CN112840932A

CN112840932A - Soapberry high-yield cultivation method

Info

Publication number: CN112840932A
Application number: CN202011424909.1A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 周鹏; 束昌; 王明; 张为强
Original assignee: JURONG INDIGENOUS TREE SPECIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Current assignee: JURONG INDIGENOUS TREE SPECIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Priority date: 2020-12-08
Filing date: 2020-12-08
Publication date: 2021-05-28

Abstract

The invention discloses a soapberry high-yield cultivation method, and belongs to the technical field of tree cultivation. The invention provides a set of standard cultivation management method for sapindus cultivation from the perspective of obtaining high-yield sapindus trees by the applicant's grasp of sapindus growth characteristics, comprising: the sapindus forest cultivated by the method has the characteristics of high yield, stable yield and convenient harvesting, the yield of sapindus fruits per mu can exceed 500 kilograms at most, and the problems that sapindus belongs to tall trees, the fruit yield is low in a natural growth state and picking is difficult are solved. Therefore, the invention has good production and application prospects and is suitable for popularization and application.

Description

Soapberry high-yield cultivation method

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of tree cultivation, and particularly relates to a soapberry high-yield cultivation method.

Background

Sapindus mukurossi, also known as "Youluo", fructus Mali pumilae, soapberry, where the thick fleshy pericarp contains sapogenin, which can be rubbed with water to produce foam for cleaning. Is a deciduous tree, up to 25 meters. The branches are unfolded, the small branches have no hair, and a plurality of skin holes are densely grown; the winter bud is axillary, and the exterior has 2 pairs of scales and has a little fine hair. Usually double feathery, compound leaves, intergrown; no leaf is left; has a handle; 8-12 small leaves, which are in the shape of a needle or an ellipse, 6-15 cm long, 2.5-5 cm wide, long and sharp tip at the tip, full edge, wide wedge or oblique circle at the base, unequal left and right, leathery and hairless, or slightly hairy on the lower main vein; the petiole is extremely short. Panicle, terminal and lateral; miscellaneous, small, without stalk, the total axis and branches are all light yellow brown fine hair; calyx 5 pieces, outer 2 pieces are short, inner 3 pieces are longer, round or oval; the corolla is light green, 5 petals, oval to egg-shaped, and is in the shape of a needle with short claws; the flower disc is cup-shaped; the male flower has 8-10 developed stamens, grows on the inner side of the flower disc, the filament has fine hair, and grows on the back of the drug; female flowers, upper ovary, usually only 1 chamber development; the amphoteric flower has small stamen and soft hair. The flowering period is 6-7 months. The fruit period is 9-10 months. The stone fruit is spherical, the diameter is about 15-20 mm, the stone fruit is yellow or brown yellow when cooked, the thick fleshy fruit peel contains saponin, and foam can be generated only by kneading with water, so that the stone fruit can be used for cleaning. The seed is spherical and black, and the diameter is about 12-15 mm.

The peel and seed of the soapberry have a plurality of uses and have a plurality of economic benefits. The fruit of the natural plant sapindus mukorossi is artificially sun-cured and peeled to obtain pure fruit peel. Can be directly used for extracting saponin as an effective component to manufacture natural pollution-free cleaning products, such as soapberry soap, soapberry handmade soap and the like. Especially, European people prefer to wrap the peel of the soapberry in a cotton woven bag without processing, and the original product is soaked in water and rubbed to generate foam which is directly used for washing clothes, hair and body. The soapberry seed kernel has high oil content and is used for extracting oil and producing natural lubricating oil; the seeds are used as Chinese medicinal materials, and have effects of clearing away heat and toxic materials, eliminating phlegm, and relieving cough, and the seeds can be used for extracting oil and fat, and can be used for preparing biodiesel.

The sapindus mukorossi is used as a native tree species in the road, the research and development of the sapindus mukorossi is weak at present and is the cause of the weak, and the key problems are that the sapindus mukorossi belongs to a tall and big tree, the fruit yield is not high in a natural growth state, the picking is difficult, and the bottleneck of the development and utilization of the sapindus mukorossi is formed. Many farmers who plant sapindus also strengthen the cultivation management of sapindus for high yield, and improper management due to the unknown growth characteristics of sapindus leads to the occurrence of early-aged trees, the yield does not rise or fall, and great troubles are caused to farmers.

Disclosure of Invention

Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention aims to provide a high-yield sapindus mukorossi cultivation method, which can obtain a sapindus mukorossi forest with high yield.

In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:

a soapberry high-yield cultivation method comprises the following steps:

(1) nursery seedling: selecting good-variety soapberry fruits harvested in the same year, sowing in autumn, and carrying out nursery cultivation of seedlings;

(2) transplanting seedlings: in autumn of the second year, selecting a proper forestation land, and transplanting the non-diseased seed seedlings into the forestation land according to the row spacing of 4m multiplied by 4 m;

(3) stock grafting: in autumn of the third year, the seedling is used as a stock, the current-year branch of a mother tree which grows vigorously and has high fruiting yield is selected, and grafting is carried out in autumn;

(4) tending the young forest: in spring and summer of the fourth year, when grafted seedling branches grow to 50cm, the top ends of the grafted seedling branches are cut off, and 3-4 robust lateral branches which are well grown and are distributed in space are selected and reserved at positions of 20cm-30cm and are cultured as main branches; in the fifth year, 2-3 robust branches are reserved on each main branch as subsidiary branches; in the sixth year, the robust spring branches on the subsidiary branches are cultured into lateral branch groups, and the main branches, the subsidiary branches and the lateral branches are reasonable in quantity proportion and uniform in spatial distribution;

(5) managing forests: the method comprises the following steps of enhancing weeding, irrigating and draining water in spring and summer, applying a proper amount of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer, simultaneously carrying out shaping and pruning to keep robust tree vigor, maintain umbrella-shaped tree crowns and culture excellent fruiting branches as targets, and adding farmyard manure in autumn and winter.

Further, the sowing method in the step (1) specifically comprises the following steps: selecting good varieties of fruits without seeds harvested in the same year, preferably removing peel without damage or shriveling of the peel, removing seeds with small particle size after removing the peel, soaking the seeds in hot water at 70 ℃ for 24-48h before sowing, adopting a dibbling mode for sowing, and digging the pits with the depth of 10-15cm and the distance between the pits of about 20 cm.

Further, suitable forestation in step (2) is specifically: good drainage, and thick and fertile soil layer, loose and moist subacid soil.

Further, the specific method for transplanting the sapindus mukorossi seedlings into the foresting land in the step (2) comprises the following steps: transplanting according to the line spacing of 4m multiplied by 4m, digging a pit with the size of 60cm multiplied by 60cm and the pit depth of 40cm, mixing thoroughly decomposed poultry and livestock farmyard manure and thoroughly decomposed rapeseed cakes or bean cake manure as base fertilizers, uniformly stirring 2kg of the base fertilizers and backfill soil, and backfilling the base fertilizers into the pits; digging out the seedlings from the nursery, paying attention to avoid the damage of roots and branches as much as possible, reserving proper amount of soil for the roots, planting one pit in the pit filled with the base fertilizer, backfilling the remaining soil, watering in proper amount, slightly treading, and piling up the soil at the base of the seedlings.

Further, the specific steps of the rootstock grafting in the step (3) comprise:

1) sawing off the seedling stem with a saw at the position 20-30cm away from the ground at the upper end of the seedling, and keeping the cut smooth without splitting;

2) cutting 1.5-2 cm cuts parallel to the branches of the rootstock up and down on two sides of the kerf of the rootstock by using a scion cutter respectively, wherein the cuts reach the xylem deeply and serve as grafting ports;

3) selecting a scion which is 5-10 cm long and has 1-2 full axillary buds at the upper end, cutting the lower end of the scion into a notch which is 45 degrees with the scion, cutting a cut surface which is close to the length of the stock notch on the back of the notch, and making the cut surface reach the wood part, wherein the fracture and the cut surface need to be smooth;

4) aligning the scion notch to the stock, slowly inserting the scion notch from top to bottom along the interface to enable the cut surface of the scion notch to be tightly attached to the bark of the stock, and tightly pressing the scion notch by hands;

5) the grafting film is firstly used for tying the connector, then the stock and the scion are tied, and the axillary bud part of the scion needs to be wrapped with a single-layer film.

Further, the nursery for young forest described in step (4) further comprises: the weeding, the irrigation and the drainage are enhanced in spring and summer, a proper amount of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is applied, and farmyard manure is added in autumn and winter.

Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:

the invention provides a high-yield sapindus mukorossi cultivation method, which provides a set of standard cultivation management method for nursery seedling culture, seedling transplantation, stock grafting, sapling tending and adult forest management of cultivation from the perspective of obtaining a high-yield sapindus mukorossi forest. Therefore, the invention has good production and application prospect and is suitable for popularization and application.

Detailed Description

The invention is further described with reference to specific examples.

Example 1:

a soapberry high-yield cultivation method comprises the following steps:

1. nursery seedling:

selecting a field with good drainage, deep and fertile soil layer, loose and moist subacid soil in autumn for 10-11 months, ploughing to a depth of 10-15cm, sowing about 800 kg of thoroughly decomposed farmyard manure per mu while ploughing, wherein the thoroughly decomposed farmyard manure is farmyard manure rich in quick-acting nitrogen source, such as farmyard manure decomposed by poultry manure,

selecting good-variety soapberry fruits harvested in the same year, preferably removing the peel, removing seeds with smaller grain size, soaking in hot water at 70 ℃ for 24-48 hours before sowing, and ensuring that the germination rate is higher. The sowing adopts a dibbling mode, the pit digging depth is 10-15cm, and the pit distance is about 20 cm.

In spring of the next year, when the height of the germinated sapindus mukorossi seedlings is 10-15cm, a rainy day is selected, soil between every two sapindus mukorossi seedlings is poked out of a 10cm deep hole by a wooden stick, about 20g of urea is scattered, and then the sapindus mukorossi seedlings are covered with the soil, so that the sapindus mukorossi seedlings can be promoted to quickly pull up and grow upwards.

In spring and summer, the seedlings can naturally grow by paying attention to the drainage irrigation and weeding of the nursery.

2. Transplanting seedlings:

transplanting saplings of sapindus in the nursery garden into a forestation land in autumn of the next year, wherein the forestation land also selects a section with good drainage, deep and fertile soil layer, loose and moist subacid soil and a sunny slope or hilly land with a lower gradient.

Transplanting according to the line spacing of 4m × 4m, digging a pit with the size of 60cm × 60cm and the pit depth of 40cm, mixing thoroughly decomposed livestock and poultry manure and thoroughly decomposed rapeseed cakes or bean cake manure as base fertilizers, uniformly mixing about 2kg of the base fertilizers with backfill soil, and backfilling the base fertilizers into the pits.

Digging out the seedlings from the nursery, paying attention to avoid the damage of roots and branches as much as possible, reserving proper soil for the roots, planting one pit in the pit filled with the base fertilizer, backfilling the remaining soil, watering in proper amount, slightly treading, and piling up the soil at the base of the seedlings.

And (3) additionally applying a proper amount of urea and decomposed farmyard manure near the roots of the transplanted seedlings in spring every year (preventing the seedlings from directly contacting the roots), and promoting the growth of the seedlings.

3. Stock grafting

And (3) continuously growing the seedlings after transplanting, selecting the annual branches of the parent trees with vigorous growth and high fruiting yield by taking the seedlings as the stocks in autumn of the third year, grafting in autumn, and taking each seedling as the stock to graft 2 scions. The method comprises the following steps:

3) selecting a scion which is 5-10 cm long and has 1-2 full axillary buds at the upper end, cutting a cut at the lower end of the scion, wherein the cut forms an angle of 45 degrees with the scion, cutting a cut surface with the length similar to that of the cut of the stock on the back of the cut, and the cut surface can be cut to reach the xylem, wherein the fracture and the cut surface need to be smooth;

4. Tending young forest

The method comprises the following steps of enhancing weeding, irrigation and drainage in spring and summer, applying a proper amount of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer and the like, adding farmyard manure in autumn and winter, and reasonably pruning to form an umbrella-shaped crown, wherein the method comprises the following steps:

1) in spring and summer of the fourth year, when grafted seedling branches grow to 50cm, the top ends of the grafted seedling branches are cut off, and 3-4 robust lateral branches which are well grown and are distributed in space are selected and reserved at positions of 20cm-30cm and are cultured as main branches;

2) in the fifth year, 2-3 robust branches are reserved on each main branch as subsidiary branches;

3) in the sixth year, the robust spring branches on the subsidiary branches are cultured into lateral branch groups, and the main branches, the subsidiary branches and the lateral branches are reasonable in quantity proportion and uniform in spatial distribution.

Through the construction and management, the branches can be prevented from overgrowing upwards, the germination quantity of the fruiting branches is increased, the hair growth height of the fruiting branches is reduced, and the formation of umbrella-shaped crowns is promoted.

5. Management of forest establishment

The management of the adult forest refers to the sapindus forest growing for more than three years after grafting, and still comprises the steps of strengthening weeding in spring and summer, irrigating and draining water, applying a proper amount of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer, and simultaneously carrying out shaping and pruning to keep healthy and strong tree vigor, maintain umbrella-shaped tree crowns and culture excellent fruiting branches, and adding farmyard manure in autumn and winter.

Through the cultivation and management steps, the grafted soapberry tree enters a fruiting period in the third year after grafting, gradually enters a high-yield period after 5-6 years, and the highest yield record obtained at present can also reach more than 500 kilograms per mu.

Claims

1. A soapberry high-yield cultivation method is characterized by comprising the following steps:

(2) transplanting seedlings: in autumn of the second year, selecting a proper forestation land, and transplanting the sapindus mukorossi seedlings into the forestation land according to the row spacing of 4m multiplied by 4 m;

(5) managing forests: the method comprises the following steps of enhancing weeding, irrigating and draining water in spring and summer, applying a proper amount of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer, carrying out shaping and pruning simultaneously, aiming at keeping robust tree vigor, maintaining umbrella-shaped tree crowns and culturing excellent fruiting branches, and adding farmyard manure in autumn and winter.

2. The high-yield cultivation method of soapberry according to claim 1, wherein the sowing method in step (1) is specifically: selecting good-variety soapberry fruits harvested in the same year, preferably removing peel without damage and shriveling, removing seeds with smaller grain diameter after removing peel, soaking in hot water of 70 ℃ for 24-48h before sowing, adopting a dibbling mode for sowing, digging the pit with the depth of 10-15cm and the pit distance of about 20 cm.

3. The high-yield cultivation method of sapindus mukorossi according to claim 1, wherein the suitable afforestation method of step (2) is specifically: the water drainage is good, and the soil layer is deep, fertile, loose and moist.

4. The high-yield cultivation method of sapindus mukorossi according to claim 1, wherein the specific method for transplanting sapindus mukorossi seedlings into a foresting area in step (2) comprises: transplanting according to the line spacing of 4m multiplied by 4m, digging a pit with the size of 60cm multiplied by 60cm and the pit depth of 40cm, mixing thoroughly decomposed livestock and poultry manure and thoroughly decomposed rapeseed cakes or bean cake manure as base fertilizers, uniformly stirring 2kg of the base fertilizers and backfill soil, and backfilling the pit; digging out the seedlings from the nursery, paying attention to avoid the damage of roots and branches as much as possible, reserving a proper amount of soil for the roots, planting one pit in each pit filled with base fertilizer, backfilling the remaining soil, watering the pits in a proper amount, slightly treading the pits, and then piling the soil at the base parts of the seedlings.

5. The high-yield soapberry cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the specific rootstock grafting step of step (3) comprises:

3) selecting a scion which is 5-10 cm long and has 1-2 full axillary buds at the upper end, cutting the lower end of the scion into a notch which is 45 degrees with the scion, cutting a cut surface which is close to the length of the cut of the stock on the back of the notch, and making the cut surface reach the xylem, wherein the fracture and the cut surface need to be smooth;

6. The high-yield sapindus mukorossi cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the nursery for young forest of step (4) further comprises: the weeding, the irrigation and the drainage are enhanced in spring and summer, a proper amount of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is applied, and farmyard manure is added in autumn and winter.