CN113079842A - Loquat south fruit north-shifting open-air cultivation method - Google Patents
Loquat south fruit north-shifting open-air cultivation method Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/30—Grafting
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Abstract
The invention relates to an open-air cultivation method for transferring loquat south to north, belonging to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation. The plants managed by the technology of the invention grow robustly, have luxuriant branches and leaves, and bloom and bear normal fruits.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation, and particularly relates to a north-shifting open-air cultivation method for loquat.
Background
The loquat is a subtropical evergreen fruit tree originally produced in China, has fresh and sweet taste, can moisten five internal organs and nourish heart and lung, is a medical and edible health-care fruit, and is vegetatively reputed as the first fruit in early spring. The loquat flowers and fruits in autumn and winter, and the low-temperature freeze injury in winter is a main limiting factor influencing whether the loquat can fruit or not and the fruiting amount, and therefore, the traditional loquat cultivation areas in China are mainly concentrated in subtropical regions. In recent years, introduction and cultivation are started in temperate areas in the north of China, but in the areas, a protected cultivation mode is mainly adopted. At present, the methods for ensuring the safe overwintering of the loquat in production can be roughly divided into the following categories: (1) the protection is covered to flowers and fruits or whole tree body, mainly includes: flower and fruit bagging, single plant anti-freezing outer cover protection, greenhouse and shed frame protection and other protection fields; (2) the tree body is directly protected, and the method mainly comprises the steps of whitewashing, wrapping grass ropes, rolling, spraying antifreeze and the like; (3) the temperature raising and cultivation small environment improvement method mainly comprises the following steps: smoking, filling with frozen water, arranging windbreak and the like.
The prior technical scheme has the following problems: the technical requirement of the scheme (1) is high, the operation is complicated, the cost is high, and the large-area popularization and use in the field are difficult; the scheme (2) and the scheme (3) are simple and feasible, but have the problems of incomplete frost damage, unstable and reliable frost damage prevention effect and the like.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a comprehensive overwintering and cold-proof method mainly based on agricultural cultivation management measures, namely a north-moved open-air cultivation method of loquat south fruits, aiming at the problem of freezing damage of loquat cultivated in northern fields and the defects of the prior art. The plants managed by the method of the invention have the advantages of strong growth, luxuriant branches and leaves, normal flowering and fruiting, and can effectively prevent the freezing and cold damage of the loquats.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the specific scheme that:
an open-air cultivation method for northern loquat (yellow river valley) comprises the following specific cultivation and management technologies:
firstly, selecting a proper planting place:
the planting land selects the sunny slope at the middle upper part of the sloping field which faces the sun in the lee and is sufficiently illuminated, and is suitable for sandy loam and loam which have deep soil layer, loose and fertile soil and good drainage, and can not be planted at the low-lying position at the lower part of the sloping field;
II, selecting, planting and cultivating the rootstocks:
(1) selecting the rootstock:
selecting 2-3 years old common loquat seedlings which are robust in growth, free of diseases and insect pests and cultivated locally as stocks, wherein the stock selection method specifically comprises the following steps: the root system is developed, the main lateral roots are uniformly distributed, and more lateral fibrous roots are arranged in the root neck within 40 cm; the ground diameter of the nursery stock is more than 1.5 cm, the height is more than 100 cm, and the nursery stock has luxuriant branches and leaves and normal leaf color;
(2) stock planting and cultivating:
planting the stock 1-2 years before grafting; preparing soil and digging planting holes one season ahead; a big hole is adopted for improving soil, and the diameter of the hole is 80 cm, and the depth of the hole is 60 cm; the loquat is an evergreen tree species, and is not planted prematurely in spring; during planting, applying decomposed farmyard manure in the pits at a rate of about 10-15 kg/pit, and applying 40-50 g/pit of a granular humic acid type soil water-retaining agent;
transplanting with soil balls, wherein the soil balls are not less than 40 cm; when planting, dredging 1/3 branches and leaves, and irrigating the roots with 50-150 ppm ABT No. 3 rooting powder solution, wherein each plant is 10L; after transplanting, the trunk is protected by a thickened tree winding belt without a plastic lining, and grass-proof cloth with the width of 1 m is covered on two sides of the trunk, so that the effects of preventing grass, preserving moisture and inhibiting weeds can be achieved in the growing season, and the heat preservation can be achieved in early spring and autumn and winter;
2 weeks after transplanting, and when irrigating for the second time, irrigating roots with 500-800 times of 70% chlorothalonil or 500-800 times of 70% thiophanate methyl wettable powder to prevent root rot;
the method is characterized in that the yellow river basin is arid in winter and spring, irrigation can not be carried out by adopting the traditional principle that irrigation is not over eight, and 3 times of water permeation are carried out in the middle and last ten days of 11 months, 1 to 2 and 3;
third, scion selection and grafting
And in the spring of the next year, selecting the rootstocks with good tree vigor recovery for grafting.
(1) Selection of scions: selecting varieties with strong resistance and wide adaptability as scion sources; selecting a plant with stable result, high quality and high yield as a scion stock tree, and shearing a whole branch tip which is positioned at the middle upper part of a crown and has full peripheral bud eyes and full growth as a scion; removing leaves, keeping petioles, protecting axillary bud eyes from damage, sealing the cut with wax, mixing with wet sand, and storing;
(2) grafting:
grafting in 3-4 months in spring, and irrigating enough bottom water 1-2 weeks before grafting; selecting a corresponding grafting method according to the relative thicknesses of the rootstock and the scion; the grafting position is improved a little compared with the traditional position, namely grafting is carried out at a position which is about 40-50 cm away from the ground; the rootstock is not completely cut off when cut, 1/4-1/5 stem skins are reserved to be connected with the rootstock, and the seedling stem at the upper part of a cut opening is laid down;
checking survival condition 20-25 days after grafting, if the leaf stalk on the scion falls off once being collided and the bud expands and sprouts, indicating survival, otherwise, indicating non-survival, and timely performing supplementary grafting; timely erasing the sprouts and the tillers on the rootstocks; cutting off the laid rootstock seedling stem above the interface when the scion young shoot grows to 15-20 cm;
fourthly, field management measures are adopted:
the water and fertilizer management is as the second (2); covering the scion with a sunshade net in the new tip germination period and the new tip germination initial period in summer; spraying water with a sprayer every morning at the early stage of new sprout germination in summer to prevent the sprout from burning and returning due to high temperature of sunlight; in the new-tip growth period, 0.02-0.03 ppm of brassin is sprayed on the leaf surfaces at intervals of one week;
spraying an antifreezing agent on leaf surfaces from the middle and last ten days of 9 months, and spraying for 1 time in half a month and continuously for 3 times; spraying for 3 times continuously from 12 last ten days of the month to improve the cold resistance of the tree body.
Removing dense branches, weak branches, pest-infected branches and overground branches in spring, and intensively burning or burying dead branches; spraying 5-10 Baume lime sulphur mixture for 2 times on the whole plant.
Specifically, in the cultivation and culture of the rootstocks, the rootstocks are selected for planting in 3 months of spring.
Specifically, in the cultivation and culture of the rootstock, the application method of the soil water-retaining agent comprises the following steps: and uniformly mixing the soil water-retaining agent with the backfill surface layer mellow soil during planting.
Specifically, in the cultivation and cultivation of the rootstocks, 1-2 kg/plant of once-decomposed cake fertilizer and 50-80 g/plant of calcium superphosphate and monopotassium phosphate are applied when new shoots are transplanted. By adopting the mode, the loquat can recover the tree vigor as soon as possible by matching with the base fertilizer applied before planting.
Specifically, in the selection of the scion, the variety as the source of the scion is 'liberation clock', 'evening clock 518' or 'winter jade'.
Has the advantages that: the invention provides an open-air cultivation method for south loquat in north China, which adopts a comprehensive management method with agricultural cultivation measure prevention as the main and tree body protection as the auxiliary. Effective management measures are provided from the links of planting field selection, rootstock selection and cultivation, grafting technology, planting technology, water and fertilizer management to field management and the like. Several links are matched to effectively prevent the freezing damage of the loquat. The plants managed by the technology of the invention grow robustly, have luxuriant branches and leaves, and bloom and bear normal fruits.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention.
Example 1
An open-air cultivation method for south loquat fruit in north shift comprises the following specific cultivation management methods:
1. selecting proper planting land
Loquat is pleased with light, warm and intolerant of water-dampness. The planting field should be selected from the middle and upper sunny slope of the slope with the leeward and sunny and sufficient illumination. Sandy loam and loam with deep soil layer, loose and fertile soil and good drainage are suitable for being planted in low-lying positions of sloping fields.
2. Stock selection, planting and cultivation
(1) Selecting rootstocks, and selecting seedling strong seedlings which are locally sown and cultivated.
Selecting 2-3 normal loquat seedlings which are robust in growth and free of diseases and insect pests as stocks, and specifically comprising the following steps: the root system is developed, the main lateral roots are uniformly distributed, and more lateral fibrous roots (for example, more than 10 lateral roots) are arranged in the range of about 40 cm close to the root neck. The diameter of the nursery stock is more than 1.5 cm, the height is more than 100 cm, and the nursery stock has luxuriant branches and leaves and normal leaf color.
(2) Stock planting and cultivating
The stock is planted 1-2 years before grafting. Preparing soil one season ahead, digging planting holes, and preparing soil in autumn one year before spring planting. A big hole is adopted for improving soil, and the diameter of the hole is 80 cm, and the depth of the hole is 60 cm. The loquats are evergreen tree species, are easy to freeze and are planted in early spring, are suitable for being planted in 3 months in spring, miss spring tips in the bud later, and are easy to freeze and freeze (such as frozen tips, bark cracking and the like) before the tree vigor is not completely recovered and comes in winter.
During planting, about 15 kg/hole of decomposed farmyard manure is applied in the pit hole, and 50 g/hole of granular humic acid type soil water-retaining agent is applied (the water-retaining agent is uniformly mixed with the backfill surface layer mellow soil during planting). The water-retaining agent can improve a sudden granular structure and play a role in retaining water, and the pH value of soil can be reduced (the requirement of loquats on the chemical property of the soil is met) because the water-retaining agent is weakly acidic.
The prerequisite for the rapid recovery of the loquat vigor is that the loquat vigor has a complete root system and should be transplanted with soil balls which are not less than 40 cm. When in planting, 1/3 branches and leaves are removed to reduce water evaporation and improve survival rate. And the roots were irrigated with 100 ppm ABT # 3 rooting powder solution, about 10L per plant. The loquat has smooth trunk and thin bark, and is easy to generate freeze injury and sunburn. After transplanting, the tree trunk is protected by a thickened tree winding trunk without a plastic lining. And the two sides of the trunk are covered with grass-prevention cloth with the width of 1 meter, the effects of preventing grass, preserving moisture and inhibiting weeds can be achieved in the growing season, the heat preservation can be achieved in early spring and autumn and winter,
after transplanting, about 2 weeks, and during the second irrigation, the roots are irrigated with 700 times of 70% chlorothalonil or 700 times of 70% thiophanate methyl wettable powder, so as to prevent the occurrence of root rot.
In order to restore the loquat vigor as soon as possible, besides applying a base fertilizer before planting, applying 1-2 kg/plant of once-decomposed cake fertilizer, 50-80 g/plant of calcium superphosphate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate when newly growing. When 7 ~ 8 months rainwater is more, need to pay attention to the drainage, prevent ponding.
The yellow river basin is seriously arid in winter and spring, irrigation can not be carried out by adopting the traditional principle that irrigation is not over eight, and 3 times of water permeation are carried out in winter and spring, such as the middle and last ten days of 11 months, the middle and last ten days of 1 month to the last ten days of 2 months and the middle and last ten days of 3 months.
The tree vigor of the rootstocks cultivated by adopting the measures can be recovered in the second year.
3. And selecting and grafting scions. And in the spring of the next year, selecting the rootstocks with good tree vigor recovery for grafting.
(1) And (4) selecting the scions. Selecting varieties with strong resistance and wide adaptability as scion sources, such as 'liberation clock', 'night clock 518' and 'winter jade'. Selecting a plant with stable result, high quality and high yield as a scion stock tree, and shearing a whole branch tip with full and full growing buds at the middle upper part of a crown as a scion. Removing leaves, keeping petiole, protecting axillary bud from damage, sealing the cut with wax, and storing with wet sand.
(2) And (6) grafting. In spring 3-4 months, adopting a grafting method.
Irrigating enough bottom water 1-2 weeks before grafting. According to the relative thickness of the rootstock and the scion, selecting corresponding grafting methods, such as cutting grafting and cleft grafting. Compared with the traditional position, the grafting position is improved a little, and grafting is carried out at a position about 40-50 cm away from the ground, so that the characteristic of strong stress resistance of the stock is utilized, and the occurrence of trunk base rot is reduced. The rootstock is not completely cut off when cut, 1/4-1/5 stem bark is kept to be connected with the rootstock (so as to be beneficial to the communication of moisture, nutrition and hormone of the upper part and the lower part and be beneficial to healing and survival), and the seedling stem at the upper part of the cut opening is laid down.
And (4) checking survival conditions 20-25 days after grafting, and if the leaf stalks on the scions fall off once being collided and the buds grow and sprout, indicating that the scions survive. Otherwise, if the disease is not alive, the disease should be timely treated. Timely erasing the sprouts and the tillers on the rootstocks. And when the scion young shoots grow to 15-20 cm, cutting off the laid rootstock seedling stems above the interfaces.
4. And (5) field management measures.
The water and fertilizer management is as in 2 (2).
Covering the scion with a sunshade net in the new tip germination period and the new tip germination initial period in summer; in the early stage of new sprout germination in summer, water is sprayed by a sprayer every morning to prevent the sprout from burning and returning due to high temperature of sunlight. In the new-tip growth period, 0.02 ppm brassin (prepared from 0.01% brassin lactone missible oil) is sprayed on the leaf surface at intervals of one week, which is beneficial to the rapid growth of sprouts, the improvement of leaf photosynthesis and the promotion of root system growth.
Spraying an antifreezing agent (such as a Bidding classical 3721500-800 times liquid) on leaf surfaces from the middle and last ten days of 9 months, spraying for 1 time and 3 times continuously in half a month, promoting the young leaves to develop and mature, and improving the overwintering capability. Spraying for 3 times continuously from 12 last ten days of the month to improve the cold resistance of the tree body.
Dense branches, thin and weak branches, insect-disease branches and spindly branches are thinned out in spring, ventilation and light transmission are facilitated, and the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is reduced. The dead branches are intensively burnt or buried, and the circulation of the overwintering ova and germs is reduced. The whole plant (especially the bark crack) is sprayed with the lime sulfur mixture with 5-10 Baume degrees for 2 times, so that the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests can be effectively prevented.
After the loquat is managed by adopting the comprehensive measures, the loquat plants grow healthily generally and are rarely frozen. Normal fruiting can be achieved in the third year after grafting.
Example 2:
a north-shifting open-air cultivation method of loquat is substantially similar to that of the embodiment 1, and the difference is that:
1. in the planting and cultivation of the rootstocks, about 12 kg/hole of decomposed farmyard manure is applied in the pit holes, and 50 g/hole of granular humic acid type soil water-retaining agent is applied;
2. in the rootstock planting and cultivation, after transplanting with soil balls, the roots are irrigated by using 100 ppm ABT No. 3 rooting powder solution, which is different from the method in example 1, and the roots are irrigated by using 150 ppm ABT No. 3 rooting powder solution, which is about 10L for each plant, in example 2;
3. in the process of stock planting and cultivation, about 2 weeks after transplanting, and during secondary irrigation, the roots are irrigated by using 800 times of 70% chlorothalonil or 800 times of 70% thiophanate methyl wettable powder, so that the occurrence of root rot is prevented;
4. in order to restore the loquat vigor as soon as possible, besides applying a base fertilizer before planting, applying 1-2 kg/plant of once-decomposed cake fertilizer, 70-80 g/plant of calcium superphosphate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate when newly growing;
5. in the field management measures, the concentration of the brassin sprayed on the leaf surfaces of the new-tip growing period is 0.03 ppm at intervals of one week.
After the comprehensive measures of the embodiment 1 or the embodiment 2 are adopted for management, the loquat plants grow healthily and are rarely frozen. Normal fruiting can be achieved in the third year after grafting. The cultivation method provided by the invention effectively reduces the incidence of freezing damage of the loquats after the south fruit is moved to the north.
It should be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments illustrate rather than limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the appended claims. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that certain insubstantial modifications and adaptations of the present invention can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (5)
1. A north-shifting open-air cultivation method of loquat is characterized in that: the open-air cultivation site is a yellow river basin, and the specific cultivation management technology is as follows:
firstly, selecting a proper planting place:
the planting land selects the sunny slope at the middle upper part of the sloping field which faces the sun in the lee and is sufficiently illuminated, and is suitable for sandy loam and loam which have deep soil layer, loose and fertile soil and good drainage, and can not be planted at the low-lying position at the lower part of the sloping field;
II, selecting, planting and cultivating the rootstocks:
(1) selecting the rootstock:
selecting 2-3 years old common loquat seedlings which are robust in growth, free of diseases and insect pests and cultivated locally as stocks, and specifically comprising the following steps: the root system is developed, the main lateral roots are uniformly distributed, and more lateral fibrous roots are arranged in the root neck within 40 cm; the ground diameter of the nursery stock is more than 1.5 cm, the height is more than 100 cm, and the nursery stock has luxuriant branches and leaves and normal leaf color;
(2) stock planting and cultivating:
planting the stock 1-2 years before grafting; preparing soil and digging planting holes one season ahead; a big hole is adopted for improving soil, and the diameter of the hole is 80 cm, and the depth of the hole is 60 cm; the loquat is an evergreen tree species, and is not planted prematurely in spring; during planting, applying decomposed farmyard manure in the pits at a rate of about 10-15 kg/pit, and applying 40-50 g/pit of a granular humic acid type soil water-retaining agent;
transplanting with soil balls, wherein the soil balls are not less than 40 cm; when planting, dredging 1/3 branches and leaves, and irrigating the roots with 50-150 ppm ABT No. 3 rooting powder solution, wherein each plant is 10L; after transplanting, the trunk is protected by a thickened tree winding trunk without a plastic lining, and grass-proof cloth with the width of 1 m is covered on the two sides of the trunk;
2 weeks after transplanting, and when irrigating for the second time, irrigating roots with 500-800 times of 70% chlorothalonil or 500-800 times of 70% thiophanate methyl wettable powder;
the method is characterized in that the yellow river basin is arid in winter and spring, irrigation can not be carried out by adopting the traditional principle that irrigation is not over eight, and 3 times of water permeation are carried out in the middle and last ten days of 11 months, 1 to 2 and 3;
the tree vigor of the rootstocks cultivated by adopting the measures can be recovered in the second year;
third, scion selection and grafting
In spring of the next year, selecting stocks with good tree vigor recovery for variety grafting;
(1) selection of scions: selecting varieties with strong resistance and wide adaptability as scion sources; selecting a plant with stable result, high quality and high yield as a scion stock tree, and shearing a whole branch tip which is positioned at the middle upper part of a crown and has full peripheral bud eyes and full growth as a scion; removing leaves, keeping petioles, protecting axillary bud eyes from damage, sealing the cut with wax, mixing with wet sand, and storing;
(2) grafting:
grafting in 3-4 months in spring, and irrigating enough bottom water 1-2 weeks before grafting; selecting a corresponding grafting method according to the relative thicknesses of the rootstock and the scion; the grafting position is improved a little compared with the traditional position, namely grafting is carried out at the position 40-50 cm away from the ground; the rootstock is not completely cut off when cut, 1/4-1/5 stem skins are reserved to be connected with the rootstock, and the seedling stem at the upper part of a cut opening is laid down;
checking survival condition 20-25 days after grafting, if the leaf stalk on the scion falls off once being collided and the bud expands and sprouts, indicating survival, otherwise, indicating non-survival, and timely performing supplementary grafting; timely erasing the sprouts and the tillers on the rootstocks; cutting off the laid rootstock seedling stem above the interface when the scion young shoot grows to 15-20 cm;
fourth, field management measures
The water and fertilizer management is as the second (2); covering the scion with a sunshade net in the new tip germination period and the new tip germination initial period in summer; spraying water with a sprayer every morning at the early stage of new sprout germination in summer to prevent the sprout from burning and returning due to high temperature of sunlight; in the new-tip growth period, 0.02-0.03 ppm of brassin is sprayed on the leaf surfaces at intervals of one week;
spraying an antifreezing agent on leaf surfaces from the middle and last ten days of 9 months, and spraying for 1 time in half a month and continuously for 3 times; spraying for 3 times continuously from 12 last ten days;
thinning dense branches, weak branches, insect-disease branches and spindly branches in spring; intensively burning or burying diseased dead branches; spraying 5-10 Baume lime sulphur mixture on the whole plant for 2 times;
normal fruiting can be achieved in the third year after grafting.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein: in the cultivation and culture of the rootstocks, the rootstocks are selected for planting in 3 months in spring.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein: in the cultivation and culture of the rootstock, the application method of the soil water-retaining agent comprises the following steps: and uniformly mixing the soil water-retaining agent with the backfill surface layer mellow soil during planting.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein: in the stock cultivation and culture, 1-2 kg/plant of once-decomposed cake fertilizer, 50-80 g/plant of calcium superphosphate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate are additionally applied when a new tip is newly extracted after the stock is transplanted.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein: in the selection of the scions, the species from which the scions were derived were 'liberation clock', 'evening clock 518' or 'topaz'.
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