.000 description 4
- 210000003414 Extremities Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 241001528566 Malus sieversii Species 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 230000036642 wellbeing Effects 0.000 description 3
- 241001481296 Malus spectabilis Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000021016 apples Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000013 Ammonium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PRKQVKDSMLBJBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium carbonate Chemical compound N.N.OC(O)=O PRKQVKDSMLBJBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000012538 ammonium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001099 ammonium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035558 fertility Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004720 fertilization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004345 fruit ripening Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000012907 honey Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000001802 infusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003895 organic fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002686 phosphate fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940072033 potash Drugs 0.000 description 1
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Substances [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000015320 potassium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910052939 potassium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- -1 potassium sulfate compound Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000011151 potassium sulphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011573 trace mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013619 trace mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000017260 vegetative to reproductive phase transition of meristem Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/30—Grafting
Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of breeding method of new varieties apple tree, incubation step includes：A1 connects Qinguan apple branch or bud is connected on Qiaoization Starkrimson Apple Trees；Qiaoization Starkrimson Apple Trees scion grafting after cultivation obtained by step A1 or bud are connected on Qiaoization Nagafu No.2 tree by A2；A3 is by Qiaoization Nagafu No.2 branch connects after the cultivation obtained by step A2 or bud is connected on M26 dwarfing interstocks；The scion grafting of M26 dwarfing interstocks or bud are connected on Red Fuji Spur Apple Cultivar tree to get new varieties apple tree after the first of gained is cultivated after A4 will be cultivated in step A3.The invention further relates to the mating system of new varieties apple tree, breeding step includes the grafting M26 dwarfing interstocks on the sapling of selection, and the branch or bud of the new varieties apple tree are grafted on M26 dwarfing interstocks.The fruit tree obtained using the cultivation and mating system of the new varieties apple tree is best in quality, and fruiting period and maturity period shift to an earlier date, and fruit is larger, and color is uniform, and sweet tea is crisp agreeable to the taste, and yield is big, and economic value is high.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to planting fruit trees fields, and in particular to a kind of cultivation of new varieties apple tree and mating system.
Background technology
China is the apple production state and country of consumption of world rankings first, and Apple Culture gross area is big, and apple production is high.But
It is that compared with developed countries, the yield per unit area of China's apple is relatively low, fruit total quality is poor and there are orchard economy effects
The problems such as benefit is not high.Currently, China major part orchard, which mostly uses tall anvil planting culture pattern, carries out apple cultivation management, but the mould
Orchard under formula is more closed, is easy to cause the irradiation of fruit tree light is uneven, and fruit tree result time and fruit maturation time are later etc.
Problem.In addition, the Cultivating techniques of China various regions apple more fall behind, the apple nursery stock variety and quality cultivated is bad, fruit tree institute
Fructufy is smaller, and fruit irregular colour, mouthfeel is not good enough, and fruit quality is poor, seriously affects the economic well-being of workers and staff of apple garden.
Invention content
In order to solve the above problem of the existing technology, the present invention provides the cultivations of a kind of new varieties apple tree and numerous
Educate method.The new varieties apple tree obtained by using the breeding method of the new varieties apple tree is best in quality, fruiting period and
Maturity period shifts to an earlier date, and fruit volume is larger, and bright in colour uniform, sweet tea is crisp agreeable to the taste.The present invention also provides the new varieties apples
The mating system of fruit tree, the mating system can fast breeding new varieties apple tree, make its within a short period of time enter high yield period,
Apple production is improved, orchard economic well-being of workers and staff is effectively increased.
The technical solution adopted in the present invention is：
A kind of breeding method of new varieties apple tree, the incubation step of use include：
A1 chooses branch or the twig of Qinguan apple tree, grafts to Qiaoization Starkrimson Apple Trees, cultivates 2 years, is trained
Qiaoization Starkrimson Apple Trees after educating；
A2 takes the branch of Qiaoization Starkrimson Apple Trees or twig, grafting to Qiaoization after the cultivation of gained after cultivation in step A1
On Nagafu No.2 tree, cultivate 2 years, Qiaoization Nagafu No.2 tree after being cultivated；
A3 takes the branch of Qiaoization Nagafu No.2 tree or twig, grafting to M26 dwarfing interstocks after the cultivation of gained in step A2
On, 3-4 is cultivated, M26 dwarfing interstocks after the first cultivation are obtained；
A4 take in step A3 the first of gained cultivate after M26 dwarfing interstocks branch or twig, grafting to the red richness of brachyplast
On scholar apple tree, 2-3 is cultivated to get new varieties apple tree.
Further, in step A1, three twigs of the Qinguan apple tree are chosen, and three twigs are transferred respectively
It is connected on three different branches of Qiaoization Starkrimson Apple Trees, height of the graft position apart from ground is 1.5m；Grafting
Season is autumn, and grafting temperature is 15-25 DEG C；
In step A2, the twig for choosing Qiaoization Starkrimson Apple Trees after the cultivation is grafted, and grafting season is autumn,
It is 15-25 DEG C to graft temperature, and grafting part is located at the shoot of Qiaoization Nagafu No.2 tree, and the height apart from ground is 1.5m；
In step A3, the twig for choosing Qiaoization Nagafu No.2 tree after the cultivation is grafted, and grafting season is autumn, is transferred
Jointing temp is 15-25 DEG C, and grafting part is located at the shoot of the M26 dwarfing interstocks, and the height apart from ground is 1.5m；
In step A4, the twig of M26 dwarfing interstocks is grafted after selection described first is cultivated, and grafting season is the autumn
In season, grafting temperature is 15-25 DEG C, and grafting part is located at the shoot of the Red Fuji Spur Apple Cultivar tree, the height apart from ground
For 1.5m.
The mating system of new varieties apple tree obtained by a kind of breeding method by the new varieties apple tree, using transferring
The mode of connecing is bred, and breeding step includes：
B1 takes Malus sieversii tree or cherry-apple tree as sapling, and the branch of M26 dwarfing interstocks is grafted on the sapling
Or twig, it cultivates 1 year, obtains M26 dwarfing interstocks after the second cultivation；
B2 obtained by step B1 second cultivate after graft on M26 dwarfing interstocks the new varieties apple tree branch or
Twig is cultivated, you can.
Further, in step bl is determined, the time of the branch or twig of grafting the M26 dwarfing interstocks is the second year autumn
Season, environment temperature when grafting are 15-25 DEG C；The sapling is the Xinjiang open country apple in autumn current year, winter or the next spring plantation
Fruit tree seedlings or Malus spectabilis seed；
In step B2, the time of the branch or twig of grafting the new varieties apple tree is autumn in third year, when grafting
Environment temperature be 15-25 DEG C.
Further, in step bl is determined, carry out grafting operation the specific steps are：
On the limb of the sapling, distance plantation ground 10-15cm at and have light irradiate cut on one side first T-shaped
Mouthful, the lateral side length of the described first T-shaped mouth is 1.0-1.5cm, and the vertical edge length of the described first T-shaped mouth is 1.0-
1.5cm；By taking branch or twig as the first scion on the M26 dwarfing interstocks, the root of first scion is cut
At horse ear shape, the long axis length of the cut surface of first scion root is 1.5-2.0cm；The root of first scion is inserted
Enter in the described first T-shaped mouth, makes the forming layer portion in the forming layer position and the first T-shaped mouth of first scion
Position alignment, first scion and the sapling bondage are fixed.
Further, the number of the described first T-shaped mouth is one or more, in each described first T-shaped mouth
First scion there are one plugging.
Further, in step B2, carry out grafting operation the specific steps are：
It is described second cultivate after M26 dwarfing interstocks limb on, distance plantation ground 10-15cm at and have light irradiation
Cut the second T-shaped mouth on one side, the lateral side length of the described second T-shaped mouth is 1.0-1.5cm, the described second T-shaped mouth
Vertical edge length is 1.0-1.5cm；By taking branch or twig as second scion, the second scion on the new varieties apple tree
Root cut into horse ear shape, the long axis length of the cut surface of the root of the second scion is 1.5-2.0cm；By described second
The root of scion is inserted into the described second T-shaped mouth, and the forming layer portion in the second scion and the second T-shaped mouth is made
The second scion and M26 dwarfing interstock bondages after second cultivation are fixed in position alignment.
Further, the number of the described second T-shaped mouth is one or more, in each described second T-shaped mouth
The second scion there are one plugging.
Further, in step B1, the sapling branch arrangement plantation, the distance between adjacent described sapling in a line
For 1.8-2.0m, each line space is 2.8-3.3m.
Further, in step B2, the cultivating process includes the following steps：Fertilising, beta pruning, flower thinning, pollination and dredge
Fruit；The fertilising step uses a trench fertilization method, digs zanjon in plant both sides, the distance between the zanjon and plant are
The width of 50-70cm, the zanjon are 10-20cm, depth 20-30cm；The pollination step uses honeybee pollination method.
Beneficial effects of the present invention are：
1, it can be cultivated to obtain the apple nursery stock with better quality by the breeding method of the new varieties apple tree, it is described
New varieties apple tree abloom rate is high, and disease resistance is strong, and point of the yield without biennial bearing, fruit is larger.
2, the mating system of the new varieties apple tree can realize fast breeding, using Malus sieversii tree or cherry-apple tree
As sapling, it can make nursery stock that there is good drought resisting cold performance；The branch of M26 dwarfing interstocks is grafted on the sapling
Or twig, trunk infusion growth can be adjusted, effective dwarfed plant is improved into flower quality；Breed obtained apple tree plant tool
There are stronger drought resisting, cold-resistant and disease resistance, fructescence to shift to an earlier date, shelf life is long, and fruit is entirely red, bright-colored equal
Even, crisp texture is sweet, and yield is higher, can effectively improve orchard economic benefit.
Specific implementation mode
A kind of breeding method of new varieties apple tree, the incubation step of use include：
A1 chooses branch or the twig of Qinguan apple tree, grafts to Qiaoization Starkrimson Apple Trees, cultivates 2 years, is trained
Qiaoization Starkrimson Apple Trees after educating；Preferably, three twigs of the Qinguan apple tree are chosen, and three twigs are distinguished
On grafting to three different branches of Qiaoization Starkrimson Apple Trees, height of the graft position apart from ground is 1.5m；It transfers
It is autumn to connect season, and grafting temperature is 15-25 DEG C；
A2 takes the branch of Qiaoization Starkrimson Apple Trees or twig, grafting to Qiaoization length richness 2 after the cultivation of gained in step A1
Number tree on, cultivate 2 years, Qiaoization Nagafu No.2 tree after being cultivated；Preferably, Qiaoization Starkrimson Apple Trees after the cultivation are chosen
Twig grafted, grafting season be autumn, grafting temperature be 15-25 DEG C, grafting part is located at Qiaoization Nagafu No.2 tree
Shoot at, height apart from ground is 1.5m；
A3 takes the branch of Qiaoization Nagafu No.2 tree or twig, grafting to M26 dwarfing interstocks after the cultivation of gained in step A2
On, 3-4 is cultivated, M26 dwarfing interstocks after the first cultivation are obtained；Preferably, Qiaoization Nagafu No.2 tree after the cultivation is chosen
Twig is grafted, and grafting season is autumn, and grafting temperature is 15-25 DEG C, and grafting part is located at the M26 dwarfing interstocks
At shoot, the height apart from ground is 1.5m；
A4 take in step A3 the first of gained cultivate after M26 dwarfing interstocks branch or twig, grafting to the red richness of brachyplast
On scholar apple tree, the twig of M26 dwarfing interstocks is grafted after selection described first is cultivated, and grafting season is autumn, grafting
Temperature is 15-25 DEG C, and grafting part is located at the shoot of the Red Fuji Spur Apple Cultivar tree, and the height apart from ground is 1.5m.
Continue cultivate 2-3 after to get new varieties apple tree.The new varieties apple tree abloom rate is high, and disease resistance is strong, and yield is without big
Point in off year, fruit volume is larger.
The mating system of new varieties apple tree obtained by a kind of breeding method by the new varieties apple tree, using transferring
The mode of connecing is bred, and breeding step includes：
B1 takes Malus sieversii tree or cherry-apple tree as sapling, and the branch of M26 dwarfing interstocks is grafted on the sapling
Or twig, it cultivates 1 year, obtains M26 dwarfing interstocks after the second cultivation；More specifically, choosing the tree of current year Malus sieversii tree
Seedling or the Malus spectabilis seeds of trees are planted, and are preferably planted according to branch's arrangement mode, be located at in a line adjacent sapling or phase
Spacing distance between the adjacent seeds of trees is 1.8-2.0m, and the line space between adjacent rows is 2.8-3.3m.Planting season is current year
Autumn and winter or second year spring.It cultivates to the autumn of second year, grafting M26 is preferably carried out in the lunar calendar August and is downgraded
The branch of intermediate stock or the operation of twig.Engrafting and cultivating is preferably carried out using the twig of the M26 dwarfing interstocks when grafting, is transferred
Operation is connect to need to carry out under the conditions of temperature is 15-25 DEG C.Specifically grafting operation step is：
On the limb of the sapling, distance plantation ground 10-15cm at and have light irradiate cut on one side first T-shaped
Mouthful, the lateral side length of the described first T-shaped mouth is 1.0-1.5cm, and the vertical edge length of the described first T-shaped mouth is 1.0-
1.5cm；By taking branch or twig as the first scion on the M26 dwarfing interstocks, the root of first scion is cut
At horse ear shape, the long axis length of the cut surface of first scion root is 1.5-2.0cm；The root of first scion is inserted
Enter in the described first T-shaped mouth, makes the forming layer portion in the forming layer position and the first T-shaped mouth of first scion
Position alignment, first scion and the sapling bondage are fixed.Preferably, the number of the described first T-shaped mouth be one or
It is multiple, plug that there are one first scion in each described first T-shaped mouth.
B2 obtained by step B1 second cultivate after graft on M26 dwarfing interstocks the new varieties apple tree branch or
Twig, preferential to choose twig and grafted, grafting time is autumn in third year (lunar calendar eight, September), environment temperature when grafting
Degree is 15-25 DEG C.Specific grafting operation is as follows：
It is described second cultivate after M26 dwarfing interstocks limb on, distance plantation ground 10-15cm at and have light irradiation
Cut the second T-shaped mouth on one side, the lateral side length of the described second T-shaped mouth is 1.0-1.5cm, the described second T-shaped mouth
Vertical edge length is 1.0-1.5cm；By taking branch or twig as second scion, the second scion on the new varieties apple tree
Root cut into horse ear shape, the long axis length of the cut surface of the root of the second scion is 1.5-2.0cm；By described second
The root of scion is inserted into the described second T-shaped mouth, and the forming layer portion in the second scion and the second T-shaped mouth is made
The second scion and M26 dwarfing interstock bondages after second cultivation are fixed in position alignment.Preferably, second fourth
The number of font mouth is one or more, plugs that there are one the second scions in each described second T-shaped mouth.
After the completion of grafting operation, it is also necessary to cultivating and managing is carried out to plant, to reach the mesh of guarantee fruit tree high yield, excellent production
, further increase orchard economic well-being of workers and staff.Specific cultivating and managing step includes fertilising, beta pruning, flower thinning, pollination and fruit thinning.
Specifically, fertilizing operation refers to digging zanjon in plant both sides, the distance between the zanjon and plant are 50-
The width of 70cm, the zanjon are 10-20cm, depth 20-30cm；Apply fertilizer into the zanjon, specifically, annual
It is main to apply the fertilizer for promoting tree body to take root foster root when autumn and winter, i.e. lunar calendar 9-10 months, soil fertility can be improved, promoted
Plant early takes root, takes root more, taking root deeply, enhances the absorption of plant pair moisture and nutrient, improves plant drought ability.Annual
Mainly impose rudiment fertilizer when spring, i.e. lunar calendar 2-3 months, such as apply organic fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer and ammonium bicarbonate etc., be conducive to promote
It is grown into fruit tree young sprout.To when summer, i.e. lunar calendar 5-6 months mainly apply expand fertilizer, can select potassium sulfate compound fertilizer and
Trace-element fertilizer.
Cut operator refers to, carries out beta pruning processing to plant with spring in winter, wipes out the mixed and disorderly and not no branch of bud.
Flower thinning operation refers to, after fruit tree plant blossom, carries out flower thinning processing, retains 1 center at every cluster bud
Flower.
The pollination operation refers to that Post flowering can use artificial pollination or honeybee pollination mode to pollinate flower,
It is preferred that using cultivation honeybee, then carried out by the way of honeybee pollination, can effectively reduce hand labor cost, while can be with
The byproducts such as honey are obtained, the additional income in orchard is further increased.
The fruit thinning operation refers to after fruit tree plant result, wiping out depauperation or exuberant young fruit, to ensure
Fruit quality and yield.
The cultivation of the new varieties apple tree provided according to present embodiment and mating system carry out planting fruit trees,
Second year or third year, that is, visible fruit, fruit tree can reach the best fruiting period after plantation 4 to five years, and orchard per mu yield can reach at this time
To 5000-8000 jin.Ripe apples time advance, shelf life is long, and single apple volume is big, and color is entirely red, and colouring is uniform, sweet tea
It is crisp agreeable to the taste, there is higher economic value.
The present invention is not limited to above-mentioned preferred forms, anyone can show that other are various under the inspiration of the present invention
The product of form, however, make any variation in its shape or structure, it is every that there is skill identical or similar to the present application
Art scheme, is within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (1)
1. a kind of breeding method of new varieties apple tree, which is characterized in that the incubation step of use includes：
A1 chooses three twigs of Qinguan apple tree, and three twigs are grafted respectively to the three of Qiaoization Starkrimson Apple Trees
On the different branch of root, cultivate 2 years, Qiaoization Starkrimson Apple Trees after being cultivated；
A2 takes in step A1 Qiaoization Starkrimson Apple Trees twig after the cultivation of gained, grafts to Qiaoization Nagafu No.2 tree, cultivation two
Year, Qiaoization Nagafu No.2 tree after being cultivated；
A3 takes the twig of Qiaoization Nagafu No.2 tree after the cultivation of gained in step A2, grafts to M26 dwarfing interstocks, cultivates 3-4
Year, obtain M26 dwarfing interstocks after the first cultivation；
A4 take in step A3 the first of gained cultivate after M26 dwarfing interstocks twig, in grafting to Red Fuji Spur Apple Cultivar tree,
2-3 is cultivated to get new varieties apple tree, wherein
In step A1, three twigs of the Qinguan apple tree are chosen, and three twigs are grafted respectively to Qiaoization
On three different branches of Starkrimson Apple Trees, height of the graft position apart from ground is 1.5m；Grafting season is autumn, is transferred
Jointing temp is 15-25 DEG C；
In step A2, the twig for choosing Qiaoization Starkrimson Apple Trees after the cultivation is grafted, and grafting season is autumn, grafting
Temperature is 15-25 DEG C, and grafting part is located at the shoot of Qiaoization Nagafu No.2 tree, and the height apart from ground is 1.5m；
In step A3, the twig for choosing Qiaoization Nagafu No.2 tree after the cultivation is grafted, and grafting season is autumn, grafting temperature
Degree is 15-25 DEG C, and grafting part is located at the shoot of the M26 dwarfing interstocks, and the height apart from ground is 1.5m；
In step A4, the twig of M26 dwarfing interstocks is grafted after selection described first is cultivated, and grafting season is autumn, is transferred
Jointing temp is 15-25 DEG C, and grafting part is located at the shoot of the Red Fuji Spur Apple Cultivar tree, and the height apart from ground is
1.5m。
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| CN107173083A (en) * | 2017-07-17 | 2017-09-19 | 杨凌职业技术学院 | A kind of Apples Dwarf Stocks grafting seedlings-growing method |
| CN109315161A (en) * | 2018-12-07 | 2019-02-12 | 甘肃德美地缘现代农业集团有限公司 | A kind of vitro grafting method of red Fuji apple tree |
| CN112772256B (en) * | 2021-01-18 | 2022-05-10 | 山东省烟台市农业科学研究院 | Method for stabilizing apple canopy and rhizosphere micro-area environment and improving fruit quality |
| CN113412738A (en) * | 2021-02-02 | 2021-09-21 | 威海市五十一号农场股份有限公司 | Breeding method of new high-quality apple variety and fertilizer thereof |
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| CN105941071A (en) | 2016-09-21 |
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