CN113636571B - Scm-33分子筛及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
Scm-33分子筛及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种SCM‑33分子筛及其制备方法和应用。所述SCM‑33分子筛具有如式“SiO2·1/x XO1.5·m MO0.5”所示的示意性化学组成,其中,X为骨架三价元素,Si/X摩尔比x≥5,M为骨架平衡阳离子,M/Si摩尔比0<m≤1。该分子筛为一种具有RTE拓扑结构的新型分子筛,且该分子筛所需的制备时间短、合成成本低,并且可作为吸附剂或催化剂。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及分子筛领域,具体涉及一种SCM-33分子筛及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
沸石分子筛是一类多孔的结晶材料,具有规整的分子尺寸孔道结构、较强的酸性和高的水热稳定性,被广泛应用于催化、吸附和离子交换等领域中,并起着不可替代的作用。目前,经国际分子筛协会核准的分子筛拓扑结构已经达到了248种。
1995年Marler等人首次报道了纯硅分子筛RUB-3的合成并对其结构进行了解析(Zeolites,1995,15,388–399),此后这一分子筛被国际分子筛协会授予结构代码RTE。RTE结构分子筛由rte([445462])单元和[46546682]笼结构组成,相互连接的笼构成了8元环开口的一维孔道结构(Microporous and Mesoporous Materials,1998,26,49–59)。RTE分子筛孔道直径为与许多小分子气体直径相当,使得该分子筛在气体吸附分离方面具有较大的应用潜力;另一方面,独特的孔-笼结构也赋予RTE分子筛在催化领域应用的可能性。
RUB-3是目前唯一一种具有RTE拓扑结构的分子筛,但其在合成方面面临以下几个问题:1)有机模板剂exo-2-aminobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane价格昂贵且用量大,分子筛合成成本高;2)晶体生长速率低,合成周期在90天以上,甚至可达1年;3)晶体为50×50×150μm大小的柱状,尺寸过大;4)骨架中只有Si元素,无法引入催化活性中心。
因此,开发一种新型的具有RTE拓扑结构的分子筛及其制备方法,具有重要的现实意义。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种SCM-33分子筛及其制备方法和应用。该SCM-33分子筛为一种具有RTE拓扑结构的新型分子筛,且该分子筛所需的制备时间短、合成成本低。
本发明第一方面提供了一种SCM-33分子筛,所述SCM-33分子筛具有如式“SiO2·1/x XO1.5·m MO0.5”所示的示意性化学组成,其中,X为骨架三价元素,Si/X摩尔比x≥5,M为骨架平衡阳离子,M/Si摩尔比0<m≤1;所述SCM-33分子筛具有如下表所示的X射线衍射图谱:
进一步地,所述SCM-33分子筛的X射线衍射图谱还包括如下表所示的X射线衍射峰:
进一步地,所述SCM-33分子筛的X射线衍射图谱还包括如下表所示的X射线衍射峰:
进一步地,所述SCM-33分子筛的示意性化学组成中,X为骨架三价元素,Si/X摩尔比优选为10≤x≤200,更优选为15≤x≤150,更优选为20≤x≤120,M为骨架平衡阳离子,M/Si摩尔比优选为0.01≤m≤0.85,更优选为0.015≤m≤0.8,更优选为0.02≤m≤0.75。
上述技术方案中,所述SCM-33分子筛合成态的形式中具有如式“qQ·SiO2·1/xXO1.5·m MO0.5·z H2O”所示的示意性化学组成,其中,Si/X摩尔比x≥5,优选10≤x≤200,更优选15≤x≤150,更优选20≤x≤120;M/Si摩尔比0<m≤1,优选0.01≤m≤0.85,更优选0.015≤m≤0.8,更优选0.02≤m≤0.75;H2O/Si摩尔比如下:0.005≤z≤2,优选0.01≤z≤1.5,更优选0.015≤z≤1,更优选0.02≤z≤0.5;Q为有机模板剂,0.01≤q≤1.0,优选0.02≤q≤0.5,更优选0.05≤q≤0.5,更优选0.05≤q≤0.3。
所述Q为有机模板剂,选自含异丙基三甲基铵鎓离子的物质,所述异丙基三甲基铵鎓离子的结构式如下:
进一步地,所述有机模板剂Q优选为含异丙基三甲基铵鎓离子的氢氧化物,如异丙基三甲基氢氧化铵。
进一步地,所述骨架三价元素X选自由铝、硼、铁、镓、铟、铬中的至少一种。所述骨架平衡阳离子M选自氢离子、铵根离子、钠离子、钾离子、锂离子、铷离子、铯离子、镁离子、钙离子、锶离子、钡离子中的至少一种,优选至少含有钾离子或至少含有钾离子和钠离子。
进一步地,所述SCM-33分子筛中不超过10wt%的Si原子被至少一种非硅四价骨架元素Y取代。所述Y选自锗、锡、钛、锆、铪中的至少一种。
进一步地,所述SCM-33分子筛的晶体平均粒径约为100~200nm。
本发明第二方面提供了一种上述SCM-33分子筛的制备方法,包括:将硅源、骨架三价元素X源、骨架平衡阳离子M源、有机模板剂Q和水混合,进行晶化反应,获得SCM-33分子筛的步骤。
进一步地,所述SCM-33分子筛的制备方法中,还可以包括将非硅四价骨架元素Y源、硅源、骨架三价元素X源、骨架平衡阳离子M源、有机模板剂Q和水混合,进行晶化反应,获得SCM-33分子筛的步骤。
进一步地,所述有机模板剂Q选自含异丙基三甲基铵鎓离子的物质,所述异丙基三甲基铵鎓离子的结构式如下:
进一步地,所述有机模板剂Q优选为含异丙基三甲基铵鎓离子的氢氧化物,如异丙基三甲基氢氧化铵。
进一步地,所述硅源选水玻璃、硅溶胶、固体硅胶、气相白炭黑、无定形二氧化硅、硅藻土、沸石分子筛、四烷氧基硅烷中的至少一种。
进一步地,所述骨架三价元素X源为铝源、硼源、铁源、镓源、铟源、铬源中的至少一种;所述铝源选自硫酸铝、铝酸钠、硝酸铝、氯化铝、拟薄水铝石、氧化铝、氢氧化铝、硅铝沸石分子筛、碳酸铝、单质铝、异丙醇铝、乙酸铝中的至少一种;所述硼源选自硼酸、四硼酸钠、无定形氧化硼、硼酸钾、偏硼酸钠、四硼酸铵、有机硼酯中的至少一种;所述铁源选自硫酸铁、硝酸铁、卤化铁(如三氯化铁)、二茂铁、柠檬酸铁中的至少一种;所述镓源、铟源、铬源选自本领域的常规物质,如氧化镓、硝酸镓、氧化铟、硝酸铟、氯化铬、硝酸铬等中的至少一种。
进一步地,所述骨架平衡阳离子M源优选为至少含有钾源或至少含有钾源和钠源。所述钾源选自氧化钾、氢氧化钾、碳酸钾、碳酸氢钾、氯化钾、硝酸钾、硫酸钾、氟化钾中的至少一种;所述钠源选自氧化钠、氢氧化钠、碳酸钠、碳酸氢钠、氯化钠、硝酸钠、硫酸钠、氟化钠中的至少一种。
进一步地,所述非硅四价骨架元素Y源,优选选自锗源、锡源、钛源、锆源、铪源中的至少一种;更优选选自氧化锗源、氧化锡源、氧化钛源、氧化锆源、氧化铪源中的至少一种。
进一步地,所述有机模板剂Q、所述硅源(以SiO2为计)、所述X源(以X2O3为计)、所述M源(以M2O为计)和水的摩尔比为Q:SiO2:X2O3:M2O:H2O=0.05~1:1:0~0.1:0~0.5:10~100,优选Q:SiO2:X2O3:M2O:H2O=0.15~0.55:1:0.0042~0.033:0.01~0.375:14~55。
进一步地,所述非硅四价骨架元素Y源(以相应的氧化物YO2为计)与所述硅源(以SiO2为计)的摩尔比YO2/SiO2=0~0.1,优选YO2/SiO2=0.01~0.08。
进一步地,所述晶化反应的条件包括:在100~200℃晶化30~400小时;优选110~190℃晶化48~300小时;更优选120~180℃晶化72~200小时。
所述晶化反应结束后进行常规的后处理,如过滤、洗涤、干燥制得所述分子筛的步骤;和任选地,焙烧所述获得的分子筛的步骤。
本发明第三方面提供了一种分子筛组合物,包括按照前述任一方面所述的SCM-33分子筛或者按照前述任一方面所述的方法制备的SCM-33分子筛,以及粘结剂。
本发明第四方面提供了一种分子筛的应用,按照前述任一方面所述的SCM-33分子筛、按照前述任一方面所述的方法制备的SCM-33分子筛、或者按照前述任一方面所述的SCM-33分子筛组合物作为吸附剂或催化剂的应用。
本发明的SCM-33分子筛,其骨架拓扑结构是RTE,是一种不同于RUB-3的非纯硅新型分子筛,丰富了RTE型分子筛的种类。
本发明的SCM-33分子筛具备规整的分子尺寸、孔道结构、较强的酸性、离子交换性能和高的热及水热稳定性。所得的SCM-33沸石分子筛晶体大小为100~200nm,避免了因晶体过大带来的孔内传质扩散受阻的问题。
本发明提供的SCM-33分子筛的制备方法,采用了价格较低的有机模板剂,相比较现有技术节约了合成成本;该分子筛需要的晶化时间短,大幅缩短了合成周期;该方法可以将Al、Ti、Zr、Fe等多种元素引入骨架中,产生不同的催化活性中心,满足不同催化反应的需要,具有更广泛的应用。本发明方法操作简单、方法高效,有利于实现工业推广。
附图说明
图1为实施例1所获得样品焙烧前的X射线衍射(XRD)图;
图2为实施例1所获得样品焙烧后的X射线衍射(XRD)图;
图3为实施例1所获得样品的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)照片。
具体实施方式
为了便于理解本发明,本发明列举如下实施例。但是本领域技术人员应该明了,所述实施例仅仅是帮助理解本发明,不应该视为对本发明的具体限制。在本文中所披露的范围的端点和任何值都不限于该精确的范围或值,这些范围或值应当理解为包含接近这些范围或值的值。
在本说明书的上下文中,在分子筛的XRD数据中,vw、w、m、s、vs代表衍射峰强度,vw为非常弱,w为弱,m为中等,s为强,vs为非常强,这为本领域技术人员所熟知的。一般而言,vw为小于5;w为5-20;m为20-40;s为40-70;vs为大于70。
在本说明书的上下文中,分子筛的结构是由X-射线衍射谱图(XRD)确定的,所述分子筛的X-射线衍射谱图(XRD)由X-射线粉末衍射仪测定,使用Cu-Kα射线源,Kα1波长λ=1.5405980埃镍滤光片。
本发明中,采用的是荷兰帕纳科公司X’Pert PRO型X射线粉末衍射(XRD)仪,工作电压40kV,电流40mA,扫描范围5~40°。产物形貌采用日本HITACHI公司的S-4800型场发射扫描电镜(Fe-SEM)进行拍摄。
需要特别说明的是,在本说明书的上下文中公开的两个或多个方面(或实施方式)可以彼此任意组合,由此而形成的技术方案(比如方法或系统)属于本说明书原始公开内容的一部分,同时也落入本发明的保护范围之内。
在没有明确指明的情况下,本说明书内所提到的所有百分数、份数、比率等都是以重量为基准的,除非以重量为基准时不符合本领域技术人员的常规认识。
【实施例1】
将2.5g偏铝酸钠(Al2O3 41wt%,Na2O 58wt%)、17.5g氢氧化钾溶液(30wt%)溶于28g水中,加入39.4g异丙基三甲基氢氧化铵溶液(20wt%)搅拌均匀,最后在搅拌下缓慢加入60g Ludox AS-40硅溶胶,搅拌1h后将上述混合物装入带有聚四氟乙烯内衬的晶化釜中,置于155℃烘箱中晶化144小时。反应后固体经过滤、用蒸馏水洗涤并在100℃干燥后得到原粉SCM-33分子筛。XRD图谱如图1所示。将原粉固体置于马弗炉中在550℃温度下焙烧5小时得到最终产品,XRD图谱如图2所示。SCM-33分子筛的SEM照片如图3所示。
其中,实施例1所得最终产品的XRD谱图数据如表1所示:
表1
【实施例2】
将2.5g偏铝酸钠(Al2O3 41wt%,Na2O 58wt%)、13.7g氢氧化钾溶液(30wt%)溶于64g水中,加入39.4g异丙基三甲基氢氧化铵溶液(20wt%)搅拌均匀,最后在搅拌下缓慢加入60g Ludox AS-40硅溶胶,搅拌1h后将上述混合物装入带有聚四氟乙烯内衬的晶化釜中,置于160℃烘箱中晶化120小时。反应后固体经过滤、洗涤、干燥、焙烧(后处理反应条件同实施例1)后得到SCM-33沸石分子筛,XRD图谱与图2类似。其中,实施例2所得最终产品的XRD谱图数据如表2所示:
表2
【实施例3】
将7.5g氢氧化钠溶液(30wt%)、15g氢氧化钾溶液(30wt%)、40g H2O、47.3g异丙基三甲基氢氧化铵溶液(20wt%)搅拌均匀,在搅拌下缓慢加入45g Ludox AS-40硅溶胶,搅拌1h后加入6.6g USY分子筛(SiO2/Al2O3=12),搅拌1.5h后将上述混合物装入带有聚四氟乙烯内衬的晶化釜中,置于165℃烘箱中晶化96小时。反应后固体经过滤、洗涤、干燥、焙烧(后处理反应条件同实施例1)后得到SCM-33沸石分子筛,XRD图谱与图2类似。其中,实施例3所得最终产品的XRD谱图数据如表3所示:
表3
【实施例4】
将4.2g十八水合硫酸铝、6.2g氢氧化钠溶液(30wt%)、13.7g氢氧化钾溶液(30wt%)溶于21.1g水中,加入110g异丙基三甲基氢氧化铵溶液(20wt%)搅拌均匀,最后在搅拌下缓慢加入54g Ludox AS-40硅溶胶,搅拌1h后将上述混合物装入带有聚四氟乙烯内衬的晶化釜中,置于150℃烘箱中晶化180小时。反应后固体经过滤、洗涤、干燥、焙烧(后处理反应条件同实施例1)后得到SCM-33沸石分子筛,XRD图谱与图2类似。
【实施例5】
将2g异丙醇铝加入40g异丙基三甲基氢氧化铵溶液(20wt%)、12g氢氧化钾溶液(30wt%)中,溶解后添加75g水,缓慢加入52g正硅酸四乙酯,待水解完全后将上述混合物装入带有聚四氟乙烯内衬的晶化釜中,置于175℃烘箱中晶化144小时。反应后固体经过滤、洗涤、干燥、焙烧(后处理反应条件同实施例1)后得到SCM-33沸石分子筛,XRD图谱与图2类似。
【实施例6】
将9.7g氯化铷、26g氢氧化钾溶液(30wt%)溶于68.5g水中,加入39.4g异丙基三甲基氢氧化铵溶液(20wt%)搅拌均匀,在搅拌下缓慢加入54.6g Ludox AS-40硅溶胶,搅拌1h后加入5g USY分子筛(SiO2/Al2O3=12),搅拌1.5h后将上述混合物装入带有聚四氟乙烯内衬的晶化釜中,置于145℃烘箱中晶化192小时。反应后固体经过滤、洗涤、干燥、焙烧(后处理反应条件同实施例1)后得到SCM-33沸石分子筛,XRD图谱与图2类似。
【实施例7】
将0.6g拟薄水铝石(Al2O3 70wt%)、17g氢氧化钾溶液(30wt%)溶于30g水中,加入49.3g异丙基三甲基氢氧化铵溶液(20wt%)搅拌均匀,在搅拌下缓慢加入15g水玻璃(SiO227wt%,Na2O 8.4wt%)和45g Ludox AS-40硅溶胶,搅拌1h后将上述混合物装入带有聚四氟乙烯内衬的晶化釜中,置于160℃烘箱中晶化168小时。反应后固体经过滤、洗涤、干燥、焙烧(后处理反应条件同实施例1)后得到SCM-33沸石分子筛,XRD图谱与图2类似。
【实施例8】
将1.3g硼酸、9g氢氧化钠溶液(30wt%)、14g氢氧化钾溶液(30wt%)溶于41g水中,加入49.3g异丙基三甲基氢氧化铵溶液(20wt%)搅拌均匀,在搅拌下缓慢加入75g LudoxAS-40硅溶胶,搅拌1h后将上述混合物装入带有聚四氟乙烯内衬的晶化釜中,置于160℃烘箱中晶化192小时。反应后固体经过滤、洗涤、干燥、焙烧(后处理反应条件同实施例1)后得到SCM-33沸石分子筛,XRD图谱与图2类似。其中,实施例8所得最终产品的XRD谱图数据如表4所示:
表4
【实施例9】
将4.8g九水硝酸铁、9g氢氧化钠溶液(30wt%)、14g氢氧化钾溶液(30wt%)溶于150g水中,加入49.3g异丙基三甲基氢氧化铵溶液(20wt%)搅拌均匀,在搅拌下缓慢加入75g Ludox AS-40硅溶胶,搅拌1h后将上述混合物装入带有聚四氟乙烯内衬的晶化釜中,置于150℃烘箱中晶化216小时。反应后固体经过滤、洗涤、干燥、焙烧(后处理反应条件同实施例1)后得到SCM-33沸石分子筛,XRD图谱与图2类似。
【实施例10】
将4g硫酸钛、0.4g硼酸、8g氢氧化钠溶液(30wt%)、15g氢氧化钾溶液(30wt%)溶于50g水中,加入49.3g异丙基三甲基氢氧化铵溶液(20wt%)搅拌均匀,在搅拌下缓慢加入60g Ludox AS-40硅溶胶,搅拌1h后将上述混合物装入带有聚四氟乙烯内衬的晶化釜中,置于170℃烘箱中晶化120小时。反应后固体经过滤、洗涤、干燥、焙烧(后处理反应条件同实施例1)后得到SCM-33沸石分子筛,XRD图谱与图2类似。其中,实施例10所得最终产品的XRD谱图数据如表5所示:
表5
【对比例1】
将2.5g偏铝酸钠(Al2O3 41wt%,Na2O 58wt%)、17.5g氢氧化钾溶液(30wt%)溶于28g水中,加入30g四甲基氢氧化铵溶液(20wt%)搅拌均匀,最后在搅拌下缓慢加入60gLudox AS-40硅溶胶,搅拌1h后将上述混合物装入带有聚四氟乙烯内衬的晶化釜中,置于155℃烘箱中晶化144小时。反应后固体经过滤、洗涤、干燥、焙烧(后处理反应条件同实施例1)后得到分子筛,经过XRD图分析,为RUT分子筛,其XRD图与图2明显不同。
【对比例2】
将2.5g偏铝酸钠(Al2O3 41wt%,Na2O 58wt%)、17.5g氢氧化钾溶液(30wt%)溶于28g水中,加入48.7g四乙基氢氧化铵溶液(20wt%)搅拌均匀,最后在搅拌下缓慢加入60gLudox AS-40硅溶胶,搅拌1h后将上述混合物装入带有聚四氟乙烯内衬的晶化釜中,置于155℃烘箱中晶化144小时。反应后固体经过滤、洗涤、干燥、焙烧(后处理反应条件同实施例1)后得到分子筛,经过XRD图分析,为BEA分子筛,其XRD图与图2明显不同。
Claims (16)
4.按照权利要求1所述的分子筛,其特征在于,所述SCM-33分子筛的示意性化学组成中,X为骨架三价元素,Si/X摩尔比为10≤x≤200,M为骨架平衡阳离子,M/Si摩尔比为0.01≤m≤0.85。
5.按照权利要求1所述的分子筛,其特征在于,所述SCM-33分子筛合成态的形式中具有如式“qQ·SiO2·1/x XO1.5·m MO0.5·z H2O”所示的示意性化学组成,其中,Si/X摩尔比x≥5,M/Si摩尔比0<m≤1,H2O/Si摩尔比如下:0.005≤z≤2,Q为有机模板剂,0.01≤q≤1.0。
6.按照权利要求1或4或5所述的分子筛,其特征在于,所述骨架三价元素X选自由铝、硼、铁、镓、铟、铬中的至少一种;所述骨架平衡阳离子M选自氢离子、铵根离子、钠离子、钾离子、锂离子、铷离子、铯离子、镁离子、钙离子、锶离子、钡离子中的至少一种。
8.按照权利要求1所述的分子筛,其特征在于,所述SCM-33分子筛中不超过10wt%的Si原子被至少一种非硅四价骨架元素Y取代,所述Y选自锗、锡、钛、锆、铪中的至少一种。
9.一种按照权利要求1-7任一所述的分子筛的制备方法,包括:将硅源、骨架三价元素X源、骨架平衡阳离子M源、有机模板剂Q和水混合,进行晶化反应,获得SCM-33分子筛的步骤。
10.一种按照权利要求1-8任一所述的分子筛的制备方法,包括:将非硅四价骨架元素Y源、硅源、骨架三价元素X源、骨架平衡阳离子M源、有机模板剂Q和水混合,进行晶化反应,获得SCM-33分子筛的步骤。
11.按照权利要求9或10所述的方法,其特征在于:所述有机模板剂Q、所述硅源,以SiO2为计、所述X源,以X2O3为计、所述M源,以M2O为计和水的摩尔比为Q:SiO2:X2O3:M2O:H2O=0.05~1:1:0~0.1:0~0.5:10~100。
12.按照权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于:所述有机模板剂Q、所述硅源,以SiO2为计、所述X源,以X2O3为计、所述M源,以M2O为计和水的摩尔比为Q:SiO2:X2O3:M2O:H2O=0.15~0.55:1:0.0042~0.033:0.01~0.375:14~55。
13.按照权利要求10所述的方法,其特征在于:所述非硅四价骨架元素Y源,以相应的氧化物YO2为计,与所述硅源,以SiO2为计,的摩尔比YO2/SiO2=0.01~0.1。
14.按照权利要求9或10所述的方法,其特征在于:所述晶化反应的条件包括:在100~200℃晶化30~400小时。
15.一种分子筛组合物,包括权利要求1-8任一所述的SCM-33分子筛或者按照权利要求9-14任一所述方法制备的SCM-33分子筛,以及粘结剂。
16.一种分子筛的应用,权利要求1-8任一所述的SCM-33分子筛、按照权利要求9-14任一所述的方法制备的SCM-33分子筛、或者权利要求15所述的组合物作为吸附剂或催化剂的应用。
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BR112022022715A BR112022022715A2 (pt) | 2020-05-11 | 2020-10-28 | Peneira molecular scm-33 e método de preparação e aplicação da mesma |
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JP2022568572A JP2023533110A (ja) | 2020-05-11 | 2020-10-28 | Scm-33モレキュラーシーブ、その調製方法およびその利用法 |
KR1020227043303A KR20230009479A (ko) | 2020-05-11 | 2020-10-28 | Scm-33 분자체, 및 이의 제조 방법 및 이의 용도 |
PCT/CN2020/124331 WO2021227381A1 (zh) | 2020-05-11 | 2020-10-28 | Scm-33分子筛及其制备方法和应用 |
US17/997,960 US20230174384A1 (en) | 2020-05-11 | 2020-10-28 | Scm-33 molecular sieve, preparation method therefor and application thereof |
TW109139536A TWI857177B (zh) | 2020-05-11 | 2020-11-12 | Scm-33分子篩及其製備方法和應用 |
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BR102016026128B1 (pt) * | 2015-11-09 | 2022-10-04 | Shanghai Research Institute Of Petrochemical Technology, Sinopec | Peneiras moleculares scm-11, processo para a produção das mesmas, seus usos e composição de peneira molecular |
BR102016026121B1 (pt) * | 2015-11-09 | 2021-09-14 | China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation | Peneira molecular scm-10, processo para sua produção, composição e uso |
CN109694090B (zh) * | 2017-10-20 | 2021-03-30 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Scm-13分子筛及其制备方法 |
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CN107774297A (zh) * | 2016-08-30 | 2018-03-09 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Scm‑12分子筛催化剂、制备方法及其应用 |
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TW202142489A (zh) | 2021-11-16 |
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KR20230009479A (ko) | 2023-01-17 |
EP4151598A4 (en) | 2024-06-26 |
EP4151598A1 (en) | 2023-03-22 |
US20230174384A1 (en) | 2023-06-08 |
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JP2023533110A (ja) | 2023-08-02 |
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