CN112639602A - 具有六角形和三角形电极的背板 - Google Patents

具有六角形和三角形电极的背板 Download PDF

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CN112639602A
CN112639602A CN201980055507.8A CN201980055507A CN112639602A CN 112639602 A CN112639602 A CN 112639602A CN 201980055507 A CN201980055507 A CN 201980055507A CN 112639602 A CN112639602 A CN 112639602A
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pixel electrode
backplane
electrodes
electrode
gate
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CN112639602B (zh
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A·蔡
I·法兰西
C·维沙尼
D·辛汤摩斯基
R·J·小保利尼
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Nuclera Ltd
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Abstract

有源矩阵背板包括六角形电极的阵列或三角形电极的阵列。由于背板设计沿着电极的外围布线栅极线，因此与电极表面的串扰较少。所公开的设计简化了电极的构造和控制，并改善了电极上方的电场的规则性。这种背板电极设计在电介质上电润湿(EWoD)装置和电泳显示器(EPD)中特别有用。

Description

具有六角形和三角形电极的背板
相关申请
本申请要求于2018年9月17日提交的美国临时专利申请No.62/732,421的优先权。本文所公开的所有参考文献、专利和专利申请均通过引用整体并入本文。
技术领域
本发明涉及用于电光显示器的背板。更具体地，它涉及非传统的像素形状，例如六角形或三角形。许多显示器(LCD和电泳显示器)使用电极阵列来呈现由观看者感知为图像的各种着色的像素。这种像素阵列传统上使用矩形或正方形电极，有时具有边缘结构。在这种情况下，每个电极具有通过边缘接合的四个最近的相邻电极。由于采用了阵列结构，因此可以使用扫描线和栅极线以及协调的控制器对像素进行快速和独立的寻址。类似的结构可用于非显示目的，例如粒子感测和电介质上电润湿(EWoD)。
背景技术
作为应用于材料或者显示器的术语“电光”，其在此使用的是其在成像领域中的常规含义，指的是具有第一和第二显示状态的材料，该第一和第二显示状态的至少一个光学性质不同，通过向所述材料施加电场使该材料从其第一显示状态改变到第二显示状态。尽管光学性质通常是人眼可感知的颜色，但它可以是另一种光学性质，例如光透射、反射、发光，或者在用于机器阅读的显示器的情况下，在可见光范围之外的电磁波长的反射率的变化意义上的伪色。尽管本申请将装置称为电光装置，但通常应理解，相同的结构可用于非光学，即非显示应用，例如粒子感测或电介质上电润湿(EWoD)。
术语“灰色状态”在此使用的是其在成像领域中的常规含义，指的是介于像素的两个极端光学状态之间的一种状态，但并不一定意味着处于这两个极端状态之间的黑白转变。例如，下文中所涉及的几个伊英克专利和公开申请描述了这样的电泳显示器，其中，该极端状态为白色和深蓝色，使得中间的“灰色状态”实际上为淡蓝色。实际上，如已经提到的，光学状态的改变可以根本不是颜色改变。下文可使用术语“黑色”和“白色”来指代显示器的两个极端光学状态，并且应当被理解为通常包括并非严格的黑色和白色的极端光学状态，例如上面提到的白色和深蓝色状态。下文可使用术语“单色的”来表示仅将像素驱动至其两个极端光学状态，而没有中间灰色状态的驱动方案。
术语“双稳态的”和“双稳定性”在此使用的是其在本领域中的常规含义，指的是包括具有第一和第二显示状态的显示元件的显示器，所述第一和第二显示状态的至少一个光学特性不同，从而在利用有限持续时间的寻址脉冲驱动任何给定元件以呈现其第一或第二显示状态之后，在该寻址脉冲终止后，该状态将持续的时间是用于改变该显示元件的状态所需的寻址脉冲的最小持续时间的至少几倍(例如至少4倍)。在公开的美国专利申请No.2002/0180687(也参见相应的国际申请公开No.WO 02/079869)中示出，支持灰度的一些基于粒子的电泳显示器不仅可以稳定于其极端的黑色和白色状态，还可以稳定于其中间的灰色状态，以及一些其它类型的电光显示器也是如此。这种类型的显示器被恰当地称为是“多稳态的”而非双稳态的，但是为了方便，在此可使用术语“双稳态的”以同时涵盖双稳态的和多稳态的显示器。
术语“冲激”在此使用的是其常规含义,即电压关于时间的积分。然而，一些双稳态电光介质用作电荷转换器，并且对于这种介质，可以使用冲激的一种替代定义，即电流关于时间的积分(其等于施加的总电荷)。根据介质是用作电压-时间冲激转换器还是用作电荷冲激转换器，应当使用合适的冲激定义。
被转让给麻省理工学院(MIT)和伊英克公司或以它们的名义的许多专利和申请近来被公开，描述了封装的电泳介质。这种封装的介质包括许多小囊体，每一个小囊体本身包括内相以及包围内相的囊壁，其中所述内相含有在流体悬浮介质中悬浮的可电泳移动的粒子。典型地，这些囊体本身保持在聚合物粘结剂中以形成位于两个电极之间的连贯层。在这些专利和申请中描述的技术包括：
(a)电泳粒子、流体和流体添加剂；参见例如美国专利No.7,002,728和7,679,814；
(b)囊体、粘结剂和封装工艺；参见例如美国专利No.6,922,276和7,411,719；
(c)包含电光材料的薄膜和子组件；参见例如美国专利No.6,982,178和7,839,564；
(d)用于显示器中的背板、粘合剂层和其他辅助层以及方法；参见例如美国专利No.D485,294；6,124,851；6,130,773；6,177,921；6,232,950；6,252,564；6,312,304；6,312,971；6,376,828；6,392,786；6,413,790；6,422,687；6,445,374；6,480,182；6,498,114；6,506,438；6,518,949；6,521,489；6,535,197；6,545,291；6,639,578；6,657,772；6,664,944；6,680,725；6,683,333；6,724,519；6,750,473；6,816,147；6,819,471；6,825,068；6,831,769；6,842,167；6,842,279；6,842,657；6,865,010；6,967,640；6,980,196；7,012,735；7,030,412；7,075,703；7,106,296；7,110,163；7,116,318；7,148,128；7,167,155；7,173,752；7,176,880；7,190,008；7,206,119；7,223,672；7,230,751；7,256,766；7,259,744；7,280,094；7,327,511；7,349,148；7,352,353；7,365,394；7,365,733；7,382,363；7,388,572；7,442,587；7,492,497；7,535,624；7,551,346；7,554,712；7,583,427；7,598,173；7,605,799；7,636,191；7,649,674；7,667,886；7,672,040；7,688,497；7,733,335；7,785,988；7,843,626；7,859,637；7,893,435；7,898,717；7,957,053；7,986,450；8,009,344；8,027,081；8,049,947；8,077,141；8,089,453；8,208,193；8,373,211；8,389,381；8,498,042；8,610,988；8,728,266；8,754,859；8,830,560；8,891,155；8,969,886；9,152,003；和9,152,004；以及美国专利申请公开No.2002/0060321；2004/0105036；2005/0122306；2005/0122563；2007/0052757；2007/0097489；2007/0109219；2009/0122389；2009/0315044；2011/0026101；2011/0140744；2011/0187683；2011/0187689；2011/0292319；2013/0278900；2014/0078024；2014/0139501；2014/0300837；2015/0171112；2015/0205178；2015/0226986；2015/0227018；2015/0228666；和2015/0261057；以及国际申请公开No.WO 00/38000；欧洲专利No.1,099,207B1和1,145,072B1；
(e)颜色形成和颜色调节；参见例如美国专利No.7,075,502和7,839,564；
(f)用于驱动显示器的方法；参见例如美国专利No.5,930,026；6,445,489；6,504,524；6,512,354；6,531,997；6,753,999；6,825,970；6,900,851；6,995,550；7,012,600；7,023,420；7,034,783；7,116,466；7,119,772；7,193,625；7,202,847；7,259,744；7,304,787；7,312,794；7,327,511；7,453,445；7,492,339；7,528,822；7,545,358；7,583,251；7,602,374；7,612,760；7,679,599；7,688,297；7,729,039；7,733,311；7,733,335；7,787,169；7,952,557；7,956,841；7,999,787；8,077,141；8,125,501；8,139,050；8,174,490；8,289,250；8,300,006；8,305,341；8,314,784；8,373,649；8,384,658；8,558,783；8,558,785；8,593,396；和8,928,562；以及美国专利申请公开No.2003/0102858；2005/0253777；2007/0091418；2007/0103427；2008/0024429；2008/0024482；2008/0136774；2008/0291129；2009/0174651；2009/0179923；2009/0195568；2009/0322721；2010/0220121；2010/0265561；2011/0193840；2011/0193841；2011/0199671；2011/0285754；2013/0063333；2013/0194250；2013/0321278；2014/0009817；2014/0085350；2014/0240373；2014/0253425；2014/0292830；2014/0333685；2015/0070744；2015/0109283；2015/0213765；2015/0221257；和2015/0262255；
(g)显示器的应用；参见例如美国专利No.6,118,426；6,473,072；6,704,133；6,710,540；6,738,050；6,825,829；7,030,854；7,119,759；7,312,784；和8,009,348；7,705,824；8,064,962；和8,553,012；以及美国专利申请公开No.2002/0090980；2004/0119681；和2007/0285385；以及国际申请公开No.WO 00/36560；以及
(h)非电泳显示器，如在美国专利No.6,241,921；6,950,220；7,420,549；8,319,759；和8,994,705以及美国专利申请公开No.2012/0293858中所述。
本发明为具有非传统形状的像素阵列提供了有效的设计，其可以采用传统的扫描和栅极线、控制器、移位寄存器等。
发明内容
本发明提供了具有六角形电极的阵列或三角形电极的阵列的背板。由于背板设计沿着电极的外围布线栅极线，因此与电极表面的串扰较少。这些设计简化了电极的构造和控制，并改善了电极上方的电场的规则性。这种电极设计在粒子感测和EWoD应用中可能特别有用，但是，没有理由不能将这些设计用于更传统的显示器，例如LCD显示器或电泳显示器(EPD)。
所公开的背板电极结构的优点在于它们易于耦合到标准控制器，并且可以导致与现有的生态系统即插即用的简单的引脚分配。这减少了基板的复杂性以及与印刷电路板的接口，从而降低了成本。
一方面，本发明提供了一种像素电极背板，其包括多条扫描线、多条栅极线、多个存储电容器、多个薄膜晶体管和多个六角形电极。通常，存储电容器大于0.5pF。在本发明中，六角形电极以蜂窝结构布置，并且每个六角形电极的电压电势能够利用仅一条扫描线和仅一条栅极线控制。在一些实施例中，多条扫描线耦合到扫描控制器，并且多条栅极线耦合到栅极控制器。在一些实施例中，栅极线平行于六角形电极的边缘布线。
在另一方面，本发明提供一种像素电极背板，其包括多条扫描线、多条栅极线、多个存储电容器、多个薄膜晶体管和多个三角形电极。通常，存储电容器大于0.5pF。在本发明中，两个三角形电极或四个三角形电极布置成正方形，并且每个三角形电极的电压电势能够利用仅一条扫描线和仅一条栅极线控制。在一些实施例中，多条扫描线耦合到扫描控制器，并且多条栅极线耦合到栅极控制器。在一些实施例中，栅极线平行于三角形电极的边缘布线。在一些实施例中，扫描线平行于三角形电极的边缘布线。
可以通过在像素电极上方布置介电层以及在介电层上方布置疏水层来扩展背板电极的功能。通过添加透光电极和布置在像素电极背板与透光电极之间的隔离物，可以将这种涂覆的像素电极背板结合到微流体装置中。
在其他实施例中，通过添加透光电极并在背板电极与透光电极之间布置电泳介质(典型地在非极性溶剂中的带电粒子)，背板电极可以是用于控制电泳显示器(EPD)的基础。
附图说明
图1示出了布置成蜂窝结构的多个六角形电极。本发明提供了这种阵列的容易制造，同时通过扫描线和栅极线对每个六角形像素提供了简单的单独控制。
图2示出了六角形阵列的驱动细节，包括栅极线(Gn)、扫描线(Sn)、薄膜晶体管和存储电容器。
图3示出了用于六角形电极的像素电子设备的实施例；
图4A和4B示出了使用本发明的六角形电极架构的背板的实施例。图4A的实施例包括217×164＝35,588个像素电极、具有825个通道输出模式的栅极控制器和具有800个通道输出模式的数据控制器。
图5示出了三角形电极的阵列的第一实施例，其中电极A和B形成正方形。
图6示出了三角形电极的阵列的第二实施例，其中电极A、B、C和D形成正方形。
图7A和7B示出了使用本发明的三角形电极架构的背板的实施例。图7A的实施例包括374×163＝60,962个像素电极、具有825个通道输出模式的栅极控制器和具有800个通道输出模式的数据控制器。
图8示出了使用本发明的三角形电极架构的背板的实施例。
图9描绘了通过在相邻电极上提供不同的电荷状态，水相液滴在相邻电极之间的移动。在图9中，在接收AC信号的(下部)电极上方的液体/介电界面处的液体中感应出负电荷，而当将负电压施加到相对的(上部)电极时感应出正电荷。(该图示出了在AC循环期间最左边的电极带正电的瞬间。)如图9所示，像素在液滴界面处总是具有与感应电荷相反的电荷。
图10示出了用于本发明的EWoD装置的多个推进电极的TFT架构。
图11是适用于本发明的背板的电泳介质的总图。
具体实施方式
本发明提供了六角形和三角形电极的阵列，其可以通过常规扫描/栅极驱动来单独寻址。这样的阵列可用于创建显示器，例如液晶显示器(LCD)或电泳显示器(EPD)。这样的阵列在非显示应用中也可以是有用的，例如粒子(例如，光子)传感器或电介质上电润湿(EWoD)，其可以用于微流体应用，例如芯片实验室试验。
创建数字图片需要具有快速寻址单个空间元素(像素)的能力。在一些情况下，每个像素是其自己的颜色源(例如，美国专利No.9,921,451中描述的全色电泳显示器)，在其他情况下，几个子像素共同作用以给该像素提供一系列颜色的视觉。尽管可以连线每个像素以单独控制电压状态，但更常见的是提供非线性元件(例如晶体管或二极管)的阵列，其中至少一个非线性元件与每个像素(或子像素)相关联，以产生“有源矩阵”显示器。寻址一个像素的寻址电极或像素电极通过关联的非线性元件连接到适当的电压源。通常，当非线性元件是晶体管时，像素电极连接到晶体管的漏极，并且在下面的描述中将采用这种布置，但是这在本质上是任意的，并且像素电极可以连接到晶体管的源极。传统上，在高分辨率阵列中，像素以行和列的二维阵列布置，以使得任何特定像素由一个指定的行和一个指定的列的交点唯一地定义。每列中所有晶体管的源极连接到单个列电极，而每行中所有晶体管的栅极连接到单个行电极；同样，将源极分配给行，将栅极分配给列是常规的，但本质上是任意的，并且如果需要，可以颠倒。行电极连接到行驱动器，该行驱动器实质上确保在任何给定时刻仅选择一行，即，向所选择的行电极施加电压，以确保所选择的行中的所有晶体管均导通，同时向所有其他行施加电压，以确保这些未选择的行中的所有晶体管保持不导通。列电极连接到列驱动器，列驱动器将被选择为将所选择行中的像素驱动到其期望的光学状态的电压施加到各个列电极上。(上述电压是相对于通常设置在电光介质的与非线性阵列的相对侧上并延伸跨越整个显示器的公共前电极而言的。)在称为“线寻址时间”的预先选择的间隔之后，取消选择所选择的行，选择下一行，并将列驱动器上的电压改变为写入显示器的下一行。重复该过程，从而以逐行的方式写入整个显示器。(在本文中，栅极线是水平的，并且扫描线是垂直的。)由于驱动电子设备通常被布置为矩阵，因此与驱动电子设备耦合的像素电极通常为正方形或矩形，并以矩形阵列布置，以便最大化由电极覆盖的面积。
用于制造有源矩阵显示器的工艺已被很好地建立。例如，可以使用各种沉积和光刻技术来制造薄膜晶体管。晶体管包括栅电极、绝缘介电层、半导体层以及源电极和漏电极。向栅电极施加电压使得在介电层上提供电场，从而大大提高了半导体层的源漏电导率。这种变化允许源电极和漏电极之间的导电。通常，栅电极、源电极和漏电极被图案化。通常，半导体层也被图案化以最小化相邻电路元件之间的杂散传导(即，串扰)。
液晶显示器通常采用非晶硅(“a-Si”)、薄膜晶体管(“TFT”)作为用于显示像素的开关装置。这样的TFT通常具有底栅配置。在一个像素内，薄膜电容器通常保持由开关TFT传输的电荷。电泳显示器可以将类似的TFT与电容器一起使用，尽管电容器的功能与液晶显示器中的有所不同；参见前述共同未决的申请序列No.09/565,413、以及公开2002/0106847和2002/0060321。可以制造薄膜晶体管以提供高性能。然而，制造工艺会导致巨大的成本。
在TFT寻址阵列中，像素电极在线寻址时间期间经由TFT充电。在线寻址时间期间，通过改变施加的栅极电压将TFT切换到导通状态。例如，对于n型TFT，栅极电压被切换到“高”状态以将TFT切换到导通状态。
应该理解，本文描述的背板可以扩展到电光显示器，该电光显示器包括布置在背板上并覆盖像素电极的电光介质层。这样的电光显示器可以使用先前讨论的任何类型的电光介质；例如，电光介质可以是液晶、旋转双色构件或电致变色介质，或者是电泳介质，优选地是封装的电泳介质。在一些实施例中，当利用电泳介质时，多个带电粒子可以在电场的影响下移动通过悬浮流体。与液晶显示器相比，这样的电泳显示器可以具有良好的亮度和对比度、宽视角、状态双稳性以及低功耗的属性。
本文所述的背板也可用于电介质上电润湿(EWoD)。EWoD装置通常包括填充有油和至少一个水性液滴的单元。单元间隙通常在50到200μm的范围内，但是间隙可以更大。在基本配置中，多个推进电极(像素)被布置在一个基板上，并且单个顶部电极被布置在相对的表面上。该单元还包括在与油层接触的表面上的疏水涂层、以及在推进电极和疏水涂层之间的介电层。(上基板也可以包括介电层)。疏水层防止液滴润湿表面。当在相邻电极之间未施加电压差时，液滴将保持球形，以最小化与疏水表面(油和疏水层)的接触。由于液滴不会润湿表面，因此除非需要这种行为，否则它们不太可能污染表面或与其他液滴相互作用。通过单独地对有源矩阵中的电极进行寻址，可以移动水的液滴，分裂水滴并合并液滴。由于水滴与生物分子相容，因此可以对微量样品进行生物测定。传统的矩形阵列会限制EWoD装置的功能，因为唯一的选择是上/下/左/右，而本发明的六角形电极具有六个最近的相邻电极以用于更多的移动方向，并且可以在60°、120°处并线性地施加力。
图1示出了六角形电极100的阵列的俯视图。图1被布置为传统的蜂窝结构；然而，其他重复结构也是可能的。另外，每个六角形电极不必是规则的，因为每个侧面和每个角度都相同。
图2是布置用于本发明的六角形阵列的驱动电子设备的俯视图。如图2所示，每个六角形电极包括薄膜晶体管(TFT)205和存储电容器210。如上所述，栅极线220和扫描线225控制TFT 205。值得注意的是，在本发明的布置中，栅极线平行于六角形电极的周边行进。这允许每个六角形电极由栅极线和扫描线寻址，如通常布置在背板中一样，并由栅极控制器和扫描控制器控制(参见图4A)。因为栅极线沿着电极的周边(而不是下方)延伸，所以电极上的电场在整个电极表面上更加一致。当六角形电极较大(即500μm的数量级)并且场不一致可以影响装置的性能(即停止液滴或显示错误的颜色)时，该特征特别有用。
在图4A和4B中示出了用于六角形阵列的控制器的布局，其包括栅极控制器和扫描控制器。如图4A所示，使用市售的扫描和栅极控制器，可以在5cm x 5cm的背板上排列超过30000电极。[参见例如来自台湾台北的MK Electric的扫描和栅极控制器。]使用大约235μm的六角形电极很容易实现，而六角形电极之间的间距约为5μm。当然，可以使该布局更大或更小，例如，背板可以包括5,000至500,000个电极。另外，六角形电极可以更大或更小，即在50μm和1mm之间。如图4B所示，可以用栅极线420和扫描线425来控制各个TFT。
图5和图6示出了三角形电极的阵列的俯视图。图5示出了三角形电极的第一实施例，其中两个电极“A”和“B”创建正方形特征。图6示出了三角形电极的第二实施例，其中四个电极“A”、“B”、“C”和“D”创建正方形特征。可以将三角形电极的其他配置制造成创建正方形。如上述的六角形阵列一样，图5和图6的阵列在显示和非显示应用中都可以使用。
图7A和7B示出了布置用于本发明的六角形阵列的驱动电子设备的俯视图。如图7B所示，每个六角形电极包括TFT 705和存储电容器710。如上所述，栅极线720和扫描线725控制TFT 705。值得注意的是，在本发明的布置中，栅极线和扫描线平行于三角形电极的周边行进。这允许每个三角形电极由栅极线和扫描线寻址，如通常布置在背板中一样，并且由栅极控制器和扫描控制器控制。因为栅极线和扫描线沿着电极的周边(而不是下方)延伸，所以电极上的电场在整个电极表面上更加一致。当三角形电极较大(即500μm的数量级)并且场不一致可以影响装置的性能(即停止液滴或显示错误的颜色)时，该特征特别有用。
图7A中还示出了用于三角形阵列的控制器的布局，其包括栅极控制器和扫描控制器。如图7A所示，使用市售的扫描和栅极控制器，可以在5cm x 5cm的背板上排列超过60000电极。使用约150μm的三角形电极很容易实现，而三角电极之间的间距约为5μm。当然，可以使该布局更大或更小，例如，背板可以包括5,000至500,000个电极。另外，三角形电极可以更大或更小，即在50μm和1mm之间。在图8中示出了三角形电极的替代布置，其中栅极线820和扫描线825垂直。
当然，图中电极的布置是示例性的，并且像素电极和/或栅极线和/或扫描线的几何尺寸可以针对特殊应用或由于像素数量被可用的扫描控制器或背板尺寸限制而修改。例如，可以减小像素电极的尺寸以增大电极和数据线之间的间隙空间。在一些其他实施例中，可以改变像素电极和数据线之间的材料的电特性以减少串扰。例如，可以增加像素电极与其相邻的数据线之间的绝缘薄膜的厚度以减少电容耦合。
在一些实施例中，可以将本发明的背板结合到电介质上电润湿(EWoD)装置中，该装置包括耦合至透光电极并由隔离物隔开的本发明的背板。EWoD装置的基本操作在图9的截面图中示出。EWoD 900包括填充有油902和至少一个水性液滴904的单元。该单元间隙由隔离物(未示出)定义，但通常在50到200μm的范围内，然而间隙可以更大。在基本配置中，如图9所示，多个推进电极905布置在一个基板上，并且单个透光顶部电极906布置在相对的表面上。单元还包括在与油层接触的表面上的疏水涂层907、以及在推进电极905和疏水涂层907之间的介电层908。(上基板也可以包括介电层，但未在图9中示出)。疏水层防止液滴润湿表面。当在相邻电极之间未施加电压差时，液滴将保持球形，以最小化与疏水表面(油和疏水层)的接触。由于液滴不会润湿表面，因此除非需要这种行为，否则它们不太可能污染表面或与其他液滴相互作用。
电介质908必须足够薄并且具有与低压AC驱动兼容的介电常数，例如可以从用于LCD显示器的常规图像控制器可得的。例如，介电层可包括顶部覆盖有200-400nm的等离子体沉积的氮化硅的约20-40nm的SiO2层。可替代地，电介质可以包括厚度在2到100nm之间、优选地在20到60nm之间的原子层沉积的Al2O3。使用本领域技术人员已知的方法，通过创建不同掺杂的a-Si结构的交替层以及各种电极线来构造TFT。疏水层907可以由诸如
Figure BDA0002948284270000101
AF(威斯康星州密尔沃基市的Sigma-Aldrich)的材料和来自Cytonix(马里兰州贝茨维尔市)的FlurorPelTM涂料来构造，其可以旋涂在介电层908上。
虽然可以具有用于介电和疏水功能的单个层，但是这种层通常需要厚的无机层(以防止针孔)，从而导致低的介电常数，从而需要大于100V以用于液滴移动。为了实现低电压致动，最好具有薄的无机层以获得高电容，为了没有针孔，最好在上面覆有薄的有机疏水层。通过这种组合，可以在+/-10至+/-50V范围内的电压下进行电润湿操作，该范围处于常规TFT阵列可以提供的范围内。
当在相邻的电极之间施加电压差时，一个电极上的电压在电介质-液滴界面处的液滴中吸引相反的电荷，并且液滴朝该电极移动，如图2所示。可接受的液滴推进所需的电压取决于介电层和疏水层的特性。AC驱动用于减少液滴、电介质和电极因各种电化学作用而引起的劣化。EWoD的操作频率可以在100Hz到1MHz的范围内，但是1kHz的较低频率或更低的频率对于具有有限操作速度的TFT是优选的。
如图9所示，顶部电极906是通常设置为零伏或公共电压值(VCOM)的单个导电层，以考虑由于用于切换电极上的电压的TFT的电容反冲所引起的、在推进电极905上的偏置电压(参见图10)。顶部电极也可以施加方波以增加液体上的电压。这样的布置允许较低的推进电压用于与TFT连接的推进电极905，因为顶板电压906对于由TFT提供的电压是附加的。
如图10所示，推进电极(六角形或三角形或某些其他形状)的有源矩阵可以被布置为由数据和栅极(选择)线驱动，这与液晶显示器(LCD)中的有源矩阵非常相似。然而，与LCD不同，本发明的存储电容器通常具有高得多的电容，如电泳显示器和电介质上电润湿装置所需要的。例如，背板电极阵列中的每个存储电容器通常大于0.1pF(微微法拉)，例如大于0.5pF，例如大于1pF，例如大于2pF，例如大于5pF，例如大于10pF，例如大于50pF，例如大于100pF。
在EWoD应用中，栅极(选择)线以一次一线寻址的方式被扫描，而数据线承载将被传输到推进电极以进行电润湿操作的电压。如果不需要移动，或者如果液滴要远离推进电极，则将0V施加到该(非目标)推进电极。如果要让液滴向推进电极移动，则将AC电压施加到该(目标)推进电极。
在图11中示出了结合有本发明的像素电极背板的示例性电泳显示器(EPD)。显示器1100通常包括电泳材料层1130以及设置在电泳材料1130的相对侧上的至少两个其他层1110和1120，这两个层中的至少一个是透光电极层，例如，如图11中的层1110所示。透光电极1110可以是透明导体，例如氧化铟锡(ITO)(其在某些情况下可以沉积在透明基板(例如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET))上)。如图11所示，这样的EPD也包括背板1150，其包括多个驱动电极1153和基板层1157。电泳材料层1130可以包括微囊体1133，其保持电泳颜料粒子1135和1137以及溶剂，其中微囊体1133分散在聚合物粘结剂1139中。尽管如此，可以理解的是，电泳介质(粒子1135和1137以及溶剂)可以封闭在微单元(微杯)中或分布在没有周围微囊体的聚合物中(例如，上述PDEPID设计)。典型地，利用在前电极1110和像素电极1153之间产生的电场来控制(位移)颜料粒子1137和1135。在许多传统的EPD中，电驱动波形经由导电迹线(未示出)传输到像素电极1153，导电迹线耦合到薄膜晶体管(TFT)，薄膜晶体管允许以行列寻址方案寻址像素电极。在一些实施例中，前电极1110仅接地并且通过向可单独寻址的像素电极1153提供正和负电势来驱动图像。在其他实施例中，还可以将电势施加到前电极1110，以提供在可以在前电极和像素电极1153之间提供的场中的更大的变化。
从前述可见，本发明可以提供一种具有六角形或三角形电极的阵列的背板。对于本领域技术人员将显而易见的是，在不脱离本发明的范围的情况下，可以对上述本发明的特定实施例进行许多改变和修改。因此，整个前述描述将以说明性而非限制性的意义来解释。

Claims (21)

1.一种像素电极背板，包括：
多条扫描线；
多条栅极线；
具有大于0.5pF的电容的多个存储电容器；
多个薄膜晶体管；以及
多个六角形电极，所述六角形电极以蜂窝结构布置，并且每个六角形电极操作地耦合到存储电容器和薄膜晶体管，其中每个六角形电极的电压电势能够利用仅一条扫描线和仅一条栅极线控制。
2.根据权利要求1所述的像素电极背板，其中，所述多条扫描线耦合到扫描控制器，并且所述多条栅极线耦合到栅极控制器。
3.根据权利要求2所述的像素电极背板，其中，所述像素电极背板的形状基本为矩形，并且所述扫描控制器沿着所述像素电极背板的第一边缘布置，并且所述栅极控制器沿着所述像素电极背板的第二边缘布置。
4.根据权利要求1所述的像素电极背板，其中，所述栅极线平行于所述六角形电极的边缘布线。
5.根据权利要求4所述的像素电极背板，其中，所述扫描线垂直于所述栅极线布线。
6.根据权利要求1所述的像素电极背板，还包括在所述多个六角形电极上方的介电涂层。
7.根据权利要求6所述的像素电极背板，还包括布置在所述介电涂层上的疏水层。
8.一种微流体装置，包括根据权利要求7所述的像素电极背板、透光电极、以及布置在根据权利要求7所述的像素电极背板与所述透光电极之间的隔离物。
9.一种电泳显示器，包括根据权利要求1所述的像素电极背板、电泳介质和透光电极，其中所述电泳介质布置在根据权利要求1所述的像素电极背板和所述透光电极之间。
10.根据权利要求9所述的电泳显示器，其中，所述电泳介质包括在非极性溶剂中的多个带电颜料粒子。
11.一种像素电极背板，包括：
多条扫描线；
多条栅极线；
具有大于0.5pF的电容的多个存储电容器；
多个薄膜晶体管；以及
多个三角形电极，每个三角形电极操作地耦合到存储电容器和薄膜晶体管，其中四个三角形电极布置成正方形，并且每个三角形电极的电压电势能够利用仅一条扫描线和仅一条栅极线控制。
12.根据权利要求11所述的像素电极背板，其中，所述多条扫描线耦合到扫描控制器，并且所述多条栅极线耦合到栅极控制器。
13.根据权利要求12所述的像素电极背板，其中，所述像素电极背板的形状基本为矩形，并且所述扫描控制器沿着所述像素电极背板的第一边缘布置，并且所述栅极控制器沿着所述像素电极背板的第二边缘布置。
14.根据权利要求11所述的像素电极背板，其中，所述栅极线平行于所述三角形电极的边缘布线。
15.根据权利要求14所述的像素电极背板，其中，所述扫描线垂直于所述栅极线布线。
16.根据权利要求11所述的像素电极背板，其中，所述扫描线平行于所述三角形电极的边缘布线。
17.根据权利要求11所述的像素电极背板，还包括在所述多个六角形电极上方的介电涂层。
18.根据权利要求11所述的像素电极背板，还包括布置在所述介电涂层上的疏水层。
19.一种微流体装置，包括根据权利要求18所述的像素电极背板、透光电极以及布置在根据权利要求18所述的像素电极背板和所述透光电极之间的隔离物。
20.一种电泳显示器，包括根据权利要求11所述的像素电极背板、电泳介质和透光电极，其中所述电泳介质布置在根据权利要求11所述的像素电极背板和所述透光电极之间。
21.根据权利要求20所述的电泳显示器，其中，所述电泳介质包括在非极性溶剂中的多个带电颜料粒子。
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