CN106804271A - Ditch broadcasts cultural method on a kind of nonirrigated farmland watermelon full-film covering ridge - Google Patents

Abstract

Cultural method is broadcast the invention discloses ditch on a kind of nonirrigated farmland watermelon full-film covering ridge, the method is comprised the following steps：Seed Treatment；Shallow plowing site preparation；Preventing and treating subterranean pest-insect；Broadcast preceding controlling weeds；Ridging；Basal dressing；Overlay film；Sowing；Managing after sowing；Field management.

Description

Ditch broadcasts cultural method on a kind of nonirrigated farmland watermelon full-film covering ridge

Technical field

The invention belongs to western melon wilt technical field, specifically, it is related to ditch on a kind of nonirrigated farmland watermelon full-film covering ridge Broadcast cultural method.

Background technology

Eastern Gansu province is in arid and semi-arid area of China, and moisture problem is the key problem of this regional agricultural development, many Mean annual precipitation is only the 55% of national average precipitation, and rainfall distribution is uneven, is focused mostly in summer 7,8,9 three Month.Local cultivation mode is limited by climate characteristic based on high ridge plastic film mulching cultivation or flat plot of land film mulching and planting, in west Easily there is arid in the early stage of melon growth, rainwater converges to furrow when late period precipitation is more, causes root growth to be obstructed rotten, and easily Inducing disease causes the underproduction.Thus, exploring a kind of active set rain cultivation mode for being suitable for the region watermelon growing turns into one Important research topic.On the full film ridge of nonirrigated farmland watermelon ditch broadcast cultivation mode be research and develop in this context be suitable for semiarid region west Melon cultivation area cropping pattern.

The content of the invention

It is an object of the invention to be to solve precipitation and watermelon breeding time in the region to need the water period contradiction to cause yield The problem of reduction, providing a kind of comprehensive early stage rainwater-collecting, later stage prevents the nonirrigated farmland watermelon full-film covering ridge of waterlogging caused by excessive rain, constant rate of production Upper ditch broadcasts cultural method.

Its concrete technical scheme is：

Ditch broadcasts cultural method on a kind of nonirrigated farmland watermelon full-film covering ridge, comprises the following steps：

Step 1, Seed Treatment

Watermelon seed is carried out before broadcasting selected, bask seeds 2~3d, then is carried out hoting water treatment of seeds 30 minutes with 55 DEG C of warm water, then With 50% carbendazim or 70% thiophanate methyl seed soaking 1h；

Step 2, shallow plowing site preparation

Preceding stubble removes residual film after harvesting, and ploughs shallowly once, 15~20cm of tilling depth, timely rake a kind of farm tools, suppression soil moisture conservation after ploughing, it is desirable to Horizon, soil are continuous, moisture in the soil foot, and ground is without soil block and erects grass roots.

Step 3, preventing and treating subterranean pest-insect

With 75% phoxim 3.75kg/hm²Or 40% Isofenphos methyl 7.5kg/hm²Fine earth 300kg is mixed, it is preceding shallow with reference to broadcasting Plough to be manured into soil and prevented and treated.

Step 4, broadcast preceding controlling weeds

The serious plot of Weed infestation, with 48% 3000~3750ml/hm of drag-line missible oil²450~600kg is watered, or is used 50% 1500~2250ml/hm of acetochlor ec², it is watered 450~600kg and is uniformly sprayed on ground before ploughing shallowly, before broadcasts Shallow plowing is manured into soil, and prevents and kill off monocotyledon weed, and removes broad leaved weed.

Step 5, ridging

Preceding 5~7d ditching, ridgings are sowed in watermelon, row spacing 100cm after ridging, ridge 30cm high, furrow width 30cm are opened again on ridge Collecting gutter, collecting gutter 20cm wide suitable for reading, deep 10cm, ridge face is smooth, without the hard thing such as soil block, grass roots, row spacing uniformity, ditch two Side and bottom of trench are smooth.

Step 6, basal dressing

Apply farm manure 30000kg/hm², pure N90kg/hm², P₂O₅ 120kg/hm², K₂O 180kg/hm², in broadcasting preceding combination Ditching, ridging bar imposes on collecting gutter lower section.

Step 7, overlay film

After ridging can plastic film mulch, with breadth 140cm, the covering with ground sheeting ridge of thickness 0.01mm, ditch and collecting gutter, and in ditch Face uniformly spreads soil pressure film, afterwards in collecting gutter bear in order to collect rainwater.

Step 8, sowing

After overlay film, when 0~10cm soil layers ground temperature stabilization more than 12 DEG C when start sowing, date of seeding emerged with watermelon after can keep away Open late frost harm to be advisable, select in the first tenday period of a month in late April to May, watermelon is planted in collecting gutter on ridge, spacing in the rows 100cm, is sowed close 7692~9615 plants/hm of degree², artificial dibbling, the artificial dibbling after face punching, per 1~2, cave seed, priority soil after broadcasting Obturage fenestra.

Step 9, managing after sowing

Before emerging, running check epiphragma hole soil whether occur it is hardened.If any hardened, to abolish in time.If mulch film quilt Tear rotten or swept by wind, to use soil pressure reality in time, after emerging, field checks line by line, to fill the gaps with seedlings in time being short of seedling, and urges in time Bud is reseeded, or transplant planting.

Step 10, field management

Seedling stage accomplishes field without weeds, and finishing furrow face is smooth, is punched in collecting gutter and is infiltrated after being easy to precipitation to collect.

Watermelon stretches the climing phase, takes three climing training types.Watermelon seedling vine it is long to 100cm it is long when one layer of straw of paving to fix melon climing, Prevent decayed fruit and mechanical damage.Destroy in time it is new grow it is sub climing, retain it is sub it is climing on the grandson that grows it is climing.Note following several during training Aspect：One is to remove bud early early to extract the climing bud of non-result, and wound is small and healing is fast, reduction germ intrusion chance.Two be will be Carried out after fine day morning dew is dry, wound healing is fast, reduce bleeding.Three are pruned using sharp pruning shear, and wound is small And it is smooth, easily close up, while pruning position should leave 3~5cm base portions long, to prevent wound from rotting to have influence on main stem.Four are Sterilized in training, often pruned once, dipping once carries out disinfection in the high concentration sterilization liquid prepared pruning shear, reduces Germina infection is invaded.Five is the residual branch pruned, particularly sick leaf, old leaf, should at any time take melon patch out of, it is to avoid stay in melon patch rotten Rotten propagation germ.After training process lasts till fruit setting.Impose N 30kg/hm in good time according to rain fall², topdress to use and spread manuer in holes Method, digs the vesicle of deep about 10cm in collecting gutter apart from the place of sowing point 10cm, is buried with soil after being put into fertilizer.Watermelon is bloomed Phase can not apply medicament, it is to avoid influence insect pollination, and spontaneous pollination is used as far as possible, if meeting cloudy weather for several days running day, be awarded using human assistance Powder, carries out fruit thinning after watermelon fruit setting, every plant is stayed 1 fruit, when the fruit size to egg long can fruit thinning stay fruit, typically publish and educate without abnormal Shape, epidermis not damaged, the young fruit not infected by pest and disease damage, while being thinning out other young fruits.Imposed according to soil moisture content after fruit thinning N30kg/hm², fruit expanding period applies N30kg/hm again².Fruit development to result mid-term can carry out fruit management, suitably in the daytime Carry out turning over the measures such as melon, sunshade, it is ensured that fruit in uniform light, especially after rainfall, observation fruit patch ground one side is made because making moist Insect pest forms hickie.Period repairs ridge face and furrow, removes weeds, keeps ridge face not ponding.Calculate the day after watermelon is unearthed Number, it may be determined that its maturity.Fruit colour fully shows the variety characteristic, notes leaving 10~15cm during harvesting Climing and carpopodium.Suitably can be harvested ahead of time according to marketing plan and transportation lengths, it is ensured that watermelon hardness.It is clear in time after watermelon harvesting It is that cotton stops growing space except melon is climing, while preventing cotton from being infected by pest and disease damage.

Step 11, the prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control.

Further, step 11 is specifically included：

1) cultural control

From disease-resistant variety, to seed, soil disinfection, begin sowing in good time, rational close planting applies fertilizers scientifically, nurturing staff, rationally Crop rotation, enhances field management, and removes weeds and diseased plant residuum.

2) physical control

2.1) yellow card's trap aphid and trialeurodes vaporariorum are set.Yellow paint is coated with the cardboard of 100cm × 20cm, one layer of machine oil of upper painting, Per hectare hangs 450 pieces~600 pieces, hangs in the ranks, recoats one layer of machine oil again when plate sticks aphid and trialeurodes vaporariorum.

2.2) with black light lamps Liriomyza, sunflower moth

2.3) eliminated aphis with aphidius gifuensis or coccinella septempunctata are anti-.

2.4) find that diseased plant, sick leaf are removed burn or buried in time, and the sterilization that limes.

2.5) blade face is sprayed on 27% high ester film, 70~140 times of liquid, once, even spray 2~3 times can anti-white powder for 7d~10d Germ invades.

3) chemical control pest and disease damage.

Compared with prior art, beneficial effects of the present invention：

(1) good collection rain water drainage effect

It is whole-ground plastic mulching that ditch is broadcast on full-film covering ridge, and start toughness is the top center on traditional arch ridge along soil Ridge parallel direction digs a collecting gutter of 20cm depths 10cm wide, and the rainwater for being down to ridge face is collected separately in ridge face ditch and two Between ridge in major groove.Ditch is broadcast on the ridge of pattern formation and small one and large one Liang Ge rainwater-collectings area of furrow on ridge, produces three-dimensional gradient Collection rain effect, it is to avoid the common arch ridge rainwater that furrow is collected in the case of precipitation is less cannot directly act on plant on ridge The shortcoming of root, achieves good collection rain drought resisting effect.When rainfall is less, ditch broadcasts relatively half film bed planting of control on full overlay film ridge Treatment improves 0-40cm soil storages 12.13%, and surviving and growing for seedling is transplanted in strong ensure that, is the growth in later stage Development is laid a good foundation.And in late growth stage because rainfall is larger, on ridge and furrow Liang Ge rainwater-collectings area is distinguished Play a part of to receive and shunt, more moisture is absorbed into the soil of ridge body, it is to avoid root system soaks.

(2) significant Meteorological effect effect

Overlay film can effectively improve the soil moisture, and the mode of ridging increased ridge body heating surface area, and the synergistic effect of the two promotees The lifting of the soil moisture is entered.Temperature is high by 2.63% compared with half film bed planting control treatment on full film bed planting treatment ridge, ditch on full film ridge Broadcast temperature relatively half film bed planting pattern (traditional mode) on pattern ridge high by 11.01%.

(3) the different precipitation time can constant rate of production

It is respectively compared from the point of view of the yield result of poor-water year, equal water year and high flow year, the poor-water time compares the full overlay film of control group Average list melon weight is sowed on ridge high by 35.32%, equal water time list melon weight is high by 3.8%, abundance of water time list melon weight is high by 6.94%, explanation Ditch broadcasts treatment on ridge obvious stable yields effect.

(4) water and fertilizer utilization is promoted

Relative to traditional mode, the efficiency of water application of watermelon improves 11.67%, and utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer improves 4.63 hundred Branch, showing on ridge that ditch is broadcast can rationally utilize limited moisture, promote water and fertilizer coupling.

Brief description of the drawings

Fig. 1 is ridging method schematic diagram, wherein, the common arch ridges of Fig. 1 a., opener ditch on Fig. 1 b. ridges；

Fig. 2 is watermelon different growing 0-100cm soil water contents under different planting；

Fig. 3 is that different growth stage respectively processes soil storage change；

Fig. 4 is the diurnal variation of each soil layer soil moisture of different disposal.

Specific embodiment

Technical scheme is described in more detail with specific embodiment below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

1 home environment technical conditions

1.1 plot require

Select preferable basic fertility of soil, Land leveling, soil layer is deep, fertility is higher, retain water and nutrients plot；Avoid and cucurbit Section, solanaceous crops continuous cropping, grafting and root-changing can continuous cropping.More than continuous cropping 2a must do soil treatment.Preceding stubble is selecting wheat, big The crops such as wheat, potato, beans, oil plant are advisable.

1.2 meteorological conditions

1.2.1 illumination

The time of infertility needs light application time in 1100~1500h.

1.2.2 temperature

The time of infertility needs active accumulated temperature:1500~2500 DEG C.

2 production management measures

2.2 seed preparations

2.2.1 Fruit variety

Watermelon meets well the kind of market comsupton demand from disease-resistant, cold-resistant, Mid-late ripening, outward appearance and interior quality.Such as：West Agriculture 8, anti-No. 9 Gansu Province, Jin Cheng 5, Zheng are anti-No. 9 etc..

2.2.2 seed quality

Meet the requirement of GB10715.1.

2.2.3 Seed Treatment

Watermelon seed is carried out before broadcasting selected, bask seeds 2~3d, then is carried out hoting water treatment of seeds 30 minutes with 55 DEG C of warm water, then With 50% carbendazim or 70% thiophanate methyl seed soaking 1h.

3 broadcast preceding land management

3.1 shallow plowing site preparations

Preceding stubble removes residual film after harvesting, and ploughs shallowly once, 15~20cm of tilling depth, timely rake a kind of farm tools, suppression soil moisture conservation after ploughing, it is desirable to Horizon, soil are continuous, moisture in the soil foot, and ground is without soil block and erects grass roots.

3.2 preventing and treating subterranean pest-insects

The serious plot of the subterranean pest-insects such as wireworm, cutworm, with 75% phoxim 3.75kg/hm²Or 40% methyl it is different Willow phosphorus 7.5kg/hm²Fine earth 300kg is mixed, is prevented and treated with reference to ploughing shallowly to be manured into soil before broadcasting.

3.3 broadcast preceding controlling weeds

The serious plot of Weed infestation, with 48% 3000~3750ml/hm of drag-line missible oil²450~600kg is watered, or is used 50% 1500~2250ml/hm of acetochlor ec², it is watered 450~600kg and is uniformly sprayed on ground before ploughing shallowly, before broadcasts Shallow plowing is manured into soil, and prevents and kill off monocotyledon weed, and removes broad leaved weed.

3.4 ridgings

Preceding 5~7d ditching, ridgings are sowed in watermelon, row spacing 100cm after ridging, ridge 30cm high, furrow width 30cm are opened again on ridge Collecting gutter, collecting gutter 20cm wide suitable for reading, deep 10cm, ridge face is smooth, without the hard thing such as soil block, grass roots, row spacing uniformity, ditch two Side and bottom of trench are smooth.

3.5 basal dressings

Apply farm manure 30000kg/hm², pure N90kg/hm², P₂O₅ 120kg/hm², K₂O 180kg/hm², in broadcasting preceding combination Ditching, ridging bar imposes on collecting gutter lower section.

3.6 overlay films

After ridging can plastic film mulch, with breadth 140cm, the covering with ground sheeting ridge of thickness 0.01mm, ditch and collecting gutter, and in ditch Face uniformly spreads soil pressure film, afterwards in collecting gutter bear in order to collect rainwater.

4 sowings

4.1 sowing time

After overlay film, when 0~10cm soil layers ground temperature stabilization more than 12 DEG C when start sowing, date of seeding emerged with watermelon after can keep away Open late frost harm to be advisable, be typically chosen in the first tenday period of a month in late April to May.

4.2 kinds of plant specifications

Watermelon is planted in collecting gutter on ridge, spacing in the rows 100cm.

4.3 thicknesss of sowing

7692~9615 plants/hm of thickness of sowing²。

4.4 seeding methods

Artificial dibbling, the artificial dibbling after face punching, per 1~2, cave seed, the priority tight fenestra of grave after broadcasting.

5 managing after sowing

5.1 abolish hardened and mulch film inspection

Before emerging, running check epiphragma hole soil whether occur it is hardened.If any hardened, to abolish in time.If mulch film quilt Tear rotten or swept by wind, to use soil pressure reality in time.

5.2 look into seedling and fill the gaps with seedlings

After emerging, field is checked line by line, to fill the gaps with seedlings in time being short of seedling, and timely vernalization is reseeded, or transplant planting.

6 field management

6.1 watermelon seedling stages

Seedling stage accomplishes field without weeds, and finishing furrow face is smooth, is punched in collecting gutter and is infiltrated after being easy to precipitation to collect.

6.2 watermelons stretch the climing phase

6.2.1 watermelon training

Take three climing training types.Watermelon seedling vine it is long to 100cm it is long when one layer of straw of paving to fix melon climing, prevent decayed fruit and machine Tool is damaged.Destroy in time it is new grow it is sub climing, retain it is sub it is climing on the grandson that grows it is climing.Following several respects are noted during training：One is to remove Bud is early, and early to extract the climing bud of non-result, wound is small and healing is fast, reduces germ and invades chance.Two is to reveal in the fine day morning Carried out after water is dry, wound healing is fast, reduce bleeding.Three are pruned using sharp pruning shear, and wound is small and smooth, are easily received Mouthful, while pruning position should leave 3~5cm base portions long, to prevent wound from rotting to have influence on main stem.Four are disappeared in training Poison, often prunes once, and pruning shear, dipping once carries out disinfection in the high concentration sterilization liquid prepared, and reduces germina infection and invades Enter.Five is the residual branch pruned, particularly sick leaf, old leaf, should at any time take melon patch out of, it is to avoid stays in melon patch and rots to propagate disease Bacterium.After training process lasts till fruit setting.

6.2.1 topdress

Impose N 30kg/hm in good time according to rain fall², topdress and use perforated method, apart from sowing point in collecting gutter The vesicle of deep about 10cm is dug in the place of 10cm, is buried with soil after being put into fertilizer.

6.3 watermelon florescence

Watermelon florescence can not apply medicament, it is to avoid influence insect pollination, and spontaneous pollination is used as far as possible, if meeting cloudy weather for several days running My god, artificial supplementary pollination can be used.

6.4 watermelon fruit settings are to the maturity period

6.4.1 fruit thinning

Fruit thinning can be carried out after watermelon fruit setting, every plant is stayed 1 fruit, when the fruit size to egg long can fruit thinning stay fruit, typically Publish and educate without deformity, epidermis not damaged, the young fruit that pest and disease damage infects do not received, while being thinning out other young fruits.

6.4.2 topdress

N30kg/hm can be imposed according to soil moisture content after fruit thinning², fruit expanding period applies N30kg/hm again²。

6.4.3 fruit management

Fruit development to result mid-term can carry out fruit management, suitably carry out turning over the measures such as melon, sunshade in the daytime, it is ensured that Fruit in uniform light, especially after rainfall, observation fruit patch ground one side makes insect pest because making moist or forms hickie.Period repairs ridge Face and furrow, remove weeds, keep ridge face not ponding.

6.5 watermelons are harvested

6.5.1 harvest in good time

Calculate the number of days after watermelon is unearthed, it may be determined that its maturity.Fruit colour fully shows the varietal characteristic Characteristic, notes leaving the climing and carpopodium of 10~15cm during harvesting.Suitably can ahead of time be harvested according to marketing plan and transportation lengths, protected Card watermelon hardness.

6.5.2 melon is removed climing

Melon is removed after watermelon harvesting in time climing, be that cotton stops growing space, while preventing cotton from being infected by pest and disease damage.Tool Body operation or work standard meets the useless film pick-up machine operation quality requirements of DB62/T 653-2013.

7 prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control

Major Diseases have：Powdery mildew, downy mildew, blight dis-ease, sclerotiniose, anthracnose, epidemic disease, droop, bacillary leaf are withered Disease, bacterial angular leaf spot, virosis, rust and aulacophora femoralis；Insect pest includes：Aphid, trialeurodes vaporariorum, Liriomyza, sunflower moth, red spider Spider, Americal rice leaf miner.Pesticide dosage is carried out according to NY/T 393-2013 pollution-free food Pesticide use criterions.

7.1 cultural controls

From disease-resistant variety, to seed, soil disinfection, begin sowing in good time, rational close planting applies fertilizers scientifically, nurturing staff, rationally Crop rotation, enhances field management, and removes weeds and diseased plant residuum.

7.2 physical controls

7.2.1 yellow card's trap aphid and trialeurodes vaporariorum are set.Yellow paint is coated with the cardboard of 100cm × 20cm, one layer of machine oil of upper painting, Per hectare hangs 450 pieces~600 pieces, hangs in the ranks, recoats one layer of machine oil again when plate sticks aphid and trialeurodes vaporariorum.

7.2.2 black light lamps Liriomyza, sunflower moth are used

7.2.3 eliminated aphis with aphidius gifuensis or coccinella septempunctata are anti-.

7.2.4 find that diseased plant, sick leaf are removed burn or buried in time, and the sterilization that limes.

7.2.5 blade face is sprayed on 27% high ester film, 70~140 times of liquid, once, even spray 2~3 times, can prevent white 7d~10d Powder germ invades.

7.2.6 trialeurodes vaporariorum, red spider are prevented and treated with 1.8% abamectin emulsifiable concentrate, 3000 times of liquid.

7.3 chemical control pest and disease damages

It is shown in Table 1.

Agricultural chemicals is recommended in the muskmelon of table 1, cotton common disease and pest and part

In order to prove beneficial effects of the present invention, following experiment has been carried out.

1. ditch broadcasts pattern and heats effect with obvious soil moisture conservation on ridge, and can guarantee that in different weather time watermelon stabilizations Yield

(1) ditch broadcasts pattern and can promote watermelon growing on ridge

As shown in Table 2, watermelon growing develop early stage, due to different ridging film mulching methods cause treatment between moisture temperature shape Condition is different, the climing growing state significant difference of watermelon melon.

Each period climing length under the different disposal of table 2

The climing phase is being stretched due to just transplanting, seedlings root water absorbing capacity is weak, full overlay film and planting catchments on furrow and ridge The climing length for the treatment of GM and TG melon of ditch is processed higher than other, and wherein GM reaches the level of signifiance compared with other treatment compared to difference, than control Treatment CK is higher by 58.06%.In fruiting period, the treatment climing length of GM melons is significantly higher than other treatment, and the climing length for the treatment of RM, TG, GH melon shows It is higher than control treatment CK to write, and the treatment climing length of RS difference compared with control treatment CK is not notable, treatment RM, GM, TG, GH melon climing length point Do not increase by 21.50%, 30.37%%, 20.09%, 16.35% compared with CK.Watermelon is measured after harvesting, and processes the climing length of melon of RM, GM The significant difference compared with other treatment, the treatment climing length of TG, RS melon is significantly higher than control treatment CK, and treatment GH and CK differences do not show Write, relatively control CK increases by 11.42%, 10.49%, 7.09%, 7.72% to the climing length of melon of RM, GM, TG, RS respectively.

(2) ditch broadcasts pattern guarantee while high yield is obtained and puies forward melon quality on ridge

As shown in Table 3, volume variance is obvious between the treatment of different cultivation modes, the treatment planted on full covered ground and ridge RM, GM, RS yield are significantly higher than furrow plantation and the treatment of half covered ground again with single melon, and ultimate output is respectively compared with control treatment CK is higher by 10.26%, 14.48%, 13.90%, and volume variance is not notable compared with the control for treatment TG, GH.Soluble solid In content balance, GM and RM significant differences are processed, had differences with other treatment but not notable, treatment GM is soluble compared with RM is processed Solid content is high by 7.27%.In nitrate content contrast, RM, GM, TG, GH and control treatment CK significant differences, nitric acid are processed Salt content respectively compared with treatment CK it is high by 26.69%, 29.13%, 25.15%, 24.37%.Acidity difference is not notable between everywhere, explanation Different cultivation modes are not obvious to watermelon Effect of Acidity On Absorption.

The yield and quality of the watermelon under the different disposal of table 3

In summary, under different cultivation modes there is notable difference in the physiological growth situation and quantitative effect of Grafted Watermelon, Treatment GM is significantly better than that treatment CK, GH and TG on physiological growth and yield index, and one is there is also compared with RM and RS is processed Advantage is determined, it is believed that water furrow planting is the cultivation mould of suitable Dry Land of Loess Plateau farming region Grafted Watermelon production on full overlay film ridge Formula.Ditch broadcasts pattern on 2 ridges has function of preferably retaining and conserveing soil moisture

(1) specify that ditch broadcasts soil moisture conservation effect of the pattern in seedling stage on ridge

In Seedling Stage, water content is successively from high to low TG ＞ GM ＞ GH ＞ RM ＞ RS ＞ OH.GM, GH and TG are aqueous for treatment Amount improves 31.13%, 26.23% and 34.55% compared with RM respectively, and treatment RS, OH and RM difference is not notable.Stretch climing phase plant strain growth It is vigorous, while rainfall is less (24.8mm), each treatment 0-40cm soil layers Soil water diffevence significantly (P<0.05), soil water-containing Amount is followed successively by TG ＞ GH ＞ RM ＞ OH ＞ GM ＞ RS from high to low.Fruiting period precipitation increases (84.9mm), respectively processes soil moisture Vertical distribution curve is more gentle.In 0-40cm soil layers, soil moisture content is followed successively by TG ＞ GM ＞ GH ＞ RS ＞ OH from high to low ＞ RM.Fruiting period to the maturity period is the peak period of watermelon growing water consumption, is also stage precipitation most periods (94.5mm), therefore, Precipitation and root system the vertical distribution of soil moisture to the absorption joint effect of moisture.From figure 2, it is seen that respectively processing 0-20cm soil layers Each treatment soil moisture content increases, and obvious in the 20-40cm soil layer ranges of decrease.At 0-30cm layers, water content is followed successively by from high to low GH ＞ GM ＞ RS ＞ RM ＞ TG ＞ OH.

(2) soil moisture phase change feature

As shown in figure 3, in 0-40cm soil layers, the average moisture storage capacity for the treatment of GM and RS soil declines obvious, other treatment storages Water is in increase trend, and in 40-100cm soil layers, each treatment average moisture storage capacity of soil is on a declining curve.It is climing to result stretching Phase, in 0-40cm soil layers, each treatment average moisture storage capacity of soil declines, and reaches the minimum point in the time of infertility, in 40-100cm soil In layer, treatment TG increases with the average moisture storage capacity of RS soil, and wherein RS increases obvious, under the average moisture storage capacity of soil of other treatment is in Drop trend.In result to harvest time, precipitation increases, and in 0-100cm soil layers, each treatment soil storage increases, to harvest time 0-100cm soil storages are followed successively by GH ＞ GM ＞ TG ＞ RS ＞ RM ＞ OH from high to low.

(3) influence of soil moisture change

As shown in figure 4, the overall variation trend of the soil moisture is substantially similar, the temperature diurnal variation curve of different disposal is " S " type negative and positive chord curve, the amplitude for increasing curve with depth of soil reduces, and Phase delay, the cycle increases, and illustrates different cultivation sides Influence of the formula to the soil moisture is deepened to weaken with soil layer.The temperature diurnal variation curve of different disposal is " S " type negative and positive chord curve, The amplitude for increasing curve with depth of soil reduces, and Phase delay, the cycle increases, and average daily temperature is followed successively by RM ＞ OH ＞ from big to small GM ＞ TG ＞ GH (ditch) ＞ RS (ditch).Soil layer often deepens 5cm, and the average daily temperature change curve phase of each treatment elapses 1h successively. Temperature is above furrow on ridge, and the soil moisture is processing RM highests on ridge.The heat insulation effect of different planting from big to small according to Secondary is RS (ditch) ＞ GM ＞ TG ＞ GH (ditch) ＞ OH ＞ RM.

(4) change of breeding time accumulated temperature

With the growth of watermelon plant, each treatment ground mean temperature progressively declines, but the average soil moisture is all the time 20 (table 4) more than DEG C.Between different disposal the soil moisture watermelon growing the average soil moisture significant difference of different times, total body surface It is now that temperature is higher than furrow temperature on ridge, wherein treatment RM soil moistures in four growthdevelopmental stages relatively process TG and are higher by respectively 4.69%th, 6.27%, 9.95% and 6.82%.GM and OH is compared with the average soil moisture reduction of RM each periods in the treatment of three kinds of ridges face 2%-3%, GH (ditch) and RS (ditch) is compared with the relatively low 3%-4% of TG each periods average soil moisture in three kinds of furrow treatment.Total accumulated temperature Change is similar to mean daily temperature, and ridge face is significantly higher than furrow, and GM and OH is low compared with RM breeding times total accumulated temperature in the treatment of ridge face 4.26% and 4.26%, GH (ditch) and RS (ditch) is compared with TG breeding times total accumulated temperature low 7.02% and 7.20% in furrow treatment.

The change (DEG C) of the different disposal total accumulated temperature of breeding time soil of table 4

(5) influence of the different planting to the yield of watermelon

From the point of view of the result of the test of 3 years, experiment in 2011 does not design ditch on full overlay film ridge and broadcasts treatment, ditch on half overlay film ridge Treatment yield highest is broadcast, average list melon weight is high by 35.32% compared to being sowed on the full overlay film ridge of control group.2012, on full overlay film ridge Ditch broadcasts treatment, and compared with being sowed on the full overlay film ridge of control group, the single melon weight for the treatment of is high by 3.8%, and ditch broadcasts treatment compared with control group list on half overlay film ridge Melon reduces by 15.19% again.2013, ditch was broadcast and is processed compared with the single melon weight height of sowing treatment on the full overlay film ridge of control group on full overlay film ridge 6.94%, ditch is broadcast and processes high by 3.21% compared with control group list melon weight on half overlay film ridge.Illustrate on ridge that ditch broadcasts treatment more juvenile in precipitation Part have obvious yield increasing effect, wherein on full overlay film ridge ditch to broadcast treatment effect of increasing production optimal.

GM processes yield and WUEL highest, increases by 15%~23%, water utilization compared with OH and GH treatment yield Efficiency improves 14%~20%.Ditch broadcasts pattern and accumulates invalid precipitation and guaranteed the quality to later stage water drainage from seedling stage on full film ridge preferably effect Really, the complexity for being operated in comprehensive various factors and production practices, the pattern is the production of Dry Land of Loess Plateau Grafted Watermelon Efficient Cultivation pattern.

The different year the yield of watermelon of table 5

Ditch broadcasts cultivation mode and can be obviously improved watermelon water nitrogen use efficiency on 3 ridges

Influence of the different cultivation modes of table 6 to water nitrogen use efficiency

Based on integration scenario, compare the watermelon water nitrogen use efficiency under several modes, it can be seen that with respect to CK patterns, The efficiency of water application of watermelon improves 11.67%；The traditional mode (CK) of nitrogen is not applied in addition, and absorbing nitrogen amount drastically declines, table It is bright in the case where sowing point does not have enough moisture, the moisture side only by ridge body oozes that nutrient is brought into around root system is unreliable 's.The nitrogen utilization efficiency for broadcasting pattern using ditch improves 2.45-4.63 percentage points, the nitrogen utilization efficiency of TG patterns compared with CK patterns Highest, showing on ridge that ditch is broadcast can rationally utilize limited moisture, promote water and fertilizer coupling.

The above, preferably specific embodiment only of the invention, protection scope of the present invention not limited to this are any ripe Those skilled in the art are known in the technical scope of present disclosure, the letter of the technical scheme that can be become apparent to Altered or equivalence replacement are each fallen within protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (2)

1. ditch broadcasts cultural method on a kind of nonirrigated farmland watermelon full-film covering ridge, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps：

Step 1, Seed Treatment

Watermelon seed is carried out before broadcasting selected, bask seeds 2~3d, then carries out hot water treatment of seeds 30 minutes, Ran Houyong with 55 DEG C of warm water 50% carbendazim or 70% thiophanate methyl seed soaking 1h；

Step 2, shallow plowing site preparation

Preceding stubble removes residual film after harvesting, and ploughs shallowly once, 15~20cm of tilling depth, timely rake a kind of farm tools, suppression soil moisture conservation, it is desirable to ground after ploughing Flat, soil is continuous, moisture in the soil foot, and ground is without soil block and erects grass roots；

Step 3, preventing and treating subterranean pest-insect

With 75% phoxim 3.75kg/hm²Or 40% Isofenphos methyl 7.5kg/hm²Fine earth 300kg is mixed, is applied with reference to being ploughed shallowly before broadcasting Enter soil to be prevented and treated；

Step 4, broadcast preceding controlling weeds

The serious plot of Weed infestation, with 48% 3000~3750ml/hm of drag-line missible oil²450~600kg is watered, or uses 50% second 1500~2250ml/hm of careless amine missible oil², it is watered 450~600kg and is uniformly sprayed on ground before ploughing shallowly, applied with reference to being ploughed shallowly before broadcasting Enter soil, prevent and kill off monocotyledon weed, and remove broad leaved weed；

Step 5, ridging

Preceding 5~7d ditching, ridgings are sowed in watermelon, row spacing 100cm after ridging, ridge 30cm high, furrow width 30cm, opener water again on ridge Ditch, collecting gutter 20cm wide suitable for reading, deep 10cm, ridge face is smooth, without the hard thing such as soil block, grass roots, row spacing uniformity, ditch two sides And bottom of trench is smooth；

Step 6, basal dressing

Apply farm manure 30000kg/hm², pure N90kg/hm², P₂O₅ 120kg/hm², K₂O 180kg/hm², trench digging is combined before broadcasting Ridging bar imposes on collecting gutter lower section；

Step 7, overlay film

After ridging can plastic film mulch, with breadth 140cm, the covering with ground sheeting ridge of thickness 0.01mm, ditch and collecting gutter, and in ditch lining endothelium Soil pressure film uniformly is spread, afterwards in collecting gutter bear in order to collect rainwater；

Step 8, sowing

After overlay film, when 0~10cm soil layers ground temperature stabilization more than 12 DEG C when start sowing, date of seeding emerged with watermelon after can avoid late Frost harm is advisable, and selects in the first tenday period of a month in late April to May, and watermelon is planted in collecting gutter on ridge, spacing in the rows 100cm, thickness of sowing 7692~9615 plants/hm², artificial dibbling, the artificial dibbling after face punching, often 1~2, cave seed, successively uses grave after broadcasting Tight fenestra；

Step 9, managing after sowing

Before emerging, running check epiphragma hole soil whether occur it is hardened；If any hardened, to abolish in time；If mulch film is torn rotten Or swept by wind, soil pressure reality is used in time, after emerging, field is checked line by line, to fill the gaps with seedlings in time being short of seedling, and timely vernalization is mended Kind, or transplant planting；

Step 10, field management

Seedling stage accomplishes field without weeds, and finishing furrow face is smooth, is punched in collecting gutter and is infiltrated after being easy to precipitation to collect；

Watermelon stretches the climing phase, takes three climing training types；Watermelon seedling vine it is long to 100cm it is long when one layer of straw of paving to fix melon climing, prevent Decayed fruit and mechanical damage；Destroy in time it is new grow it is sub climing, retain it is sub it is climing on the grandson that grows it is climing；Following a few sides are noted during training Face：One is to remove bud early early to extract the climing bud of non-result, and wound is small and healing is fast, reduction germ intrusion chance；Two be will be fine Carried out after its morning dew is dry, wound healing is fast, reduce bleeding；Three are pruned using sharp pruning shear, wound it is small and It is smooth, easily close up, while pruning position should leave 3~5cm base portions long, to prevent wound from rotting to have influence on main stem；Four is side The sterilization of training side, often prunes once, and pruning shear, dipping once carries out disinfection in the high concentration sterilization liquid prepared, and reduces disease Bacterium is infected and invades；Five is the residual branch pruned, particularly sick leaf, old leaf, should at any time take melon patch out of, it is to avoid stay in melon patch and rot Propagate germ；After training process lasts till fruit setting；Impose N 30kg/hm in good time according to rain fall², topdress and use perforated method, The vesicle of deep about 10cm is dug apart from the place of sowing point 10cm in collecting gutter, is buried with soil after being put into fertilizer；Watermelon florescence Medicament can not be applied, it is to avoid influence insect pollination, spontaneous pollination is used as far as possible, if meeting cloudy weather for several days running day, using artificial supplementary pollination, Carry out fruit thinning after watermelon fruit setting, every plant is stayed 1 fruit, when the fruit size to egg long can fruit thinning stay fruit, typically publish educate without deformity, Epidermis not damaged, the young fruit not infected by pest and disease damage, while being thinning out other young fruits；N30kg/ is imposed according to soil moisture content after fruit thinning hm², fruit expanding period applies N30kg/hm again²；Fruit development to result mid-term can carry out fruit management, suitably be turned in the daytime The measures such as melon, sunshade, it is ensured that fruit in uniform light, especially after rainfall, observation fruit patch ground one side made because making moist insect pest or Form hickie；Period repairs ridge face and furrow, removes weeds, keeps ridge face not ponding；The number of days after watermelon is unearthed is calculated, can be with Determine its maturity；Fruit colour fully shows the variety characteristic, note leaving during harvesting the climing of 10~15cm with Carpopodium；Suitably can be harvested ahead of time according to marketing plan and transportation lengths, it is ensured that watermelon hardness；Melon is removed in time after watermelon harvesting It is climing, it is that cotton stops growing space, while preventing cotton from being infected by pest and disease damage；

Step 11, the prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control.

2. ditch broadcasts cultural method on nonirrigated farmland watermelon full-film covering ridge according to claim 1, it is characterised in that step 11 has Body includes：

1) cultural control

From disease-resistant variety, to seed, soil disinfection, begin sowing in good time, rational close planting applies fertilizers scientifically, nurturing staff, rationally wheel Make, enhance field management, remove weeds and diseased plant residuum.

2) physical control

2.1) yellow card's trap aphid and trialeurodes vaporariorum are set.Yellow paint, one layer of machine oil of upper painting, per public are coated with the cardboard of 100cm × 20cm Just 450 pieces~600 pieces are hung, is hung in the ranks, recoat one layer of machine oil again when plate sticks aphid and trialeurodes vaporariorum.

2.2) with black light lamps Liriomyza, sunflower moth

2.3) eliminated aphis with aphidius gifuensis or coccinella septempunctata are anti-.

2.4) find that diseased plant, sick leaf are removed burn or buried in time, and the sterilization that limes.

2.5) blade face is sprayed on 27% high ester film, 70~140 times of liquid, once, even spray 2~3 times can anti-Powdery Mildew for 7d~10d Invade.

3) chemical control pest and disease damage.