CN108575641B

CN108575641B - Technical method for improving efficiency of water and fertilizer conservation in apple orchard in seasonal arid area

Info

Publication number: CN108575641B
Application number: CN201810419497.9A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 陈华; 陈检锋; 王志远; 付利波; 尹梅; 洪丽芳; 苏帆
Original assignee: Institute of Agricultural Environment and Resources of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Current assignee: Institute of Agricultural Environment and Resources of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Priority date: 2018-05-04
Filing date: 2018-05-04
Publication date: 2020-11-13
Anticipated expiration: 2038-05-04
Also published as: CN108575641A

Abstract

The invention discloses a technical method for water and fertilizer conservation and efficiency improvement of an apple orchard in a seasonal arid area, which comprises the steps of pre-sowing treatment, sowing, living covering, first cutting management and second cutting management circulating management.

Description

Technical method for improving efficiency of water and fertilizer conservation in apple orchard in seasonal arid area

Technical Field

The invention relates to water and fertilizer conservation in an apple orchard in an arid region, in particular to a technical method for improving the efficiency of the water and fertilizer conservation in the apple orchard in a seasonal arid region.

Background

Drought is one of the natural disasters that cause very serious agricultural losses, and seasonal drought occurs frequently even in the moist and rainy subtropical red soil regions. Especially, the seasonal drought in the south of China is characterized by high occurrence frequency, high intensity, basically synchronous drought and heat and large evapotranspiration; the cause of this is a combination of climatic, soil, biological and regulatory factors.

In southern hilly red soil areas with obvious seasonal drought, most orchards have no irrigation conditions, belong to typical rain-fed agricultural areas, and because the seasonal drought in winter and spring cannot fully supply water for apples, the influence on physiological metabolism, growth and development of apple trees is large, and the influence on the yield and quality of apple trees is also large. Due to the limitation of natural conditions, fruit growers only use a large amount of fertilizer to obtain high yield, the fertilizer application amount is increased more and more in the long year, the yield increasing effect is not obvious, the conditions that the soil texture is worse and worse, organic matters are reduced year by year, soil hardening is serious day by day and the like are caused, and the land growing environment of the apple orchard is seriously damaged. However, at present, there is no effective method for solving many problems existing in seasonal arid regions, and the growth environment is mainly reconstructed by some hydraulic engineering facilities, but the method has high cost, large resource consumption, unobvious reconstruction effect and is not easy to popularize.

Relevant researches show that the straw mulching technology has obvious water retention effect, the water evaporation of the straw mulching soil is obviously reduced compared with that of the exposed ground surface in the dormancy stage of the fruit trees, and the water storage utilization rate and the precipitation utilization rate of the soil in the apple orchard can be improved; in addition, multiple studies show that the organic and inorganic compound quantity of the soil can be increased by applying the green manure for a long time, so that the organic matters of the soil are improved, the soil fertility is improved, and the organic matters of the soil can be increased to different degrees by turning and pressing the green manure on the soil in most areas. However, the straws need to be transported from the farmland to the orchard and then laid, which is tedious.

However, in the prior art, there are few reports in patent documents about interplanting other plants in fruit trees for water storage and fertilizer preservation of fruit trees, and no effective implementation way is provided so far for overcoming the defects in the prior art.

Disclosure of Invention

Technical problem to be solved

Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention provides a technical method for water and fertilizer conservation and efficiency improvement of an apple orchard in a seasonal arid area.

(II) technical scheme

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:

a technical method for water and fertilizer conservation and efficiency improvement of an apple orchard in a seasonal arid region comprises the following steps: the sowing method of the smooth-leaf sweet potatoes comprises the following steps:

s1, pretreatment of sowing: selecting smooth-leaf vetch seeds with full grain size and rubbing the seeds with sand grains with smaller grain size than the seeds together to partially damage the seed skins;

s2, sowing: selecting a gap land in an apple orchard, wherein in the middle-upper ten days of 8 months every year, sowing is carried out in a broadcast sowing mode or a pond sowing mode, the sowing position is 50-55cm away from the root base of a fruit tree, and the broadcast sowing mode is as follows: the calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and seeds are mixed according to the standard of 2-3 kg/mu, the seeds are sowed evenly according to 4-6 kg/mu, soil is covered after sowing, and the pond sowing mode is as follows: controlling the spacing between ponds to be 30cm, mixing the calcium-magnesia phosphate fertilizer and seeds according to the standard of 2 kg/mu, and mixing the seeds according to 5 kg/mu and 3-4 seeds per pond;

s3, live covering: after 10 months, the growth of the smooth-leaf sweet potatoes is manually intervened, topdressing is carried out on places with poor growth vigor, and meanwhile, the creeping and creeping characteristics of the smooth-leaf sweet potatoes are utilized to introduce places with good growth vigor into places with poor growth vigor for growth and coverage, so that the rapid growth and coverage of plants are promoted;

s4, first mowing management: the smooth-leaf purple sweet potato grows to 12 months and is cut for the first time, the stubble height is not less than 25cm when the smooth-leaf purple sweet potato is cut for the first time, the cut part is reserved, the cut part is naturally piled and retted for fermentation, the place for piling retting is selected near an orchard, a plastic film is adopted for covering in the process of piling and retting, the fermentation is accelerated, the fermented product is placed after the fermentation is finished, when topdressing is carried out before flowering in the next year, the fermented product and the fertilizer are uniformly mixed and rolled together in a pre-excavated fertilizing ditch, and the fertilizer is covered with soil after the rolling to be used as an organic fertilizer in the next year;

s5, second mowing management: the second cutting time is 3 months, topdressing is carried out after the cutting, no stubble is left after the second cutting, the cut smooth-leaf vetch is uniformly covered on the gap ground of the apple orchard, dead covering of plant bodies on the ground surface is carried out, the furrowing and topdressing are carried out in the middle and upper ten days of 6 months in combination with the fruit expanding period, and the furrowing and topdressing are carried out in the fertilizing ditch, and the furrowing and topdressing are carried out after the furrowing and the topdressing are carried out;

s6, loop management: and after the first mowing management and the second mowing management, the orchard is managed according to the conventional method, and the operation steps of S1-S5 are circularly operated for 3 years.

Preferably, the seeds in step S1 are soaked in the sterilizing solution before planting.

Preferably, in the step S1, before the seeds are sown, the sowing area is sown after being shallow turned.

Preferably, in step S2, sowing is performed in the middle-upper 8 months per year in a sowing manner, wherein the sowing position is 52cm away from the base of the fruit tree root, and the sowing manner is as follows: the calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and the seeds are mixed according to the standard of 2 kg/mu, the seeds are sowed evenly according to 5 kg/mu, the soil is covered after the sowing is finished, and the pond sowing mode is as follows: the spacing between ponds is controlled to be 30cm, the calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and seeds are mixed according to the standard of 2 kg/mu, and the seeds are mixed according to 5 kg/mu and 3 seeds per pond.

Preferably, after the smooth-leaf potatoes are sown in the step S2, the proper weed removal is carried out on the sowing area.

Advantageous effects

The invention provides a technical method for water and fertilizer conservation and efficiency improvement of an apple orchard in a seasonal arid area, which is a method for organically combining technologies such as green manure turning, green manure active coverage, green manure dead coverage and the like with physiological characteristics of apple trees and seasonal arid period characteristics, so that the purposes of reducing the water evaporation capacity of the apple orchard soil, improving the water retention capacity of the soil and relieving the serious shortage problem of water supply of the apple orchard in an arid season are achieved, the characteristics of nitrogen fixation, large biomass and easy decomposition of the green manure are utilized, the soil fertility and organic matters of the apple orchard are improved by turning and returning to the field, the purposes of reducing the application amount of fertilizer in the apple orchard and improving the application amount of the fertilizer are achieved

XMJMJ

Utilization rate and ecological environment protection.

The invention aims at the method for covering, preserving water and improving soil fertility by planting the smooth-leaf vetch in the gap of the apple orchard in the seasonal arid area, combines the technologies of green manure active covering, green manure dead covering and the like with the seasonal arid period characteristic, and ensures that the earth surface has a covering in the whole arid period, thereby achieving the purposes of reducing the water evaporation capacity of the apple orchard soil, improving the water-preserving capacity of the soil and relieving the problem of serious insufficient water supply of the dry orchard in the arid season; by utilizing the characteristics of nitrogen fixation, large biomass and easy decomposition of green manure and combining with the fruit tree fertilization period to carry out twice turning and pressing for returning to the field, the fertility and organic matters of the soil in the apple orchard are improved on the premise of not obviously increasing labor force, and the purposes of reducing the application amount of chemical fertilizer in the apple orchard, improving the utilization rate of the fertilizer and protecting the ecological environment are achieved.

Detailed Description

In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Example 1:

s2, sowing: selecting a gap land in an apple orchard, wherein in the middle-upper ten days of 8 months every year, sowing is carried out in a broadcast sowing mode, the sowing position is 50cm away from the root base of a fruit tree, and the broadcast sowing mode is as follows: mixing the calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and seeds according to the standard of 2 kg/mu, uniformly sowing the seeds according to 4 kg/mu, and covering soil after sowing;

Example 2:

s2, sowing: selecting a gap place in an apple orchard, wherein in the middle-upper ten days of 8 months every year, sowing is carried out in a pond sowing mode, the sowing position is 55cm away from the base of the fruit tree root, and the pond sowing mode is as follows: controlling the spacing between ponds to be 30cm, mixing the calcium-magnesia phosphate fertilizer and seeds according to the standard of 2 kg/mu, and mixing the seeds according to 5 kg/mu and 3 seeds per pond;

Planting detection:

the verification method comprises the following steps: in showtong city in Yunnan province (the region is a typical seasonal drought region) at the beginning of 2015 to 2017, the experimental groups are as follows: by implementing the interplanting technical scheme disclosed by the embodiment 1 of the invention, the water content (table 1) and the organic matter content (table 2) of the soil at the soil depth of 20-30cm in the orchard within 3 years are detected, the comparison group is a conventional planting scheme, and the detection results are shown in tables 1-2:

TABLE 1

Treatment of	2015	2016	2017	Average water content of three years
					Example 1	33％	37％	31％	34％
Control treatment	18％	20％	14％	17％

TABLE 2

Treatment of	2015	2016	2017	Average organic matter content of three years
					Example 1	4.11％	4.38％	4.76％	4.42％
Control treatment	3.71％	3.64％	3.84％	3.73％

As can be seen from tables 1-2: by utilizing the technical scheme disclosed by the invention, the water in the soil can be effectively stored, and meanwhile, the organic matters in the soil can be obviously improved.

Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made, and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the present invention; and such modifications or substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the corresponding technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A technical method for improving the water and fertilizer conservation efficiency of an apple orchard in a seasonal arid region is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the sowing method of the smooth-leaf sweet potatoes comprises the following steps:

s1, pretreatment of sowing: selecting smooth leaf sweet potato seeds with full grain size and rubbing the seeds together with sand grains with smaller grain size than the seeds, partially damaging the seed skins, and soaking the seeds in sterilizing liquid;

s2, sowing: selecting a gap land in an apple orchard, in the middle-upper ten days of 8 months every year, before sowing seeds, sowing seeds in a shallow ploughing and late sowing mode in a sowing mode or a pond sowing mode, wherein the sowing position is 50cm away from the root base of a fruit tree, and the sowing mode is as follows: the calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and the seeds are mixed according to the standard of 2 kg/mu, the seeds are sowed evenly according to 4 kg/mu, the soil is covered after the sowing is finished, and the pond sowing mode is as follows: controlling the spacing between ponds to be 30cm, mixing the calcium-magnesia phosphate fertilizer and seeds according to the standard of 2 kg/mu, and mixing the seeds according to 5 kg/mu and 3 seeds per pond; after sowing, properly weeding the sowing area;