CN112655613A - Artificial breeding method of ray-cracked clam - Google Patents
Artificial breeding method of ray-cracked clam Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an artificial breeding method of ray-cracked clam, which comprises the following steps: parent mussel selection → parent mussel cultivation → intensified cultivation of host fish → inspection of maturity of leptium larvae → collection of mature leptium larvae → development of large-scale parasitism → cultivation of young mussels. The method is beneficial to solving the problems of short supply and short demand of the ray-cracked clam in the market and low reproduction rate of the ray-cracked clam in nature, and simultaneously fills the gap of research on the artificial breeding method of the ray-cracked clam. The artificial breeding technology is used for intervening in the breeding of the mussels, so that the breeding rate of the mussels can be greatly improved, and the problem that the mussels are endangered in natural water bodies is solved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to an artificial breeding technology of ray-cracked clam, belonging to the field of breeding methods of rare freshwater mussels.
Background
Mussels are one of the most widely distributed and most vulnerable groups of freshwater biological groups. The ray-splitting clam is an animal of the genus Unionidae of Unionidae, commonly known as honeysuckle cake and lake clam, is a unique species of China, is distributed in Hebei, Shandong, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan and other places, and is mainly inhabited in deep rivers and lakes where water flow is rapid at the bottom of mud or mud and sand. The ray-splitting clam is a male-female variant, the meat is edible, and also can be used as natural bait for fish and poultry, and feed for livestock and poultry, and some varieties can be used as fresh water pearl culture. However, in recent decades, the survival and the multiplication of the mussels are seriously threatened due to the over-exploitation of sand, the over-fishing of the fishes and the mussels, the water pollution and the like, so that the mussel species are protected unsupervised.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to improve the artificial breeding technology of ray-splitting clam, and adopts the artificial breeding technology to intervene in the breeding of the clam, thereby being beneficial to improving the yield of the clam and further protecting the biological diversity of the clam, in particular to endangered clams.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the problem of high yield of the mussels is as follows: an artificial breeding technology of ray-cracked clam, which comprises the following steps: parent mussel selection → parent mussel cultivation → intensified cultivation of host fish → inspection of maturity of leptium larvae → collection of mature leptium larvae → large-scale parasitism development → cultivation of small mussels. The method comprises the following specific steps:
8) parent clam breeding: the best breeding period of the ray-splitting clam is 6-8 months per year. Adult mussels with plump nursery sacs are selected from living body storehouses of breeding bases and natural water bodies 1-2 months in advance and are temporarily cultured in parent mussel culture ponds for internal running water pre-culture. The culture water comes from a natural river channel of a company breeding base, and the water flow speed is controlled to be 1.0-2.0T/h; adding nutrient mud every other circumferential cultivation pool, wherein the height of the nutrient mud is equal to the thickness of the adult mussels; simultaneously, 30-50g of fertilizer-water paste is put in every 0.5-1 month, and the specification of the pool is as follows: the length is 2.5m, the width is 2.0m, the depth is 0.5m, and 200 adult mussels can be cultivated per square meter.
Culturing a host fish in an intensified manner: preliminary experiments show that the parasitic effect of the pelteobagrus fulvidraco is the best, so that the pelteobagrus fulvidraco is selected as the host fish. The host fish is selected from healthy and active pelteobagrus fulvidraco with the weight of 20-30g, smooth body surface, bright color and complete gill, and the host fish is cultured in a natural pond enclosed by hollow meshes to form a rectangular net bag. Because the pelteobagrus fulvidraco is a benthic fish, in order to prevent the fin of the pelteobagrus fulvidraco from being blocked in the mesh and injured, a layer of polyethylene plastic film is paved at the bottom of the net bag, the specification of the net bag is 4m multiplied by 3m multiplied by 1.5m, the aperture of the net sheet is about 1-2cm, 2-5kg of host fish is preferably bred per square, a proper amount of fish feed is fed every day, the fish feed is an artificial compound feed, the main components are protein and fat, and the feed is accompanied with liver and gallbladder protecting medicaments, bile acid, multi-dimensional immunopotentiators and the like; 1kg of feed is mixed with 1-2g of immunopotentiator, 2 kg of artificial compound feed is fed to each kg of pelteobagrus fulvidraco, and the feeding is stopped for 1 day before the seedlings are sent.
9) Collecting leptomens: selecting parent mussels with larger individuals, clear shell ray lines and bright colors from a parent mussel culture pond, slightly opening mussel shells by using a mouth gag to screen the parent mussels with full and light dark yellow childbearing sacs, then cleaning the parent mussels and temporarily culturing the parent mussels in a large basin or a transparent storage tank, replacing water (the water is aerated tap water) once a day before larvae are not discharged, feeding a proper amount of green algae to the parent mussels, and simultaneously using oxygenation equipment to oxygenate the parent mussels so as to prevent the parent mussels from being suffocated due to oxygen deficiency; when the parent mussels begin to discharge the dark yellow floccules, the parent mussels can be taken out and placed in another clean large basin, the basin is placed in a shade place for drying for 1-2h, aerated tap water is added after the shade is dried, the water level is preferably just over the parent mussels, and the young mussels are stimulated to spit for 2-3 h.
10) Checking the maturity of leptosphaeria larvae: after the parent mussels are dried in the shade and spit the larvae completely, stirring and stirring the solution uniformly by using a stirrer, then sucking a small amount of the larval hamulus hookeri by using a rubber head dropper, and placing the larval hamulus hookeri under a microscope to observe the maturity of the larval hamulus hookeri, wherein all or most of the larval hamulus hookeri in one microscope visual field breaks membranes, and the two shells are opened and closed powerfully or slightly, and are adhered by byssus, so that the larval hamulus hookeri is mature, meanwhile, the maturity rate of the larhamulus hookeri can be preliminarily; then, the leptocystis larvae are cleaned by aerated tap water with natural water temperature of about 22 ℃ and a filter screen with the aperture of 200 meshes, and the cleaned leptocystis larvae solution is used for parasitizing and breeding.
11) A parasitic infection stage: diluting the leptopossum larva solution to 1-2 ten thousand per liter, keeping the water temperature at about 22 ℃, putting the leptopossum larva solution into a parasitic basin, putting a proper number of pelteobagrus fulvidraco, and controlling the infection time to be 1-3 min; in the infection period, a small oxygenation pump is used for increasing oxygen in the parasitic basin, so that the host fish is prevented from being suffocated due to oxygen deficiency, and the parasitic rate of larvae is improved; after infection, the parasitic amount on the gills of the host fishes is recorded by a microscope, the parasitic amount is preferably 2000-2500 parasitic on the gills of each host fish, and 15-25kg of host fishes are needed for breeding 100 ten thousand young mussels.
12) Cultivating the infected host fish: the infected host fish needs to be put into a running water breeding pond for breeding in time, a plastic film is laid at the bottom of the breeding pond, so that the seedling falling condition of young mussels and the growth condition of the young mussels can be observed conveniently in the later period, and a proper amount of green algae is fed to the parasitic fish every other day in the period. The effective accumulated temperature of the breeding of the ray-cracked clam is about 160 ℃, the seedling shedding time period is preliminarily determined according to the average water temperature of the breeding pond, the seedling shedding condition is timely observed, and the host fish can be transferred to the fish pond after the host fish completely shed.
13) Culturing young mussels after seedling shedding: stopping water for half an hour for feeding a proper amount of soybean milk to the young mussels every morning in the first month after the young mussel tax, observing the growth condition of the young mussels every 10 days, and measuring and recording the growth parameters of the young mussels; adding a proper amount of silt into every other circumferential cultivation pool, wherein the silt depth is preferably just full of the young mussels, and enemy organisms such as the silt, the moss or the red line worms in the cultivation pool are removed in time in the period so as to prevent the young mussels from being anoxic or being swallowed by other harmful organisms; the whole cultivation process adopts running water cultivation, keeps the water fresh and the dissolved oxygen sufficient, and provides a good growth environment for the young mussels.
14) Cultivating young mussels: after the juvenile mussels of the ray-cracked clam grow in flowing water for 3-4 months in the culture pond, the body length reaches 1-2cm, and at the moment, a hanging culture mode can be selected. The square basket made of bamboo is selected as the hanging and cultivating tool, the specification is 100cm multiplied by 50cm, and a filter screen with the aperture of 60 meshes is paved inside the basket, so that the loss of the mussels can be prevented while the water body exchange is not influenced; spreading nutrient mud with the thickness of 1cm at the bottom of each basket, adding the nutrient mud once every half month, wherein the hanging culture depth is 40-60 cm, and 2500 mussels can be put in each basket.
The method is beneficial to solving the problems of short supply and short demand of the ray-cracked clam on the market and low reproduction rate of the ray-cracked clam in nature, and simultaneously fills the gap of research on the artificial breeding method of the ray-cracked clam. The artificial breeding technology is used for intervening in the breeding of the mussels, so that the breeding rate of the mussels can be greatly improved, and the problem that the mussels are endangered in natural water bodies is solved.
The invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to the drawings and examples.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an image of a mature Leptosphaeria maculans microscope.
Fig. 2 shows a structure of a filter screen with an aperture of 200 meshes.
FIG. 3 is an imaging diagram under a microscope of a young clam which is just taken off.
Figure 4 is a diagram of a circular mesh screen with an aperture 20.
Detailed Description
The terms "upper", "lower", "inner", "outer", "front", "rear", "both ends", "one end", "the other end", and the like in the specification indicate orientations or positional relationships based on those shown in the drawings, and are only for convenience in describing and simplifying the description, but do not indicate or imply that the referred device or element must have a specific orientation, be constructed in a specific orientation, and be operated, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the present invention. Furthermore, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.
In the description of the present invention, it is to be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified or limited, the terms "mounted," "disposed," "connected," and the like are to be construed broadly, such as "connected," which may be fixedly connected, detachably connected, or integrally connected; can be mechanically or electrically connected; they may be connected directly or indirectly through intervening media, or they may be interconnected between two elements. The specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood in specific cases to those skilled in the art.
Embodiment 1, a breeding method of an artificial breeding technology of ray-cracked clam, comprising the following steps:
selection and cultivation of parent mussels
15) About 100 parent clams with full and deep yellow nursery sacs are selected from natural water and living banks of company breeding bases in 1 month 5 in 2020, and are placed in a culture pond for running water culture and culture; the culture water is from a natural reservoir of a breeding base, and the water flow speed is controlled to be 1.0-2.0T/h; nutrient mud is added into every other circumferential cultivation pool, so that about 2cm of nutrient mud is ensured to be arranged at the bottom of the pool, and the height of the nutrient mud is equal to the thickness of adult mussels; and simultaneously, 30-50g of the fertilizer water paste per mu is put every month. The specification of the pool is as follows: the length was 2.5m, the width 2.0m and the depth 0.5 m.
Second, nutrient enrichment culture of host fish
According to the technology, healthy and alive pelteobagrus fulvidraco with the weight of 20-30g is selected as a host fish, the host fish is cultured in a natural pond in advance for two weeks in a rectangular shape surrounded by hollow meshes, the specification is 4m multiplied by 3m multiplied by 1.5m, the pore diameter of each mesh is about 1-2cm, and 20-50kg of host fish are cultured in a reinforced mode.
During the reinforced cultivation period, the feed is mixed with bile acid and multivitamin immunopotentiator as liver and gallbladder protecting medicine, and the fed feed is mainly artificial mixed feed with protein content of 25-30% and fat content of 5-10%; 1kg of feed is mixed with 1.5-3g of immunopotentiator, 3 kg of artificial mixed feed is fed to each kg of pelteobagrus fulvidraco, and the feed is stopped for 1 day before the seedlings are sent.
Collection and infection parasitism of leptomimus latiusculi
(1) Collection of Lepidium Hovenia larvae
The first parent mussel 50 with mature nursery capsules was selected for breeding at day 6 and 20. Cleaning selected parent mussels, then orderly placing the parent mussels in a large basin with the bottom diameter of 50cm and the depth of 30cm for water purification cultivation, preferably, the parent mussels are just filled with water, changing water and feeding green algae every day, and meanwhile, oxygenating by using an oxygenation pump; the parent mussel is cultivated for about 5 days, the leptocypris interrogans larvae are discharged, the parent mussel is transferred to an empty large basin with the same specification for drying in the shade for 3 hours, then aerated tap water (the water temperature is about 22 ℃) is added, the parent mussel is preferably just full, and the nursery sacs of the parent mussel are almost emptied after 1-2 hours.
Removing parent mussels from the large basin, placing the parent mussels back into a living body storehouse for continuous cultivation, gently stirring the leptocylindrus solution by using a stirrer, cleaning larvae by using a filter screen with the aperture of 200 meshes (see a filter screen with the aperture of 200 meshes in figure 2), repeatedly filtering and cleaning for 2-3 times, averagely dividing the concentrated larval solution into 10 parasitic basins, adding water to dilute the solution to 1-2 ten thousand per liter, wherein the volume of the solution is about 30L; then, about 0.1mL of the larval solution was pipetted with a rubber-tipped dropper and the hamate larvae were observed under a microscope for maturity of about 100% (see fig. 1 for mature hamate larvae).
(2) Parasitic infection
Placing 150 healthy and viable pelteobagrus fulvidraco which is intensively cultured in 20-30g into each of 10 parasitic basins, parasitizing for 1-2min, then fishing out host fish, and placing in a soil pond with a plastic film laid at the bottom for running water culture; three parasitic fishes are randomly taken out at the same time, gills of the fishes are dissected, parasitic amount on the gills of the fishes is counted under a microscope, and the parasitic amount of each fish is about 2000 on average.
Cultivation of young mussels
(1) Construction of cultivation pond
The whole system comprises a water storage tank, a sedimentation tank and a cultivation tank, wherein the specification of the water storage tank is 50m multiplied by 10m multiplied by 2m, the specification of the cultivation tank is 5m multiplied by 2m multiplied by 0.5m, and the specification of the sedimentation tank is 100m multiplied by 20m multiplied by 2.5 m; the height relation of the pool is water storage pool, cultivating pool and sedimentation pool, and water in the sedimentation pool is pumped by a water pump and is filled into the water storage pool.
The cultivation pond is a small soil pond formed by piling red bricks around a soil pit, a plastic film is paved on the surface of the small soil pond, and the cultivation pond is built in a greenhouse with a sunshade net.
(2) Raising infected host fish
About 1500 host fishes used for parasitism are required, infected host fishes need to be transferred to breeding ponds in time for running water breeding, about 100 host fishes are thrown into each breeding pond, and a small amount of green algae are thrown every day; according to the effective accumulated temperature of the abnormal development of the ray-splitting clam, which is about 160 ℃, the average water temperature is 22 ℃, the seedling falling condition of the young clam on the gill of the fish starts to be observed about 7 days after the fish is parasitized, the falling time of the young clam is timely mastered, and the host fish is timely fished out. 62 host fishes die during the breeding period, and about 80 thousands of young mussels with successful metamorphosis development are harvested together.
(3) Cultivation of young mussels
The fallen young mussels are cultured by flowing water, the flowing water speed is controlled to be 1.0-2.0T/h, the flowing water quantity is slow in the early stage and fast in the later stage, the water quality is kept fresh, and the dissolved oxygen is sufficient; the method comprises the steps of stopping water supply for young mussels for 20L of soybean milk every morning in the first month every day, stopping feeding the soybean milk when the young mussels grow to 1-2cm, adding nutrition mud every other week in the later period, removing red worms, weeds, sludge and the like at the bottom of a pool by using a self-made circular net with the aperture of 20 meshes before adding the nutrition mud, slightly dragging a water body by using a wooden rake after stopping water supply and adding the nutrition mud to enable the young mussels to be uniformly distributed, and opening a water inlet valve when the nutrition mud sinks into the bottom of the pool, wherein the young mussels which are just young are shown in fig. 3 and the circular net with the aperture of 20 meshes is shown in fig. 4.
(4) Cultivation of young mussels
Taking out about 40 thousands of young mussels from about 80 thousands of young mussels, and adopting a water surface hanging culture mode: after the ray-cracked clam grows in flowing water for 4-5 months in the culture pond, the body length reaches 2-3cm, and the ray-cracked clam can enter the natural water surface to be hung and cultured. The young mussels are cultivated in a square basket hanging mode, the specification of the basket is 100cm multiplied by 50cm, and filter screens with the aperture of 60 meshes are paved on the periphery and the bottom of the basket, so that the loss of the young mussels can be prevented while the water body exchange is not influenced; spreading nutrient mud with the thickness of 1cm at the bottom of each basket, adding the nutrient mud once every half month, wherein the hanging culture depth is 40-60 cm, and 2500 mussels can be put in each basket. In order to adjust the water quality, the quick lime is poured and sprayed once every three months, the dosage per mu is 30-50 kg, the harm of pests in the water body to young mussels is reduced, and young mussels of 2-3cm are cultivated.
The above examples are only for describing the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and various modifications and improvements made to the technical solution of the present invention by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention should fall within the protection scope defined by the claims of the present invention.
The parts not involved in the present invention are the same as or can be implemented using the prior art.
Claims (1)
1. An artificial breeding method of ray-cracked clam is characterized in that: the scheme comprises the following steps: parent mussel selection → parent mussel cultivation → intensified cultivation of host fish → inspection of maturity of leptium larvae → collection of mature leptium larvae → large-scale parasitism development → cultivation of small mussels. The method comprises the following specific steps:
1) parent clam breeding: the best breeding period of the ray-splitting clam is 6-8 months per year. Adult mussels with plump nursery sacs are selected from living body storehouses of breeding bases and natural water bodies 1-2 months in advance and are temporarily cultured in parent mussel culture ponds for internal running water pre-culture. The culture water comes from a natural river channel of a company breeding base, and the water flow speed is controlled to be 1.0-2.0T/h; adding nutrient mud every other circumferential cultivation pool, wherein the height of the nutrient mud is equal to the thickness of the adult mussels; simultaneously, 30-50g of fertilizer-water paste is put in every 0.5-1 month, and the specification of the pool is as follows: the length is 2.5m, the width is 2.0m, the depth is 0.5m, and 200 adult clams can be cultivated per square meter;
culturing a host fish in an intensified manner: experiments show that the parasitic effect of the pelteobagrus fulvidraco is the best, so that the pelteobagrus fulvidraco is selected as the host fish, the healthy and active pelteobagrus fulvidraco with the weight of 20-30g, smooth body surface, bright color and complete gill is selected as the host fish, and the host fish is bred in a natural pond in a way of enclosing a rectangular net pocket by hollow meshes; because the pelteobagrus fulvidraco is a benthic fish, in order to prevent the fin of the pelteobagrus fulvidraco from being blocked in the mesh and injured, a layer of polyethylene plastic film is paved at the bottom of the net bag, the specification of the net bag is 4m multiplied by 3m multiplied by 1.5m, the aperture of the net sheet is about 1-2cm, 2-5kg of host fish is preferably bred per square, a proper amount of fish feed is fed every day, the fish feed is an artificial compound feed, the main components are protein and fat, and the feed is accompanied with liver and gallbladder protecting medicaments, bile acid, multi-dimensional immunopotentiators and the like; 1kg of feed is mixed with 1-2g of immunopotentiator, 2 kg of artificial compound feed is fed to each kg of pelteobagrus fulvidraco, and the feeding is stopped for 1d before the seedlings are sent;
2) collecting leptomens: selecting parent mussels with larger individuals, clear shell ray lines and bright colors from a parent mussel culture pond, slightly opening mussel shells by using a mouth gag to screen the parent mussels with plump and light dark yellow childbearing sacs, then cleaning the parent mussels and temporarily culturing the parent mussels in a basin or a transparent storage tank, replacing water once a day before larvae are not discharged, feeding a proper amount of green algae to the parent mussels, and simultaneously oxygenating the parent mussels by using oxygenation equipment to prevent the parent mussels from being asphyxiated due to oxygen deficiency; when the parent mussels begin to discharge the deep yellow floccules, the parent mussels can be taken out and placed in another clean large basin, the basin is placed in a shade place for drying for 1-2h, aerated tap water is added after the shade is dried, the water level is preferably just over the parent mussels, and the young mussels are stimulated to spit for 2-3 h;
3) checking the maturity of leptosphaeria larvae: after the parent mussels are dried in the shade and spit the larvae completely, stirring and stirring the solution uniformly by using a stirrer, then sucking a small amount of the larval hamulus hookeri by using a rubber head dropper, and placing the larval hamulus hookeri under a microscope to observe the maturity of the larval hamulus hookeri, wherein all or most of the larval hamulus hookeri in one microscope visual field breaks membranes, and the two shells are opened and closed powerfully or slightly, and are adhered by byssus, so that the larval hamulus hookeri is mature, meanwhile, the maturity rate of the larhamulus hookeri can be preliminarily; then, the leptocypris ovatus larvae are cleaned by aerated tap water with natural water temperature of about 22 ℃ and a filter screen with the aperture of 200 meshes, and the cleaned leptocypris ovatus larvae solution is used for parasitizing and breeding;
4) a parasitic infection stage: diluting the leptopossum larva solution to 1-2 ten thousand per liter, keeping the water temperature at about 22 ℃, putting the leptopossum larva solution into a parasitic basin, putting a proper number of pelteobagrus fulvidraco, and controlling the infection time to be 1-3 min; a small oxygenation pump is used for increasing oxygen in the parasitic basin during infection, so that host fish is prevented from being choked to death due to oxygen deficiency, and meanwhile, the parasitic rate of larvae is increased; after infection, recording the parasitic amount on the gills of the host fishes by using a microscope, wherein the parasitic amount is that 2500 host fishes are parasitic on the gills of each host fish, and 15-25kg host fishes are needed for breeding 100 ten thousand young mussels;
5) cultivating the infected host fish: the infected host fish needs to be put into a running water breeding pond to be bred, a plastic film is laid at the bottom of the breeding pond, the seedling shedding condition of young mussels and the growth condition of the young mussels can be observed conveniently in the later period, a proper amount of green algae is fed to the parasitic fish every other day in the period, the effective breeding accumulated temperature of the ray-cracked clam is about 160 ℃, the seedling shedding time period is preliminarily determined according to the average water temperature of the breeding pond, the seedling shedding condition is observed in time, and the host fish can be transferred into the fish breeding pond after the host fish completely shed;
6) culturing young mussels after seedling shedding: stopping water for half an hour for feeding a proper amount of soybean milk to the young mussels every morning in the first month after the young mussel tax, observing the growth condition of the young mussels every 10 days, and measuring and recording the growth parameters of the young mussels; adding a proper amount of silt into every other circumferential cultivation pool, wherein the silt depth is preferably just full of the young mussels, and enemy organisms such as the silt, the moss or the red line worms in the cultivation pool are removed in time in the period so as to prevent the young mussels from being anoxic or being swallowed by other harmful organisms; the whole cultivation process adopts running water cultivation, so that the water quality is kept fresh, and the dissolved oxygen is sufficient;
7) cultivating young mussels: after the juvenile mussels of the ray-cracked clam grow in flowing water for 3-4 months in the culture pond, the body length reaches 1-2cm, and at the moment, a hanging culture mode can be selected: wherein the hanging tool is a square basket made of bamboo, the specification is 100cm multiplied by 50cm, and a filter screen with the aperture of 60 meshes is paved inside the basket, so that the loss of the small mussels is prevented while the water body is exchanged; spreading nutrient mud with the thickness of 1cm at the bottom of each basket, adding the nutrient mud once every half month, wherein the hanging culture depth is 40-60 cm, and 2500 mussels can be put in each basket.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN115399268A (en) * | 2022-10-09 | 2022-11-29 | 安徽水韵环保股份有限公司 | Artificial ripening imbalance liriodendron breeding technology |
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Application publication date: 20210416 |