CN111296161A - Cultivation method of seedless Wo oranges - Google Patents
Cultivation method of seedless Wo oranges Download PDFInfo
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- CN111296161A CN111296161A CN202010240641.XA CN202010240641A CN111296161A CN 111296161 A CN111296161 A CN 111296161A CN 202010240641 A CN202010240641 A CN 202010240641A CN 111296161 A CN111296161 A CN 111296161A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B1/00—Superphosphates, i.e. fertilisers produced by reacting rock or bone phosphates with sulfuric or phosphoric acid in such amounts and concentrations as to yield solid products directly
- C05B1/02—Superphosphates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F3/00—Fertilisers from human or animal excrements, e.g. manure
Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of fruit tree planting, and particularly discloses a cultivation method of a kernel-free Or citrus, which comprises the following steps: step S1: round selection, step S2: fruit seedling selection, step S3: land preparation, step S4: planting, step S5: water and fertilizer management, step S6: pest management, step S7: shaping management, step S8: and (5) managing the flowers and the fruits. According to the method, the 091 seedless fertile orange cup seedlings are selected, measures such as water and fertilizer management, shaping management and fruit management are optimized, and measures such as removing summer tips, strengthening autumn tips, promoting flowers, strengthening flowers, preserving fruits, nourishing, sterilizing, killing insects and the like are organically combined, so that sufficient nutrition can be provided for the growth of the seedless fertile oranges, excessive growth of branches and leaves can be avoided, the yield and the quality of the fruits are improved, the commodity rate and the economic benefit of the seedless fertile oranges are improved, and the popularization and the planting of the seedless fertile oranges are facilitated.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fruit tree planting, and particularly relates to a cultivation method of a kernel-free Or citrus.
Background
The woolly orange is a hybrid of 'tanpul' orange and 'Danxi' tangerine, belongs to a variety with high sugar and late maturity in hybrid oranges, and has the characteristics of vigorous growth vigor, early fruiting and high yield, beautiful fruit appearance, excellent quality, wide adaptability, strong stress resistance, long fruit harvesting period and the like after various national seed introduction tests. However, the fruit of the Or citrus has the phenomenon of multiple seeds, namely when the Or citrus is separately cultivated in a piece, the number of seeds in a single fruit can reach more than 10, and if the Or citrus is mixed with the citrus variety with normal pollen, the number of seeds in a single fruit can reach 20, which has certain influence on the commodity of the Or citrus fruit.
091 Seedless Wo citrus is a new variety (series) of Wo citrus cultivated by gamma ray radiation mutagenesis in citrus research institute of Chinese academy of agricultural sciences, not only retains the excellent characteristics of common Wo citrus, but also reduces the number of single fruit seeds to 1-3, and some of them are seedless, thus being popular with consumers. At present, 091 seedless woolly oranges are still less in large-scale planting, mature planting experience is absent, comprehensive performance difference is large, yield and quality are uneven, and popularization and planting of the seedless woolly oranges are affected.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a cultivation method of the kernel-free woolly oranges, so that the defects of uneven yield and quality easily caused by large-scale planting of the kernel-free woolly oranges are overcome, the commodity rate of the kernel-free woolly oranges is improved, and the popularization and planting of the kernel-free woolly oranges are facilitated.
In order to achieve the aim, the invention provides a cultivation method of the seedless Or citrus, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, garden selection: selecting fertile and loose soil to build a garden, wherein the pH value of the soil is 5.5-6.5; and ensure good ventilation and light transmission in the orchard.
S2, selecting fruit seedlings; selecting 091 seedless Wo orange cup seedlings which are cultured by the orange research institute of Chinese academy of agricultural sciences; the rootstock is selected from a citrus aurantium rootstock or a fructus aurantii rootstock.
S3, soil preparation: deep ploughing and deep scarification, ploughing to 55-65cm, harrowing to level, and digging a drainage ditch.
S4, planting: planting the nursery stock obtained in the step S2, wherein the row spacing of the planting is 3-4 m, and the planting spacing is 2-3 m; the grafting opening is exposed with 4-6cm of soil surface.
S5, water and fertilizer management: in the first year after planting, applying 8-12 kg of commercial organic fertilizer per plant; applying 20-25 kg of decomposed farmyard manure per plant in the second year, applying 20-25 kg of commercial organic fertilizer per plant and 4-6 kg of potassium fulvate per plant in the third year, and applying 20-25 kg of commercial organic fertilizer per plant and 4-6 kg of potassium fulvate per plant in the fourth year and later; the spring fertilizer is applied in the last ten days of 2 months, and sufficient water is supplied in three periods of germination, flowering and fruiting.
S6, pest management: common diseases of the seedless woolly orange comprise citrus canker, sunscald, red spider, aphid, leaf miner and thrips, and are controlled by combining agricultural control, physical control, biological control and chemical control measures.
S7, shaping management: after the tips of the summer are extracted, most of the first batch of tips of the summer are wiped off, 8-10 branches of each plant of the tip of the summer are reserved, and tip control is achieved; in the middle 6 th of the month, when the fruit diameter reaches 2.6-3.0cm, the late tip of the summer is reserved, and the reserved late tip of the summer can be shaded to avoid sunscald. Preferably, when the fruit diameter reaches 2.8cm, the late summer shoots are reserved. Pruning branches and leaves to release autumn tips from late 7 months to early 9 months, reserving 3 robust branches on each branch, and reserving the length of each branch to be 20-25 cm; timely removing excessive weak buds when the new buds grow to 5-6 cm, and only leaving 2-3 reasonably distributed healthy and strong buds on each base tip; and selecting and reserving a new shoot with uniform growth at each site during bud thinning.
S8, flower and fruit management: spraying a flower promoting agent after the autumn shoots turn green; spraying a fruit retention agent when the flowers wither 75-85%; after fruits are hung, the physical measures of combining girdling, girdling and girdling are adopted, so that the coarse fruits are reduced; thinning fruits in the year and strengthening flower and fruit retention in the year; each plant was left with 400 results. Wherein, the flower and fruit can be preserved by strengthening spraying foliar fertilizer, flower promoting agent, fruit preserving agent, growth regulator and the like in the young.
Preferably, in step S5, the decomposed farmyard manure is decomposed chicken manure, and 3-4 kg peanut bran per plant can be applied at the same time of applying the decomposed chicken manure.
Preferably, in step S5, the decomposed farmyard manure comprises the following components in percentage by mass: n: (4.0-4.9)%, P2O5：（3.0-3.6）%，K2O: (2.2-2.8)%; ca: (2.5-2.8)%; mg: (0.5-0.7)%; b: 0.003%; zn: 0.0352%; organic matter (50-58)%; in addition, it also providesContains a small amount of B and Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu elements, impurities, moisture and the like; the commercial organic fertilizer comprises the following components in percentage by mass: n: (2.0-3.0)%, P2O5：（3.5-3.9）%，K2O: (1.5-1.9)%; ca: (5.0-5.8)%; mg: (0.6-0.9)%; in addition, the alloy also contains a small amount of B and Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu elements, impurities, moisture and the like; in the potassium fulvate, the mass content of fulvic acid is 42-48%.
Preferably, in step S6, the prevention and treatment of ulcer disease: in the early stage of disease occurrence, the medicine is taken after 4 pm in cloudy days or in high-temperature weather of the sun; the medicine is selected as follows: 500-600 times of 23% copper rosinate plus 1000 times of 80% mancozeb (used when the disease is serious, or not used when the disease is not serious, the same below) +97% mineral oil (Hicui, produced by Dadall, France, the same below) 200-500 times (the concentration is lower when the temperature is high, and the concentration is higher when the temperature is low); or 27.12% basic copper sulfate (Gaoshan, produced by Nissem, Australia) 400-500 times, 80% mancozeb 1000 times, 97% mineral oil (Hitachi) 200-500 times; or 46% copper hydroxide (manufactured by DuPont, USA) 1200-1500 times, 80% mancozeb 1000 times, 97% mineral oil (Hi Cui) 200-500 times; and (3) preventing and controlling leaf miner: concentrating and tip-releasing, spraying the pesticide when the bud is about 1cm long, and spraying the pesticide again after 7-10 days, wherein the used pesticide is selected from the following raw materials: one of 500 times of 25% bisultap water solution and 1500 times of 5% imidacloprid missible oil solution or 2000 times of 1.8% abamectin missible oil solution and 1000 times of 5% lufenuron solution; and (3) red spider prevention and control: in winter, 97% of mineral oil (Xicui) 200-500 times of liquid is adopted for cleaning the garden, and the seed is filled with 46% of bifenazate and etoxazole (34.5% of bifenazate and 11.5% of etoxazole) 2000-3000 times of liquid. Other 'citrus-protecting' insecticidal and acaricidal synergistic additives (organic silicon agricultural additives, the main components of which are trisiloxane and nonionic surfactant, the content is greater than or equal to 95.2%) are used for preparing 2500-3000 times of liquid, 20% of etoxazole 2500-3000 times of liquid or 73% of propargite 2500-3000 times of liquid. And (3) prevention and control of aphids: the citrus-protecting insecticidal and acaricidal synergistic additive is 2500-3000 times of liquid, 20% of acetamiprid 1500-2000 times of liquid or 30% of thiacloprid and high-chlorine fluorine (20% thiamethoxam and 10% high-efficiency cyhalothrin) 1500-2000 times of liquid.
Preferably, in step S7, the autumn tips are aged and then sprinkled with 2-3 times of monopotassium phosphate, and 200-300 g of monopotassium phosphate are sprinkled for every 100 jin of fruits, so as to ensure sufficient nutrition and robust growth in autumn. When the autumn tip is about to age in the middle ten days of 11 months to the late ten days of 12 months, spraying for 1-2 times by using 500-600 times of 25% paclobutrazol to prevent the winter tip from sprouting.
Preferably, in step S8, 25% paclobutrazol 500-600 times of ten 'flower and fruit wet' (cytokinin) 1000 times of potassium decacyanine polyphosphate is sprayed after the autumn shoots turn green; and spraying 500-600 times of 3000-25% paclobutrazol which is 1000 times of potassium cyanine-excellent polyphosphate and 1% of ten S-abscisic acid every 20 days to promote flower bud differentiation.
Preferably, in step S8, the method further comprises a flower strengthening step, wherein the flower buds sprout for 2cm, and the flower bud is sprayed once for "beauty" (imported seaweed) 1500 times and 1000 times of ten "science Bao Wo" flower moistening No. 1 (calcium magnesium boron zinc silicon); spraying 'Binbaomeiyue' 20000 times and ten times 'Qiaofeng' 1000 times (imported amino acid) and 2000 times of boron fluid every 10 days.
Preferably, in step S8, the spraying fruit retention agent specifically comprises: spraying 1000 times of flower and fruit moisture (2% cytokinin), 10ppm of gibberellin, 10ppm of deca-cyanine optimal potassium polyphosphate, 2000 times of deca, 1000 times of deca-azole ether (imported seaweed), and 1500 times of methionine; spraying 20000 times of ' Bianmeiyue ' and 1000 times of Qiaofeng ' (imported amino acid) every 5 days; spraying 0.01% (14-hydroxyl brassinosteroid) 2000 times of deca-cyanine-excellent potassium polyphosphate 0.01 ppm of 3% gibberellin 10ppm every 5-7 days, and making the deca-cyanine-excellent potassium polyphosphate 2000 times ten times, and making the deca-excellent potassium polyphosphate 1000 times, and making the deca-excellent potassium polyphosphate/the deca-excellent Feng (imported seaweed) 1500 times.
Preferably, in the middle and last ten days of 4 months, before the first physiological fruit drop, the cutting is performed by a 0-type knife in a ring manner, a whole circle is cut, and only the phloem is cut off without damaging the xylem; and after 15 days, cutting the tree by using a 0 # knife in a ring mode or stripping the tree by using a 1 # knife in a ring mode, and stripping 2/3-3/4 of the tree stem during ring stripping.
Preferably, in the step S8, spraying a 'color-moistening' foliar fertilizer when 80% of autumn tips are mature, diluting the 'color-moistening' foliar fertilizer by 700-800 times, and spraying the diluted foliar fertilizer once every 20 days.
Preferably, 0.5-1.0 kg/plant of superphosphate, 0.5-1.0 kg/plant of agricultural potassium sulfate or potassium chloride and 4-6 kg/plant of potassium fulvate are applied in combination when the 'color-moistening' foliar fertilizer is sprayed.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
according to the method, through reasonable selection of fruit seedlings, optimized measures such as water and fertilizer management, shaping management and flower and fruit management, the measures of removing summer tips, strengthening autumn tips, promoting flowers, strengthening flowers, preserving fruits, nourishing, sterilizing, killing insects and the like are organically combined, so that sufficient nutrition can be provided for the growth of the kernel-free fertile oranges, the spindling of branches and leaves can be avoided, the yield and the quality of the fruits are improved, and the commodity rate of the kernel-free fertile oranges is improved. The yield of a single plant of a 3-year-old fruit tree is 49.11kg, the unit price is 13.0 yuan/kg, and the yield per mu reaches 35116.48 yuan. Some seedless fertile citrus orchard at the periphery or nearby is planted with diseased seedlings, some seedless fertile citrus orchard is not deeply ploughed, water and fertilizer are not in place, some flower and fruit protection measures are not scientific enough, so that flower and fruit fall are serious, the yield is low, the average yield of 3 orchards is only 497.69kg, the yield value per mu is 5474.60 yuan, and the economic benefit is poor. Therefore, the method is beneficial to the popularization and the planting of the seedless Wo oranges.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows a 3-year-old citrus immature rootstock seedless citrus fruit tree cultivated by the method.
FIG. 2 shows a 3-year-old citrus fruit tree with rootstocks of fructus Aurantii and without stone cultivated by the present invention.
FIG. 3 shows a seedless Wo citrus of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a cut-away view of a seedless Wo citrus cultivated according to the invention.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of the present invention is provided in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, but it should be understood that the scope of the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments.
The test site is located in the Jiangxi town of the Jiangnan district of Guangxi Nanning city, belongs to the tropical monsoon climate region of south Asia, has low latitude which is between 22 degrees 20 degrees of north latitude and 107 degrees 56 '15 degrees to 108 degrees 22' 30 degrees of east longitude, has strong solar radiation, has an annual average temperature of 21.6 ℃, is rich in rainfall, has an annual rainfall of 1100 to 1800mm and has an average humidity of 79 percent.
On 20 days 12 months in 2015, 091 seedless Wobo orange cup seedlings (introduced from orange research institute of Chinese academy of agricultural sciences) are planted, the plant height is about 30cm, the plant-row spacing is 3m multiplied by 4m, and the area is 130 mu, and total 7150 plants are planted.
The planting method comprises the following steps:
s1, garden selection: selecting fertile and loose soil to build a garden, wherein the pH value of the soil is 5.5-6.5; and ensure good ventilation and light transmission in the orchard.
S2, selecting fruit seedlings; selecting 091 seedless Wo orange cup seedlings cultivated by the orange research institute of Chinese academy of agricultural sciences.
S3, soil preparation: deep ploughing and deep scarification, ploughing to 55-65cm, harrowing to level, and digging a drainage ditch.
S4, planting: planting the nursery stock obtained in the step S2, wherein the row spacing of the planting is 3-4 m, and the planting spacing is 2-3 m; the grafting opening is exposed to the soil surface by 5-10 cm.
S5, water and fertilizer management: in the first year after planting, applying 8-12 kg of commercial organic fertilizer per plant; applying 20-25 kg of decomposed farmyard manure per plant in the second year, applying 20-25 kg of commercial organic fertilizer per plant and 4-6 kg of potassium fulvate per plant in the third year, and applying 20-25 kg of commercial organic fertilizer per plant and 4-6 kg of potassium fulvate per plant in the fourth and following years. And spring fertilizing is finished in the last ten days of 2 months, so that sufficient nutrition is ensured in the flowering phase. Meanwhile, sufficient water is supplied in three stages of germination, flowering and fruiting. Through the detection of a third party, the decomposed farmyard manure comprises the following components in percentage by mass: n: 4.4241%, P2O 5: 3.1801%, K2O: 2.4940 percent; ca: 2.7415 percent; mg: 0.5565%; fe: 0.0530 percent; mn: 0.593%; b: 0.003%; cu: 0.0042%; zn: 0.0352%; organic matter 55.3998%. The commercial organic fertilizer comprises the following components in percentage by mass: n: 2.0574%, P2O 5: 3.7150%, K2O: 1.6735 percent; ca: 5.6362 percent; mg: 0.7345 percent; fe: 1.0843 percent; mn: 0.0746 percent; b: 0.0275%; cu: 0.0024%; zn: 0.0671 percent; organic matter 54.0360%. The potassium fulvate comprises the following components in percentage by mass: n: 3.74%, P2O 5: 0.67%, K2O: 13.2 percent; ca: 1.91 percent; mg: 0.87 percent; fe: 0.0494 percent; mn: 0.0108%; b: 0.003%; cu: 0.00078%; zn: 0.0132 percent; 69.1 percent of organic matter and 45.8 percent of fulvic acid.
Of course, other commercial organic fertilizers and decomposed farmyard manure with similar functions can be used, and the decomposed farmyard manure can be decomposed chicken manure. In the aspect of preventing the coarse-skinned fruits, organic fertilizers can be applied when the fruits are strong in autumn, the application of nitrogen fertilizers is controlled, and the using amount of hormones such as gibberellin (because seedless wok oranges have no seeds, the seedless wok oranges cannot secrete the gibberellin, and if the hormones are lack, the fruits are easy to drop, and the yield cannot be guaranteed) is strictly controlled.
S6, pest management: common diseases of the seedless woolly orange comprise citrus canker, sunscald, red spider, aphid, leaf miner and thrips, and are controlled by combining agricultural control, physical control, biological control and chemical control measures. Wherein, the prevention and treatment of ulcer diseases are as follows: in the early stage of disease occurrence, the medicine is taken after 4 pm in cloudy days or in high-temperature weather of the sun; the medicine is selected as follows: 500-600 times of 23% copper rosinate plus 1000 times of 80% mancozeb (used when the disease is serious, or not used when the disease is not serious, the same below) +97% mineral oil (Hicui, produced by Dadall, France, the same below) 200-500 times (the concentration is lower when the temperature is high, and the concentration is higher when the temperature is low); or 27.12% basic copper sulfate (Gaoshan, produced by Nissem, Australia) 400-500 times, 80% mancozeb 1000 times, 97% mineral oil (Hitachi) 200-500 times; or 46% copper hydroxide (manufactured by DuPont, USA) 1200-1500 times, 80% mancozeb 1000 times, 97% mineral oil (Hi Cui) 200-500 times; and (3) preventing and controlling leaf miner: concentrating and tip-releasing, spraying the pesticide when the bud is about 1cm long, and spraying the pesticide again after 7-10 days, wherein the used pesticide is selected from the following raw materials: 25 percent of bisultap water agent 500 times liquid and 5 percent of imidacloprid missible oil 1500 times liquid or 1.8 percent of abamectin missible oil 2000 times liquid and 5 percent of lufenuron 1000 times liquid. And (3) red spider prevention and control: in winter, 97% of mineral oil (Xicui) 200-500 times of liquid is adopted for cleaning the garden, and the seed is filled with 46% of bifenazate and etoxazole (34.5% of bifenazate and 11.5% of etoxazole) 2000-3000 times of liquid. Other 'citrus-protecting' insecticidal and acaricidal synergistic additives (organic silicon agricultural additives, the main components of which are trisiloxane and nonionic surfactant, the content is greater than or equal to 95.2%) are used for preparing 2500-3000 times of liquid, 20% of etoxazole 2500-3000 times of liquid or 73% of propargite 2500-3000 times of liquid. And (3) prevention and control of aphids: the citrus-protecting insecticidal and acaricidal synergistic additive is 2500-3000 times of liquid, 20% of acetamiprid 1500-2000 times of liquid or 30% of thiacloprid and high-chlorine fluorine (20% thiamethoxam and 10% high-efficiency cyhalothrin) 1500-2000 times of liquid.
S7, shaping management: after the summer shoots are extracted, removing most of the first batch of summer shoots, and reserving 8-10 branches of the summer shoots for each plant; in the middle 6 th of the month, when the fruit diameter reaches 2.8cm, the late tip of the summer is reserved, and the reserved late tip of the summer can shade to avoid sunscald. Pruning branches and leaves before and after beginning autumn to release autumn tips, reserving 3 robust branches on each branch, and reserving the length of each branch to be 20-25 cm. And (3) timely removing excessive weak buds when the new buds grow to 5-6 cm, and only leaving 2-3 healthy and strong buds reasonably distributed on each base tip. And selecting and reserving a new shoot with uniform growth at each site during bud thinning. And shaping in time to ensure that the autumn shoots have sufficient aging time. After the autumn tips are aged, the monopotassium phosphate is sprayed once, and 250 g of monopotassium phosphate is sprayed on every 100 jin of fruits, so that the autumn tips are ensured to be rich in nutrition and grow robustly. When the autumn tip is about to age in the middle ten days of 11 months to the late ten days of 12 months, spraying for 1-2 times by using 500-600 times of 25% paclobutrazol to prevent the winter tip from sprouting.
S8, flower and fruit management: spraying 25% paclobutrazol 500-600 times of ten 'flower and fruit moisture' (cytokinin) 1000 times of potassium decacyanine polyphosphate 1000 times after the autumn shoots turn green; and spraying 500-600 times of 3000-25% paclobutrazol which is 1000 times of potassium cyanine-excellent polyphosphate and 1% of ten S-abscisic acid every 20 days, promoting flower bud differentiation and reducing the number of leafy flowers or flower tips. The flower buds sprout for 2 centimeters, and the spray is 1500 times of 'pretty moisture' (imported seaweed) and 1000 times of the ten 'Kebaohuo' moisture flower No. 1 (calcium, magnesium, boron, zinc and silicon); spraying 'Binbaomeiyue' 20000 times and ten times 'Qiaofeng' 1000 times (imported amino acid) and 2000 times of boron fluid every 10 days. Abnormal flowers are reduced, and the purpose of strengthening the flowers is achieved.
Spraying a fruit retention agent when the flowers wither 75-85%, specifically: spraying 1000 times of flower and fruit moisture (2% cytokinin), 10ppm of gibberellin, 10ppm of deca-cyanine optimal potassium polyphosphate, 2000 times of deca, 1000 times of deca-azole ether (imported seaweed), and 1500 times of methionine; spraying 20000 times of ' Bianmeiyue ' and 1000 times of Qiaofeng ' (imported amino acid) every 5 days; spraying 0.01% (14-hydroxyl brassinosteroid) 2000 times of deca-cyanine-excellent potassium polyphosphate 0.01 ppm of 3% gibberellin 10ppm every 5-7 days, and making the deca-cyanine-excellent potassium polyphosphate 2000 times ten times, and making the deca-excellent potassium polyphosphate 1000 times, and making the deca-excellent potassium polyphosphate/the deca-excellent Feng (imported seaweed) 1500 times. Ensure the flower bud to bear fruit smoothly.
After fruits are hung, the physical measures of combining girdling, girdling and girdling are adopted, so that the coarse fruits are reduced; the fruits are thinned in the year, leaf fertilizers such as high-phosphorus high-potassium, boric acid and alginic acid and plant growth regulators such as paclobutrazol, gibberellic acid, cytokinin and brassin are sprayed in the year, the flower promotion, the flower preservation and the fruit preservation are carried out, and 400 fruits are reserved in each plant. Cutting with 0 # knife once in 4.15-4.20 days before the first physiological fruit drop, cutting a whole circle, and only cutting off phloem without damaging xylem; and after 15 days, cutting the tree by using a 0 # knife in a ring mode or stripping the tree by using a 1 # knife in a ring mode, and stripping 2/3-3/4 of the tree stem during ring stripping.
Spraying a 'color-moistening' foliar fertilizer when 80% of autumn tips are mature, diluting the 'color-moistening' foliar fertilizer by 700-800 times, and spraying the diluted foliar fertilizer once every 20 days. When the 'color-moistening' foliar fertilizer is sprayed, 0.5-1.0 kg of calcium superphosphate, 0.5-1.0 kg of agricultural potassium sulfate or potassium chloride and 4-6 kg of potassium fulvate are applied in a broadcasting mode.
Other cultivation and management technologies are basically the same as those of the common Wo oranges.
Randomly selecting 2 trees in five directions of east, south, west, north and middle of 091 kernel-free fertile citrus orchard, and observing and recording the phenological periods (bud period, flowering period, first physiological fruit drop period, second physiological fruit drop period, fruit expansion period, fruit color turning period and fruit mature period) of 091 kernel-free fertile citrus orchard. And (3) performing field test in 26 days 2 months in 2019, selecting 10 plants of each seedless citrus tree of the bitter orange rootstock and the bitter orange rootstock 091 with similar growth vigor, measuring the plant height, the east-west crown diameter and the north-south crown diameter respectively by using a common tape measure, measuring the trunk diameter by using a vernier caliper, and finally counting the number of the results of each plant. Then, 10 091 kernel-free citrus trees with similar growth vigor are randomly selected, and the leaf length, the leaf width and the leaf thickness of the leaves at the upper, middle and lower parts of the crown and the leaves at the upper, middle and lower parts of the same branch are measured by using a common tape measure and a vernier caliper. Respectively collecting 20 fruits of 091 seedless citrus from an bitter orange stock and the bitter orange stock in a fruit maturation period to determine the fruit quality, weighing the weight of a single fruit, the weight of pulp, the weight of peel and the weight of seeds by using an electronic balance, measuring the transverse diameter, the longitudinal diameter and the peel thickness of the fruit by using a vernier caliper, determining the soluble solid content of the fruit by using a saccharimeter, counting the number of seeds of the single fruit, wherein the calculation formula of the edible rate is as follows: the edibility = fruit weight/single fruit weight × 100%.
Experimental data statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel 2019 and significance analysis was performed using the Duncan new repolarization method, advanced version DPS v 18.10.
Results and analysis
First, phenological period
091 the current bud period of the seedless woolly orange in Guangxi nanning is from 2 to 3, the blooming period is from 3 to 3, the first physiological fruit drop period is from 4 to 4, the second physiological fruit drop period is from 5 to the middle, the fruit expansion period is from 6 to 9, part of the fruits in 11 to the first begin to enter the color change period, the fruits gradually change to yellow and green towards the smooth peel, the peel of all the fruits in 12 to the next month appears golden yellow, and the peel of the fruits in 1 month is orange or orange red. The fruit mature period is from 1 month to 4 months in the next year, the fruit picking period of 091 seedless fertile oranges is long, the trees are left for storage at the latest to 5 months in the next year, the good fruit flavor is still realized, and part of fresh fruits are picked and marketed for even half a year.
II, gardening characters
A survey of 2 months and 26 days in 2019 shows that after about 3 years of field planting, the average plant height of the seedless Or citrus fruit rootstock 091 reaches 294.4cm, the average stem thickness (about 20cm above a graft opening) reaches 79.23mm, the average crown diameter is 283.08cm multiplied by 265.24cm, and the average single plant fruiting number is 217.60; the average plant height of the hovenia dulcis stock 091 nuclear-free wonks reaches 335.40cm, the average stem thickness (about 20cm above a grafting opening) reaches 87.65mm, the average crown diameter is 326.84cm multiplied by 310.82cm, the average single-plant fruiting number is 378.80 (see table 1), and the overall expression shows that the hovenia dulcis stock 091 nuclear-free wonks are superior to the hovenia dulcis stock in terms of growth potential and single-plant fruiting number. And the average crown height of the ordinary Wo mandarin orange planted 3 years after Nanning 2015 is 200.0cm, the average crown diameter is 200.0cm multiplied by 220.0cm, the average trunk circumference at the position of a grafting opening more than 6cm is 19.0cm, and the growth potential of 091 seedless Wo mandarin orange plants is stronger than that of the ordinary Wo mandarin orange through comparison.
091 the kernel-free Woogan leaves are in the shape of a broad cape, the edges of the leaves are wavy and crenellated, the sizes of the leaves at different positions are different, and the comparison shows that the lower aged leaves are the largest as a whole, the upper leaves are longer than the middle leaves but are less than the middle leaves, the thickness difference of the leaves at different positions is smaller, and the whole tends to be stable. The leaf length of the variety is 94.23mm (average value of leaves at the upper, middle and lower parts, same leaf width), the leaf width is 41.97mm, which shows that the Nanning light source has sufficient nutrients, can meet the normal growth of 091 seedless Wobo oranges, has good tree photosynthesis and presents the characteristic of strong growth vigor (see table 2). In order to further understand the growth habit of the tips of the 091 seedless Woods fruiting branches, the experiment measures the characteristics of the leaves at the upper, middle and lower parts of the same branch, and the investigation result shows that the middle leaves are the longest in general, the upper leaves are the second in number, the upper and middle leaves are different from the lower leaves in a remarkable mode, the average leaf length is 102.4mm, the leaf length difference with the middle parts of other branches is smaller, the characteristics are stable, the middle leaves are the thickest, the average leaf thickness is 0.49mm, the width of the lower leaves of the same branch is the largest, the middle part is the second, and the upper part is the last, and the average leaf width is 50.67 mm. It is demonstrated that the middle part of the same branch is the main fruiting site, the branch is high in nutrient level and has strong photosynthesis under proper lighting conditions, the upper part is the second, and the lower part is the last (see table 3). 091 the crown of the seedless Wo citrus at the initial stage is a natural round head shape, the branches and trunks are gradually opened after fruiting, and the branches and trunks are the same as those of the ordinary Wo citrus, and short thorns are grown on the branches and tips. The late-stage fruit drop of the variety is not serious. In the daily management process, the phenomena of citrus canker, sunscald, red spider, leaf miner, thrips, rust tick, bactrocera dorsalis and other plant diseases and insect pests and the symptoms of deficiency of elements such as zinc, magnesium and the like all occur, yellow dragon disease does not occur temporarily at present, and the occurrence degree of the total plant diseases and insect pests is relatively low.
Third, fruit quality
091 the seedless Wo citrus fruit has moderate fruit size, oblate shape, smooth surface, few pits, orange or orange red color, and fine oil cells. In the fruit harvesting period, the rootstock 091 kernel-free citrus aurantium has the average single fruit weight of 160.25g, the transverse diameter of the fruit of 71.20mm, the longitudinal diameter of the fruit of 57.51mm, the thickness of the fruit skin of 3.41mm, the weight of fruit pulp of 129.29g, the average number of seeds of 0.8, the weight of seeds of 0.11g and the soluble solid content of 13.08 percent; the 091 seedless Wo citrus of the citrus tree stock has the average single fruit weight of 168.88g, the transverse diameter of the fruit of 73.32mm, the longitudinal diameter of 59.13mm, the thickness of the peel of 3.82mm, the pulp of 126.41g, the peel of 42.33g, the average number of seeds of 0.8 grains, the weight of the seeds of 0.14g, the content of soluble solid matters of 13.68 percent (see table 4), and the difference in edible rate is obvious. At the moment, the 091 kernel-free Wo citrus fruit has tight and smooth peel and is easy to peel, the whole appearance is meat crisp, compact, juicy and slag-melting, and the 091 kernel-free Wo citrus fruit is the best time for eating. During the whole investigation period, the phenomenon that the fruit falls off in 091 seedless fertile oranges is very little, the condition that diseases and pests are harmful is not serious, the high yield and the high quality can be achieved, but in Chongqing and other high-humidity and low-illumination areas, the phenomenon that the fruit falls off in 091 seedless fertile oranges is likely to occur in a small year after the fruit is high in 091 seedless fertile oranges. In order to avoid the occurrence of year-and-year phenomena in the production and cultivation of 091 seedless Wo oranges and promote the realization of the production goal of stable yield in successive years, necessary pruning is required in the management of autumn shoot placement, fruit harvesting and postharvest.
The combination of field experiments shows that the tree shape of 091 seedless fertile oranges has great influence on yield, open trees are easy to preserve fruits, and upright trees have high top advantages, so that the synthesized and consumed auxin is high, and the contradiction between fruit tip hormone and nutrition is prominent, so that the fruit preservation is difficult. In the aspect of promoting and protecting flowers, shoots must be put well to promote the flowers, the number of the leafy flowers or the flower shoots is reduced, and the leafy flowers or the flower shoots with no flowers are combed as early as possible, wherein the length of the leafy flowers or the flower shoots is more than 10 centimeters. Sufficient nutrition is ensured before flowers are withered, and the number of abnormal stigma croci is reduced. The nitrogen fertilizer is strictly controlled after the flower blossoms, and the hair-drawing of the summer shoots is strictly controlled. Fruit preservation must adopt a comprehensive scheme, and the single use of hormone is not expected. From autumn shoots to second preservation, the measures of tree shape, flower promotion, flower strengthening and fruit preservation are comprehensively applied to preserve the fruits.
The invention adopts the measures of better seedling selection, soil deep ploughing, water and fertilizer management, shaping management, flower promotion and fruit retention, pest control and the like, the yield of a single plant of a 3-year-old fruit tree is 49.11kg, the unit price is 13.0 yuan/kg, and the yield per mu reaches 35116.48 yuan. Some diseased seedlings are planted in peripheral or nearby orchards, some diseased seedlings are not deeply ploughed, water and fertilizer are not in place, flower and fruit retention measures are not scientific enough, so that flower and fruit drop is serious although the flower amount is large, the yield is low, the average yield of 3 orchards is only 497.69kg, the yield value per mu is 5474.60 yuan, the economic benefit is poor, and the detailed table 5 shows.
In conclusion, by reasonably selecting fruit seedlings, optimizing measures such as water and fertilizer management, shaping management, flower and fruit management and the like, the measures of removing summer tips, strengthening autumn tips, promoting flowers, strengthening flowers, protecting fruits, nourishing, sterilizing, killing insects and the like are organically combined, so that sufficient nutrition can be provided for the growth of the kernel-free fertile oranges, the spindly growth of branches and leaves can be avoided, the yield and the quality of the fruits are improved, the commodity rate and the economic benefit of the kernel-free fertile oranges are improved, and the popularization and the planting of the kernel-free fertile oranges are facilitated.
The foregoing descriptions of specific exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The exemplary embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain certain principles of the invention and its practical application to enable one skilled in the art to make and use various exemplary embodiments of the invention and various alternatives and modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims and their equivalents.
Claims (10)
1. A cultivation method of seedless Or citrus is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, garden selection: selecting fertile and loose soil to build a garden, wherein the pH value of the soil is 5.5-6.5; and ensures good ventilation and light transmission of the orchard;
s2, selecting fruit seedlings; selecting 091 seedless Wo orange cup seedlings which are cultured by the orange research institute of Chinese academy of agricultural sciences; the rootstock is a poncirus trifoliata rootstock or a poncirus trifoliata rootstock;
s3, soil preparation: adopting a deep ploughing and deep scarification method, ploughing to 55-65cm, harrowing to be flat, and digging a drainage ditch;
s4, planting: planting the nursery stock obtained in the step S2, wherein the row spacing of the planting is 3-4 m, and the planting spacing is 2-3 m; the grafting opening is exposed to the soil surface by 5-10 cm;
s5, water and fertilizer management: in the first year after planting, applying 8-12 kg of commercial organic fertilizer per plant; applying 20-25 kg of decomposed farmyard manure per plant in the second year, applying 20-25 kg of commercial organic fertilizer per plant and 4-6 kg of potassium fulvate per plant in the third year, and applying 20-25 kg of commercial organic fertilizer per plant and 4-6 kg of potassium fulvate per plant in the fourth year and later; applying spring fertilizer in the last ten days of 2 months, and supplying sufficient water in three periods of germination, flowering and fruiting;
s6, pest management: common diseases of the seedless woolly orange comprise citrus canker, sunscald, red spider, aphid, leaf miner and thrips, and are controlled by combining agricultural control, physical control, biological control and chemical control measures;
s7, shaping management: after the summer shoots are extracted, removing most of the first batch of summer shoots, and reserving 8-10 branches of the summer shoots for each plant; in the middle ten days of the month 6, when the fruit diameter reaches 2.6-3.0cm, the late summer tip is reserved; pruning branches and leaves to release autumn tips from late 7 months to early 9 months, reserving 3 robust branches on each branch, and reserving the length of each branch to be 20-25 cm; timely removing excessive weak buds when the new buds grow to 5-6 cm, and only leaving 2-3 reasonably distributed healthy and strong buds on each base tip; selecting and reserving a new shoot with uniform growth at each site during bud thinning each time;
s8, flower and fruit management: spraying a flower promoting agent after the autumn shoots turn green; spraying a fruit retention agent when the flowers wither 75-85%; after fruits are hung, the physical measures of combining girdling, girdling and girdling are adopted, so that the coarse fruits are reduced; thinning fruits in the year and strengthening flower and fruit retention in the year; each plant was left with 400 results.
2. The cultivation method of the coreless Or, as claimed in claim 1, wherein, in step S5, the decomposed farmyard manure comprises the following components in percentage by mass: n: (4.0-4.9)%, P2O5：（3.0-3.6）%，K2O: (2.2-2.8)%; ca: (2.5-2.8)%; mg: (0.5-0.7)%; b: 0.003%; zn: 0.0352%; organic matter (50-58)%; the commercial organic fertilizer comprises the following components in percentage by mass: n: (2.0-3.0)%, P2O5：（3.5-3.9）%，K2O: (1.5-1.9)%; ca: (5.0-5.8)%; mg: (0.6-0.9)%; in the potassium fulvate, the mass content of fulvic acid is 42-48%.
3. The cultivation method of Seedless Or citrus according to claim 1, wherein in step S6, canker diseases are controlled by: in the early stage of disease occurrence, the medicine is taken after 4 pm in cloudy days or in high-temperature weather of the sun; the medicine is selected as follows: 500-600 times of 23% copper rosinate, 1000 times of 80% mancozeb, and 200-500 times of 97% mineral oil (Hicui, produced by Dadall, France, the same applies below); or 27.12% basic copper sulfate (Gaoshan, produced by Nissem, Australia) 400-500 times, 80% mancozeb 1000 times, 97% mineral oil (Hitachi) 200-500 times; or 46% copper hydroxide (manufactured by DuPont, USA) 1200-1500 times, 80% mancozeb 1000 times, 97% mineral oil (Hi Cui) 200-500 times; and (3) preventing and controlling leaf miner: concentrating and tip-releasing, spraying the pesticide when the bud is 1cm long, and spraying the pesticide again after 7-10 days, wherein the used pesticide is selected from the following raw materials: one of 500 times of 25% bisultap water solution and 1500 times of 5% imidacloprid missible oil solution or 2000 times of 1.8% abamectin missible oil solution and 1000 times of 5% lufenuron solution; and (3) red spider prevention and control: in winter, 97% of mineral oil (Xicui) 200-500 times of liquid is adopted for cleaning the garden, and the seed is filled with 46% of bifenazate and etoxazole (34.5% of bifenazate and 11.5% of etoxazole) 2000-3000 times of liquid; in other times, 2500-3000 times of the 'citrus-protecting' insecticidal and acaricidal synergistic auxiliary agent is used, and 2500-3000 times of the 'etoxazole' solution and 20% of 2500-3000 times of the 'clofentex' solution or 73% of 2500-3000 times of the 'propargite' solution are used; and (3) prevention and control of aphids: the citrus-protecting insecticidal and acaricidal synergistic additive is 2500-3000 times of liquid, 20% of acetamiprid 1500-2000 times of liquid or 30% of thiacloprid and high-chlorine fluorine (20% thiamethoxam and 10% high-efficiency cyhalothrin) 1500-2000 times of liquid.
4. The cultivation method of kernel-free Or fruit as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step S7, the mature tips of autumn are drenched with 2-3 times of monopotassium phosphate, and each 100 jin of fruits are drenched with 200-300 g of monopotassium phosphate; when the autumn tip is about to age in the middle ten (11) to the late ten (12) months, spraying 500-600 times of 25% paclobutrazol for 1-2 times.
5. The cultivation method of the seedless Wookan as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step S8, after turning green in autumn, 25% paclobutrazol is sprayed 500-600 times ten 'flower moisture' (cytokinin) 1000 times decacyanine YOU potassium polyphosphate 1000 times; and spraying 500-600 times of 3000-25% paclobutrazol which is 1000 times of potassium cyanine-excellent polyphosphate and 1% of ten S-abscisic acid every 20 days to promote flower bud differentiation.
6. The cultivation method of the seedless wonkan according to claim 1, wherein the step S8 further comprises a flower strengthening step, wherein the flower buds sprout for 2cm, and the flower bud is sprayed once for "pretty young" (imported seaweed) 1500 times and ten times of the flower 1 (calcium magnesium boron zinc silicon) of "kobaoho" (kobaohuo) 1000 times; spraying 'Binbaomeiyue' 20000 times and ten times 'Qiaofeng' 1000 times (imported amino acid) and 2000 times of boron fluid every 10 days.
7. The cultivation method of the kernel-free Or citrus as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step S8, the spraying of the fruit retention agent is specifically: spraying 1000 times of flower and fruit moisture (2% cytokinin), 10ppm of gibberellin, 10ppm of deca-cyanine optimal potassium polyphosphate, 2000 times of deca, 1000 times of deca-azole ether (imported seaweed), and 1500 times of methionine; spraying 20000 times of ' Bianmeiyue ' and 1000 times of Qiaofeng ' (imported amino acid) every 5 days; spraying 0.01% (14-hydroxyl brassinosteroid) 2000 times of deca-cyanine-excellent potassium polyphosphate 0.01 ppm of 3% gibberellin 10ppm every 5-7 days, and making the deca-cyanine-excellent potassium polyphosphate 2000 times ten times, and making the deca-excellent potassium polyphosphate 1000 times, and making the deca-excellent potassium polyphosphate/the deca-excellent Feng (imported seaweed) 1500 times.
8. The method for cultivating an nrose citrus fruit as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step S8, before the first physiological fruit drop in late 4 months, the cultivation is performed by cutting with a 0-gauge knife ring, and cutting a complete circle, and cutting off the phloem without damaging the xylem; and after 15 days, cutting the tree by using a 0 # knife in a ring mode or stripping the tree by using a 1 # knife in a ring mode, and stripping 2/3-3/4 of the tree stem during ring stripping.
9. The cultivation method of the seedless Wo citrus as claimed in claim 9, wherein in step S8, a 'color-moistening' foliar fertilizer is sprayed when 80% of autumn tips are mature, and the 'color-moistening' foliar fertilizer is sprayed after being diluted by 700-800 times and is sprayed once every 20 days.
10. The cultivation method of the seedless Or citrus as claimed in claim 9, wherein 0.5-1.0 kg/plant of calcium superphosphate + 0.5-1.0 kg/plant of potassium sulfate or potassium chloride + 4-6 kg/plant of potassium fulvate are applied in combination with spraying of the "color-moistening" foliar fertilizer.
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