CN113303316B - High-efficiency sterilization and disinfection method for seedbed soil - Google Patents
High-efficiency sterilization and disinfection method for seedbed soil Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
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- A01M17/002—Injection of toxic gases or fluids into the soil
Abstract
The invention relates to a high-efficiency sterilization and disinfection method for seedbed soil, which comprises the following steps: s1, measuring the pH value of soil; s2, selecting a soil sterilization mode according to the pH value of the soil; when the pH value of the soil is less than or equal to 7.5, uniformly spreading 150-550 g of solid ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate per square meter of soil surface by using a soil thickness meter of 15-35cm, then fully ploughing and finely harrowing the soil, scattering soil masses, and uniformly mixing the ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate and the soil; when the pH value of the soil is more than 7.5, uniformly spreading 200-700 g of solid ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate on the surface of each square meter of soil by a soil thickness meter of 15-35cm, then fully ploughing and finely harrowing the soil, scattering soil aggregates, and uniformly mixing the ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate with the soil; and S3, applying water for one time or multiple times according to the water content condition of the soil until the soil is completely wet, and finishing the sterilization and disinfection of the soil after 4-12 days. The soil sterilization method has the advantages of strong applicability, simple operation, no toxicity, no harm, no residue, thorough germ killing, soil environment improvement and land fertility improvement.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of seedling raising, in particular to a high-efficiency sterilization and disinfection method for seedbed soil.
Background
The presence of nematodes (especially root-knot nematodes), bacteria, fungi, soil-borne viruses and the like in the soil can damage seeds, seedlings, roots, leaves, flowers, fruits and the like of most crops, is a main cause of yield and quality reduction, and can cause agricultural loss or even huge loss. In addition, the seedling cultivation process of some economic crops such as treasure seedlings and the like has very strict requirements on the quality of seedling cultivation soil. Therefore, the seedbed needs to be strictly sterilized before cuttage or cultivation of seedlings. Because the lower end of the cutting shoot is usually subjected to the cut-off treatment, the damaged part is easily invaded by germs, so that the cutting shoot is not rooted yet and is deteriorated and rotten. The seeds are also easily infected with germs in the soil, so that the seeds are rotten and can not germinate.
It is known that, in order to prevent the spread of seed-borne bacteria and soil-borne diseases, the common soil disinfection and sterilization methods at present are: potassium permanganate, sulfur disinfection, special chemical, sun disinfection, steam disinfection, fire disinfection, etc. The characteristics of the various methods are described below:
(1) potassium permanganate method: 5 percent potassium permanganate solution is used for spraying soil or a cutting bed substrate. This disinfection method introduces manganese, a heavy metal, into the soil, which often contaminates the soil and water sources. (2) And (3) a sulfur disinfection method: uniformly and fully stirring lime nitrate, sulfur and sawdust, uniformly spreading 100 kg/hectare of lime nitrate, 2-3 kg/hectare of sulfur and 500-750 kg/hectare of sawdust on the surface of soil, deeply turning and mixing by using a shovel or a rake, fully irrigating with big water, covering a plastic film, compacting and covering the periphery of the film by using soil, and keeping for about 10 days. The method is preferably used in summer, and is favorable for raising soil temperature and fully killing germs in soil. However, the residual sulfur and sulfurous acid generated by the sulfur are easy to damage the seedlings and seeds to be planted in the later period, and even can seriously acidify the soil. (3) The special medicament method comprises the following steps: diluting the preparation with clear water to a certain concentration, spraying onto the surface of soil with a sprayer, or directly filling into soil to make the liquid penetrate into deep layer of soil to kill germs in soil. The spraying pesticide application treatment soil is suitable for field, seedling culture nutrient soil and the like. The common disinfectant comprises Henheng No. 1, henheng No. 2 and the like, and has obvious effect of preventing and treating seedling diseases. However, these disinfectants directly increase the production cost, and the production process of the disinfectants is also very polluting. (4) A solar disinfection method: after the crops in the greenhouse or field are harvested, the old plants in the field are pulled out by roots, organic fertilizer is applied more, then the ground is turned and leveled, when the temperature reaches over 35 ℃ in 7-8 months, the transparent heat absorption film is used for covering, the soil temperature can be raised to 50-60 ℃, and the soil is sealed for 15-20 days, so that various germs in the soil can be killed. The method is mostly applied to greenhouse for planting strawberries, watermelons and flowers in northern areas of China in successive years. The solar disinfection method has high weather requirements, needs to be carried out under high temperature conditions for a long time, cannot kill germs thoroughly, and has poor applicability. (5) Steam heat sterilization: the steam boiler is used for heating, and steam heat energy is transmitted into the soil through the guide pipe, so that the temperature of the soil is raised, pathogenic bacteria are killed, and the aim of preventing and treating soil-borne diseases is fulfilled. The disinfection method requires more complex equipment and high cost, and is only suitable for crops with higher economic value and small-area application on a seedbed. (6) And (3) fire sterilization: on the open field seedbed, the dry firewood is spread on the bed surface and ignited, so that not only can the germs in the surface soil be eliminated, but also part of potash fertilizer can be added after ploughing. However, the fire disinfection method cannot kill germs wrapped in the soil, and is mainly used in autumn, winter and withered, cannot be used in spring and summer, is not suitable for use in dry and windy weather, and cannot be used in forest areas.
In conclusion, the existing various soil disinfection and sterilization methods have the problems of residual pollution, high cost, unsatisfactory germ killing effect, long time consumption, limited use and the like.
Disclosure of Invention
Technical problem to be solved
In view of the above disadvantages and shortcomings of the prior art, the invention provides a method for efficiently sterilizing and disinfecting seedbed soil, which solves the technical problems of harmful pollutant residue, high treatment cost (not suitable for large-area use), long time consumption, non-ideal germ killing effect, limited usability and the like of the conventional soil sterilizing and disinfecting method.
(II) technical scheme
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the main technical scheme that:
a high-efficiency sterilization and disinfection method for seedbed soil, which comprises the following steps:
s1, measuring the pH value of soil;
s2, selecting a soil sterilization mode according to the pH value of the soil;
when the pH value of the soil is less than or equal to 7.5, uniformly spreading 150-550 g of solid ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate on the surface of each square meter of soil by a soil thickness meter of 15-35cm, then fully ploughing and finely harrowing the soil, scattering soil balls, and uniformly mixing the ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate and the soil;
when the pH value of the soil is more than 7.5, uniformly spreading 200-700 g of solid ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate on the surface of each square meter of soil by using a soil thickness meter of 15-35cm, fully ploughing and finely harrowing the soil, scattering soil masses, and uniformly mixing the ammonium bisulfate or the ammonium sulfate with the soil;
and S3, according to the water content of the soil, water is applied for one time or multiple times until the soil is completely wet, and the soil is sterilized and disinfected after 4 to 12 days.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in S2, the temperature environment for soil sterilization is 20 ℃ or higher. Wherein, when the temperature reaches above 30 ℃ at higher temperature, the dosage of ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate (ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate) is lower in the corresponding range; the amount of ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate (ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate) used at 20-30 deg.C is higher within the corresponding range. At this time, the temperature of the water discharged in S3 is the natural temperature in the atmospheric environment.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step S2, when the temperature environment for soil sterilization is lower than 20 ℃, the amount of ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate (ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate) is set to a higher value within the corresponding range, and the soil is completely wetted by spraying water at 30 to 40 ℃ in step S3.
Generally, the higher the amount of solid ammonium bicarbonate or carbonate (ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate) used, the more thorough the germ kill. In practical production applications, the dosage of the ammonium salt can be comprehensively considered within the range according to the practical conditions of the soil (including soil depth, continuous cropping and air temperature), the cost and the required sprayed water amount.
Preferably, in S2, the soil is divided into the following 8 embodiments according to the conditions that the pH value is less than or equal to 7.5 or is more than 7.5, the soil thickness is less than or equal to 20cm or is more than 20cm, whether the soil is continuously cultivated, and the like, and specifically:
scheme 1: when the pH value of the soil is less than or equal to 7.5, the thickness of the soil is less than or equal to 20cm, and the soil is not subjected to continuous cropping, 150-300 g of solid ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate is uniformly spread on the surface of each square meter of soil, then the soil is fully ploughed and finely harrowed, soil clusters are scattered, and the ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate and the soil are uniformly mixed.
Scheme 2: the pH value of the soil is less than or equal to 7.5, the thickness of the soil is less than or equal to 20cm, and when the soil is used for continuous cropping, 300-450 g of solid ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate is uniformly scattered per square meter of the soil surface, then the soil is fully ploughed and finely harrowed, and soil clusters are scattered, so that the ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate and the soil are uniformly mixed.
Scheme 3: when the pH of the soil is less than or equal to 7.5, the thickness of the soil is more than 20cm, and the soil is not subjected to continuous cropping, 300-400 g of solid ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate is uniformly scattered per square meter of the soil surface, then the soil is fully ploughed and finely harrowed, soil clusters are scattered, and the ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate and the soil are uniformly mixed.
Scheme 4: when the pH of the soil is less than or equal to 7.5, the thickness of the soil is more than 20cm, and the soil is used for continuous cropping, 400-550 g of solid ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate is uniformly scattered per square meter of the soil surface, then the soil is fully ploughed and finely harrowed, and soil clusters are scattered, so that the ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate and the soil are uniformly mixed.
Scheme 5: when the pH value of the soil is larger than 7.5, the thickness of the soil is less than or equal to 20cm, and the soil is not continuously planted, 200-400 g of ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate is uniformly scattered per square meter of the soil surface, then the soil is fully ploughed and finely harrowed, and soil clusters are scattered, so that the ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate and the soil are uniformly mixed.
Scheme 6: when the pH value of the soil is more than 7.5, the thickness of the soil is less than or equal to 20cm, and the soil is used for continuous cropping, 400-500 g of ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate is uniformly scattered per square meter of the soil surface, then the soil is fully ploughed and finely harrowed, and soil aggregates are scattered, so that the ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate and the soil are uniformly mixed.
Scheme 7: when the pH value of the soil is larger than 7.5, the thickness of the soil is larger than 20cm, and the soil is not continuously planted, 400-500 g of ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate is uniformly scattered per square meter of the soil surface, then the soil is fully ploughed and finely harrowed, and soil clusters are scattered, so that the ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate and the soil are uniformly mixed.
Scheme 8: when the pH value of the soil is larger than 7.5, the thickness of the soil is larger than 20cm, and the soil is used for continuous cropping, 500-700 g of ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate is uniformly scattered per square meter of the soil surface, then the soil is fully ploughed and finely harrowed, and soil aggregates are scattered, so that the ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate and the soil are uniformly mixed.
The more the continuous cropping times are, the higher the dosage is within the corresponding range; when the maximum temperature is above 30 ℃ in the daytime, the dosage is lower in the corresponding range.
The practical application proves that the application dosage of the ammonium salt is in the range, and the virus and bacteria killing rate of the nursery soil can be ensured to be more than 99.5%.
Preferably, in S3, little or no water is applied when encountering rainfall.
Preferably, in S3, after water is applied until the soil is completely wet, the soil is covered with a plastic film to accelerate the killing speed of germs in the soil and increase the killing rate. After the plastic film is covered, the time for efficient sterilization and disinfection of the soil can be shortened by 2-3 days.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in S3, before water is applied to the soil, a water blocking ridge is built around the seedbed, and water is applied to the inside of the frame surrounding the water blocking ridge.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the plastic film is an IFR heat absorbing film, a high light transmittance plastic film or a degradable heat preservation mulching film. The plastic film is mainly used for heat preservation and preventing the applied ammonium salt from being excessively diluted by external rainwater so as not to play an ideal sterilization role; the water blocking ridge can prevent the discharged water from losing, or external water enters a large amount to dilute or take away ammonium salt, so that the high-efficiency sterilization and disinfection effects cannot be achieved.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the operation time of S2-S3 is selected before the crops to be sown/planted are sown/planted at proper time or the time interval of two-round continuous cropping crop planting, so that the seedbed soil for cultivating the seedlings or cutting seedlings can be thoroughly and efficiently sterilized, and the emergence rate of the seedlings or the survival rate of the cutting shoots can be greatly improved.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in S3, when the bed soil area is large (for example, larger than 30 m) 2 ) Before formally applying water, the seedbed is divided into a plurality of blocks, water blocking ridges are built around each block, and then water is applied to the inner parts of the water blocking ridge enclosing frames.
When the blocks are partitioned, the areas of the earth surface plane close to the same height are partitioned into blocks, and closed water blocking ridges are built around each block. Therefore, the water applied in can be prevented from being quickly collected to the lower part due to different heights of the seedbed, ammonium salt at the high part is collected to the lower part, germs in the soil with higher terrain can not be effectively killed, and the germs which are not killed can be quickly spread in the seedbed soil at the later stage.
Preferably, the water applied in S3 is at least one of tap water, irrigation water, ground water, well water, river water, and natural ponding.
Preferably, after the step S3 is finished, before formal sowing or seedling planting or cutting and cutting, beneficial microorganisms, bio-organic fertilizers or EM bacteria are scattered into the soil, and the soil is cultivated and prepared again for formal sowing or seedling planting or cutting. The EM is a mixed bacterium which generally comprises photosynthetic bacteria, saccharomycetes, lactic acid bacteria and other beneficial bacteria, and is beneficial to soil improvement and rooting and seedling strengthening.
(III) advantageous effects
Compared with the prior art, the method mainly has the following advantages:
(1) No harmful residue is produced in the soil. The invention uses ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate (ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate) and water to kill bacteria and viruses in soil thoroughly, and can provide clean soil environment for crop seeds or cutting seedlings; after the soil is sterilized and disinfected, no harmful substances (such as antibiotics, heavy metal ions and the like which are difficult to degrade) are left, so that the environment friendliness is excellent, and the ammonium nitrogen fertilizer is provided as a growth product.
The water-soluble ammonium salt dissolved by the ammonium carbonate or the ammonium bicarbonate can be gradually decomposed into ammonium nitrogen, carbon dioxide and the like, which can be remained in soil and finally become nutrients of crops, improve the soil fertility, and also can become direct nitrogen sources and carbon sources of beneficial bacteria of plants to improve the growth environment of the crops. The method of the invention really realizes no toxicity, no harm and no residue.
(2) The method has low limitation and strong operability. The method has strong adaptability, and can be used in forest areas or fields or forest lands close to/far away from water sources; the preparation is very common, the operation is simple, the treatment cost is very low, and the preparation is suitable for large-area seedbed soil.
(3) The treatment time is short. Completely killing germs in the soil after the treatment time is 4-12 days in the air temperature environment of 20-30 ℃, and shortening to 2-9 days under the condition of covering a mulching film; under the environment of 30 ℃ and the condition of mulching film covering, the time for sterilization is shorter.
(4) The germs are killed thoroughly. After ammonium hydrogen carbonate or ammonium carbonate (ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate) is scattered, the soil is fully ploughed into roots and raked finely, then water is injected, the ammonium hydrogen carbonate or ammonium carbonate (ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate) reacts with water, hydrolysis can absorb a large amount of heat, a large amount of ions are generated at the same time, the electrolyte balance of pathogenic bacteria is destroyed, and the living environment of pathogenic bacteria is rapidly deteriorated, water is rapidly lost, and the electrolytes are unbalanced to die. Ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate (ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate) is dissolved in water to generate rapid hydrolysis reaction, acid radical ions and ammonium radical ions are completely hydrolyzed, and ammonia gas, carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide is gradually generated. Ammonia, carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide, etc. can further cause bacteria poisoning, suffocation and death. The aqueous solution of the ammonium salt can fully contact and permeate with soil particles, so that germs wrapped in soil masses can be killed, and the secondary propagation and spread of crops in the later period can be avoided.
(5) Improving the pH value of the soil. The weakly alkaline ammonium carbonate or ammonium bicarbonate is used for the soil with the pH value less than or equal to 7.5, and the weakly acidic ammonium sulfate or ammonium bisulfate is used for the soil with the pH value more than 7.5, so the method can also play a role in regulating and improving the acidic or alkaline soil so as to adapt to the growth habit of crops.
Detailed Description
For the purpose of better explaining the present invention and to facilitate understanding, the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments.
The invention provides a high-efficiency sterilization and disinfection method for seedbed soil, which comprises the following steps:
s1, measuring the pH value of soil;
s2, selecting a soil sterilization mode according to the pH value of the soil;
when the pH value of the soil is less than or equal to 7.5, uniformly spreading 150-550 g of solid ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate per square meter of soil surface by using a soil thickness meter of 15-35cm, then fully ploughing and finely harrowing the soil, scattering soil masses, and uniformly mixing the ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate and the soil;
when the pH value of the soil is more than 7.5, uniformly spreading 200-700 g of solid ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate on the surface of each square meter of soil by a soil thickness meter of 15-35cm, then fully ploughing and finely harrowing the soil, scattering soil aggregates, and uniformly mixing the ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate with the soil;
and S3, according to the water content of the soil, water is applied for one time or multiple times until the soil is completely wet, and the soil is sterilized and disinfected after 4 to 12 days.
The invention firstly applies solid ammonium salt to soil, then uses manual work or farming mechanical equipment to fully turn roots and rake the soil to ensure that the soil of a plough layer is fully and uniformly mixed with the solid ammonium salt, and then sprays clear water or irrigation water, so that the ammonium salt and the water can react greatly in a short time to generate a large amount of ions, absorb heat instantly to generate a large amount of ions, destroy the electrolyte balance of pathogenic bacteria, and cause the living environment of pathogenic bacteria to be rapidly deteriorated, rapidly lose water and cause the death of the pathogenic bacteria due to imbalance of the electrolyte. Ammonia gas, carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide and the like generated by the rapid hydrolysis of ammonium salt can further cause the poisoning, suffocation and death of pathogenic bacteria. On the contrary, if water is firstly sprayed into the soil and then ammonium salt is scattered into the wet soil, the ammonium salt cannot be distributed uniformly in time due to the fast reaction, so that the germs in the soil cannot be killed effectively and uniformly.
The method has universal applicability, and can be used for killing bacteria and virus in vegetable nursery, seedbed, substrate for cutting seedling, river sand, sawdust, etc.
Specifically, in practical production application, the dosage of the ammonium salt can be comprehensively considered according to the actual condition of soil (including soil depth, continuous cropping and air temperature), cost and the required sprayed water amount. The specific operation can be according to the following 8 schemes, specifically:
scheme 1: when the pH value of the soil is less than or equal to 7.5, the thickness of the soil is less than or equal to 20cm, and the soil is not subjected to continuous cropping, 150-300 g of solid ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate is uniformly spread on the surface of each square meter of soil, then the soil is fully ploughed and finely harrowed, soil clusters are scattered, and the ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate and the soil are uniformly mixed.
Scheme 2: the pH value of the soil is less than or equal to 7.5, the thickness of the soil is less than or equal to 20cm, and when the soil is used for continuous cropping, 300-450 g of solid ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate is uniformly scattered per square meter of the soil surface, then the soil is fully ploughed and finely harrowed, soil clusters are scattered, and the ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate and the soil are uniformly mixed.
Scheme 3: when the pH of the soil is less than or equal to 7.5, the thickness of the soil is more than 20cm, and the soil is not subjected to continuous cropping, 300-400 g of solid ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate is uniformly scattered per square meter of the soil surface, then the soil is fully ploughed and finely harrowed, soil clusters are scattered, and the ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate and the soil are uniformly mixed.
Scheme 4: when the pH of the soil is less than or equal to 7.5, the thickness of the soil is more than 20cm, and the soil is used for continuous cropping, 400-550 g of solid ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate is uniformly scattered per square meter of the soil surface, then the soil is fully ploughed and finely harrowed, soil clusters are scattered, and the ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate and the soil are uniformly mixed.
Scheme 5: when the pH value of the soil is more than 7.5, the thickness of the soil is less than or equal to 20cm, and the soil is not subjected to continuous cropping, 200-400 g of ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate is uniformly spread on the surface of each square meter of soil, then the soil is fully ploughed and finely harrowed, and soil groups are scattered, so that the ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate and the soil are uniformly mixed.
Scheme 6: when the pH value of the soil is more than 7.5, the thickness of the soil is less than or equal to 20cm, and the soil is used for continuous cropping, 400-500 g of ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate is uniformly scattered per square meter of the soil surface, then the soil is fully ploughed and finely harrowed, and soil aggregates are scattered, so that the ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate and the soil are uniformly mixed.
Scheme 7: when the pH value of the soil is more than 7.5, the thickness of the soil is more than 20cm, and the soil is not subjected to continuous cropping, 400-500 g of ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate is uniformly spread on the surface of each square meter of soil, then the soil is fully ploughed and finely harrowed, and soil groups are scattered, so that the ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate and the soil are uniformly mixed.
Scheme 8: when the pH value of the soil is more than 7.5, the thickness of the soil is more than 20cm, and the soil is used for continuous cropping, 500-700 g of ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate is uniformly spread on the surface of each square meter of soil, then the soil is fully ploughed and finely harrowed, and soil groups are scattered, so that the ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate and the soil are uniformly mixed.
After the above steps are completed, clear water is applied/poured on the soil until the soil is completely wet (little or no water is applied when the soil is subjected to rainfall), and the soil is covered with a plastic film so as to accelerate the killing speed of germs in the soil and improve the killing rate. After the plastic film is covered, the time for efficient sterilization and disinfection of the soil can be shortened by 2-3 days.
The principle of the solution of the invention is illustrated as follows:
ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate: NH 4 HCO 3 Or (NH) 4 ) 2 CO 3 +H 2 O → endothermic → NH 4 + +HCO 3 - → endothermic → → NH 4 + +NH 3 +H 2 O+CO 2 ，→→NH 3 +H 2 O+CO 2 Ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate: NH 4 HSO 4 Or (NH) 4 ) 2 SO 4 → endothermic → → NH 4 + +HSO 4 - → endothermic → → NH 4 + +NH 3 +H 2 O+SO 2 →→NH 3 +H 2 O+SO 2
The hydrolysis of ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate, ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate can absorb a large amount of heat, generate a large amount of ions, destroy the ecological environment and cell electrolyte balance of pathogenic bacteria, and cause the pathogenic bacteria to be rapidly dehydrated and die.
The ammonium salts are hydrolyzed into anions and cations in water, the anions are acidic, the cations are basic, the hydrolysis is violent, and the heat absorption is mutually promoted. The ammonium salt is completely hydrolyzed in water, but is extremely unstable, and is decomposed in a large amount at higher temperature, and the decomposition is faster at higher temperature, so that the heat is absorbed and ammonia gas is further generated, and the soil diseases and insect pests are killed.
For example, with NH 4 HCO 3 For example, the following steps are carried out: NH 4 HCO 3 →NH 4 ++NH 3 +H 2 O+CO 2 →→NH 3 +H 2 O+CO 2 。NH 4 HCO 3 Decomposing into ammonium nitrogen, ammonia gas, water and carbon dioxide which are all substances necessary for the growth of crops, so that the residues in the soil can improve the fertility of the soil, intermediate products and final decomposition productsThe product is harmless. Applying NH to acid soil 4 HCO 3 The soil quality is not affected, and if the soil is alkaline, weakly acidic ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate is used instead. The alkaline ammonium salt and the acidic ammonium salt are safe to treat the soil, do not damage the soil and avoid continuous alkalization or continuous acidification of the soil. However, if the temperature is not high, the treatment time needs to be properly prolonged, or the water temperature is slightly increased when water is sprayed on the soil, so that the equivalent effect is achieved.
Therefore, the method is non-toxic, has no harmless residue, can be used for fertilizing the land to kill germs in the soil, and has the advantages of easy operation, low cost, environmental protection and remarkable effect.
In practical application, the dosage and selection of the specific ammonium salt are related to the pH value of soil, the depth of the soil, the preference of crop planting varieties (alkaline, acidic or neutral soil), the temperature and the like, and the dosage and selection of the specific ammonium salt are adjusted according to practical conditions, so that the specific ammonium salt is reasonably used, and waste and environmental pollution are avoided.
The technical effects of the present invention will be further described with reference to the following specific examples.
Example 1
The embodiment provides a soil sterilization and disinfection method, which is used in a pepper planting nursery, and is used for sterilizing and disinfecting soil before pepper seeds are sowed, wherein the soil contains bacterial wilt. Laurella solanacearum, a bacterial name of the wilt disease discipline. When bacterial wilt is infected, the overground part of a plant which does not have any abnormal phenomenon suddenly loses vitality in the daytime, and the whole overground part withers.
The method for sterilizing and disinfecting the nursery soil comprises the following steps:
1. the pH value of the soil is measured to be less than or equal to 7.5, so that ammonium bicarbonate is selected as a soil disinfection and sterilization agent. The estimated thickness of the cultivated soil is 30cm, continuous cropping is not carried out, the average temperature in the daytime is 24 ℃, and 400 g of solid ammonium bicarbonate is scattered in each square meter of soil.
2. The cultivator cultivates soil with the thickness of 30cm, and a raker is used for raking the soil back and forth to rake soil blocks and dregs finely.
3. Building a circle of water blocking ridge around the nursery garden, watering, and thoroughly watering the plowed soil.
4. After watering, raking the land for 2 times by a raker, covering a PE plastic film on the nursery soil, and pressing four sides of the plastic film by mud blocks.
5. After 8 days, the PE film was removed and the soil was spot-inspected for Ralstonia solanacearum. The sampling inspection method comprises the following steps: taking soil, adding deionized water, dispersing the soil by a stirrer, filtering to obtain filtrate, centrifuging, extracting lower liquid, and culturing in a TTC culture medium and a 37 ℃ incubator for 6 days. And (3) detecting the bacterial wilt in the lateral four solutions to be negative by using an RS bacterial wilt rapid detection test strip (Agdia in America).
6. Ventilating the soil for 2 days, scattering EM (effective microorganisms) into the soil, and cultivating and soil preparation again; after 5 days, shallow grooves are formed in the nursery garden, pepper seeds are sown, thin soil with the thickness of 3-4cm is covered, and water is irrigated thoroughly.
Example 2
One obstacle of strawberry continuous cropping is that the ecological structure of soil microorganisms is unbalanced, beneficial microbial flora is reduced, and the composition proportion of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes is changed. The strawberries are continuously planted in the same land for many years, which causes great change of soil microbial community, large proliferation of nematodes and pathogenic bacteria and serious pest and disease damage. Strawberry verticillium wilt and fusarium wilt bacteria survive in soil and invade roots from mechanical damage positions of plant roots. In the flowering and fructification period, as the ground temperature rises, the propagation and spread of germs are fast, leaves become small, leaf stalks become short, the growth vigor is weak, the whole plant is dwarf, fibrous roots become dark brown and rot, and then the whole plant withers. Therefore, it is necessary to disinfect and condition the soil, and soil disinfection is required. The disinfection method comprises the following steps:
(1) Because the pH value of the soil is 7.5-8.5, ammonium bisulfate is selected as a disinfectant, the outside temperature is 10-15 ℃, and the temperature in the greenhouse is about 20 ℃. Clearing the land, shoveling the soil of the edge feet in the strawberry greenhouse towards the middle, and uniformly spreading 500 g of ammonium bisulfate per square meter.
(2) Deep ploughing and making ridges: organic fertilizer (400 kg per mu) and solid ammonium bisulfate scattered on the surface of the soil are deeply turned into the soil with the depth of 35cm. Ploughing and harrowing the fine soil blocks by a harrowing machine so as to increase the contact area of the ammonium bisulfate and the soil particles. The high ridges are made to increase the surface area of the soil, so that the soil temperature can be quickly improved, and the high temperature duration of the soil can be prolonged. And a circle of water blocking ridges are arranged around the ridge.
(3) Water filling and sealing: and (4) filling water into the ridge until the ridge surface is thoroughly wetted, but no water is accumulated (the temperature is low due to the water accumulation). Finally, the soil surface is sealed by a complete and transparent plastic film.
(4) Sealing and ventilating: the greenhouse is completely sealed, and air leakage does not occur at the entrance and the irrigation ditch. And (4) opening the ventilation opening after 8 days in sunny days, uncovering the ground film, turning over the soil, and performing strawberry field planting after 7-14 days.
Randomly taking 100g of disinfected soil blocks on 10 different plots, adding deionized water for scattering, filtering to obtain filtrate, centrifuging, extracting lower liquid, culturing in a flat culture medium at 37 ℃ in a heat preservation box for 5 days, and detecting gibberellic disease, fusarium wilt and verticillium wilt, wherein the detection results are negative. Since the viruses in the soil all host bacteria, the viruses are inactivated in the case that the bacteria are killed.
The soil pH was measured and slightly different but slightly weak (pH = 5.5-6.5) at different locations, and the soil in this pH range was very suitable for strawberry growth.
Comparative example 1
In example 2, the organic fertilizer (400 kg per mu) was directly turned into the soil to a depth of 35cm without scattering ammonium bisulfate into the soil. Ploughing and harrowing the fine soil blocks by a harrowing machine so as to increase the contact area of the organic fertilizer and soil particles. And (5) making high ridges to increase the surface area of soil. And (4) filling water into the ridge until the ridge surface is thoroughly wetted, but no water is accumulated (the temperature is low due to the water accumulation). Finally, the soil surface is sealed by a complete and transparent plastic film. The number of live germs in the soil is detected, and when the plastic film is continuously covered for 20 days, the sterilization and disinfection effects equivalent to those of the embodiment 2 can be achieved.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, and not to limit the same; while the invention has been described in detail and with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some or all of the technical features may be equivalently replaced; and these modifications or substitutions do not depart from the spirit of the corresponding technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. A high-efficiency sterilization and disinfection method for seedbed soil is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, measuring the pH value of soil;
s2, selecting a soil sterilization mode according to the pH value of the soil;
when the pH value of the soil is less than or equal to 7.5, uniformly spreading 150-550 g of solid ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate per square meter of soil surface by using a soil thickness meter of 15-35cm, then fully ploughing and finely harrowing the soil, scattering soil masses, and uniformly mixing the ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate and the soil;
when the pH value of the soil is more than 7.5, uniformly spreading 200-700 g of solid ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate on the surface of each square meter of soil by using a soil thickness meter of 15-35cm, fully ploughing and finely harrowing the soil, scattering soil masses, and uniformly mixing the ammonium bisulfate or the ammonium sulfate with the soil;
s3, according to the water content of the soil, water is applied for one time or multiple times until the soil is completely wet, and the soil is sterilized and disinfected after 4-12 days;
when the soil area of the seedbed is large, before water is formally applied, the seedbed is divided into a plurality of blocks, water blocking ridges are built around the blocks, and then water is applied to the inner parts of the water blocking ridge enclosing frames; when the soil blocks are partitioned, the regions of the soil surface plane close to the same height are partitioned into blocks, and closed water blocking ridges are built around each block;
the soil is divided into the following 8 embodiments according to the conditions that the pH is less than or equal to 7.5 or the pH is more than 7.5, the soil thickness is less than or equal to 20cm or more than 20cm, and whether the soil is continuously cultivated or not, and the soil sterilization and disinfection modes specifically comprise the following steps:
scheme 1: when the pH of the soil is less than or equal to 7.5, the thickness of the soil is less than or equal to 20cm, and the soil is not subjected to continuous cropping, 150-300 g of solid ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate is uniformly scattered per square meter of the soil surface, then the soil is fully ploughed and finely harrowed, soil clusters are scattered, and the ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate is uniformly mixed with the soil;
scheme 2: when the pH of the soil is less than or equal to 7.5 and the thickness of the soil is less than or equal to 20cm and the soil is used for continuous cropping, 300-450 g of solid ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate is uniformly scattered per square meter of the soil surface, then the soil is fully ploughed and finely harrowed, and soil clusters are scattered, so that the ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate and the soil are uniformly mixed;
scheme 3: when the pH of the soil is less than or equal to 7.5, the thickness of the soil is more than 20cm, and the soil is not subjected to continuous cropping, 300-400 g of solid ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate is uniformly scattered per square meter of the soil surface, then the soil is fully ploughed and finely harrowed, soil clusters are scattered, and the ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate is uniformly mixed with the soil;
scheme 4: when the pH of the soil is less than or equal to 7.5, the thickness of the soil is more than 20cm, and the soil is used for continuous cropping, 400-550 g of solid ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate is uniformly scattered per square meter of soil surface, then the soil is fully ploughed and finely harrowed, soil clusters are scattered, and the ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate and the soil are uniformly mixed;
scheme 5: when the pH of the soil is more than 7.5, the soil thickness is less than or equal to 20cm, and the soil is not subjected to continuous cropping, uniformly spreading 200-400 g of ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate per square meter of soil surface, then fully turning over and finely harrowing the soil, scattering soil masses, and uniformly mixing the ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate and the soil;
scheme 6: when the pH value of the soil is more than 7.5, the thickness of the soil is less than or equal to 20cm, and the soil is used for continuous cropping, 400-500 g of ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate is uniformly scattered on the surface of each square meter of soil, then the soil is fully ploughed and finely harrowed, and soil groups are scattered, so that the ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate and the soil are uniformly mixed;
scheme 7: when the pH value of the soil is larger than 7.5, the thickness of the soil is larger than 20cm, and the soil is not continuously planted, 400-500 g of ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate is uniformly scattered per square meter of the soil surface, then the soil is fully ploughed and finely harrowed, and soil clusters are scattered, so that the ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate and the soil are uniformly mixed;
scheme 8: when the pH value of the soil is more than 7.5, the thickness of the soil is more than 20cm, and the soil is used for continuous cropping, 500-700 g of ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate is uniformly scattered per square meter of the soil surface, then the soil is fully ploughed and finely harrowed, and soil clusters are scattered, so that the ammonium bisulfate or ammonium sulfate and the soil are uniformly mixed;
when the temperature for sterilizing and disinfecting the soil is more than 20 ℃, the temperature of the applied water is the natural temperature under the temperature environment; when the temperature for sterilizing and disinfecting soil is below 20 ℃, the temperature of the water applied in S3 is 30-40 ℃;
and S3, after the step S3 is finished, before formal sowing or seedling planting or cutting and cutting of cuttings, scattering beneficial microorganisms, bio-organic fertilizers or EM bacteria into the soil, and tilling and soil preparation again.
2. The method for sterilizing and disinfecting seedbed soil as claimed in claim 1, wherein in S3, after applying water to make the soil completely wet, a plastic film is applied to cover the soil to accelerate the speed of killing germs in the soil and increase the killing rate.
3. A method for sterilizing and disinfecting seedbed soil efficiently as recited in claim 1, wherein in S3, before water is applied to the soil, a water blocking ridge is built around the seedbed, and water is applied to the inside of the enclosing frame of the water blocking ridge.
4. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the plastic film is IFR heat absorbing film, high light transmittance plastic film or degradable heat preservation mulching film.
5. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the time period for covering the bed soil with the plastic film is 2 to 9 days.
6. The method for sterilizing and disinfecting seedbed soil as recited in claim 1, wherein the water applied in S3 is at least one of tap water, irrigation water, ground water, well water, river water and natural accumulated water.
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Inventor after: Huang Banghai Inventor after: Yin Yaoyi Inventor after: Huang Jianping Inventor before: Huang Banghai Inventor before: Yin Yaoyi Inventor before: Huang Jianping |