CN112616547A - Pruning method for rapid forming of peach trees in southern rain-sheltering cultivation - Google Patents
Pruning method for rapid forming of peach trees in southern rain-sheltering cultivation Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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Abstract
The invention discloses a rapid forming method for a rain-sheltering cultivation peach tree, which comprises the following steps: (1) planting peach seedlings according to the plant-row spacing of 2m multiplied by 3m, and then fixing the seedlings to be dry according to the height of 30 cm; (2) selecting 2-3 new shoots with good growth vigor and proper orientation as main branches for cultivation, and pinching or erasing the rest of the new shoots; (3) in the last ten days of the month 5, leading and binding the main branches to grow upwards at a small angle; (4) before 6 th ten days, removing 2 competitive growth side shoots under the main shoot, removing the dense side shoots on the main branch, and pinching or leaving 3-5 bud short cuts on the over-vigorous side shoots to form bearing branches and bearing branch groups; (5) pruning in winter in the 1 st year, keeping the thickness of the main branches below 0.3 cm and good bearing branches for forming flowers, and throwing or retracting 2 main branch extending heads to change heads to the outward oblique auxiliary tips of the main branch heads. The invention is simple and easy to learn, saves labor and time, has simple and easy operation, quick tree formation, early fruiting, easy high yield, simple tree body structure, convenient later-period management and maintenance and is suitable for rain sheltering cultivation in multiple rain areas in the south.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation, in particular to a trimming method for rapid forming of peach trees in southern rain-sheltering cultivation.
Background
Rain sheltering cultivation is a facility cultivation form mainly aiming at sheltering from natural rainfall and is applied to various fruit trees such as grapes and large cherries in rainy southern production areas; the rain shelter has good effects of reducing fruit tree diseases, improving fruit setting, reducing fruit cracking and improving fruit commodity. The peaches are required to be in dormancy and cold-requiring capacity in winter, so that the peaches are mainly planted in the south by open field cultivation, and the facilities can be rarely used for forcing cultivation like the northern production areas. In recent years, pulled by market benefits, the successful planting development mode of grapes and other fruit trees is used as a reference in the production area of peaches in south, test application in cultivation of certain high-quality flat peaches and mid-late ripe peaches is developed, good planting benefits are obtained, and rain-sheltering cultivation of peach trees is a new mode and a new technology for efficient planting of peaches in rainy regions in south. Due to the factor of facility input cost, a grower hopes to fruit in advance so as to reduce cost and increase income under the influence of the space height and the cost input of a cultivation facility and the convenience of planting management, so that the height of the peach tree body is limited, namely the height of the peach tree body is not more than the height of the existing general facility greenhouse by 3 meters; under the high-temperature and humid conditions in the south, the peach trees grow vigorously, branch tips grow excessively and are prone to being closed in shade, flower formation of the branch tips is affected, facility illuminance is poorer and cultivation difficulty is higher after facility greenhouse cultivation is adopted, and therefore the tree shaping mode of a facility forcing cultivation mode in the north is simply adopted, and the requirements of quick forming and high-quality early fruit cultivation of a rain-sheltering cultivation technology in the south are obviously not met. Therefore, the key to the success of rain-sheltering cultivation in the south is to develop a new shaping technology which is simple in structure, convenient to operate, suitable for facility, labor-saving and early-fruiting high-quality cultivation and combines the climatic characteristics under the rain-sheltering cultivation condition in the south.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems that the peach is shaped in a trunk shape commonly adopted by facilities in the north, the peach is easy to have strong upper part and weak lower part, the tree height is not easy to control, the flower formation quality is poor, the lower part is easy to wither and the like in the rain sheltering cultivation in the south, and combining the climatic characteristics of the south, the growth characteristics of the peach tree and the limiting factors of the rain sheltering facilities, the invention adopts a low-trunk Y-shaped small-angle side branch-free single-shaft shaping mode, better solves the problems of tree height control, main branch growth polarity dispersion, tree body structure simplification, complex shaping and trimming technology, difficult tree shape maintenance in the later period, difficult operation and the like in the prior art, and the application provides a quick shaping and trimming method for the rain sheltering cultivation in the, the method is simple and easy to learn, labor-saving, simple to operate, fast in tree formation, simple in tree body structure, convenient for later-stage management and maintenance, and suitable for rain sheltering cultivation in multiple rain areas in the south.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a method for quickly shaping and trimming trees in the south in a rain-sheltering cultivation mode comprises the following steps:
(1) after the peach seedlings are planted according to the plant-row spacing of 2m multiplied by 3m, the stems are planted according to the height of 30cm so as to control the whole height of the tree body;
(2) after germination, selecting 2-3 young shoots with good growth vigor and proper orientation (height of 20-30cm, extending towards row space) as main branches for cultivation, and pinching or erasing the rest young shoots; meanwhile, fertilizer and water management is enhanced, the growth of main shoots is accelerated, when new shoots grow to be more than 15cm and secondary shoot branches are generated for the first time, the lower secondary shoots of the main branch heads are timely pinched to keep the upward growth advantages of the main branch heads;
(3) when the young branch grows to 30-40cm in the last 5 th ten days, two bamboo trunks or ropes can be obliquely inserted with the ground at an angle of 70 degrees, and the main branch is guided and bound to grow upwards at a small angle;
(4) thinning 2-3 competitive growth minor tips below the main tip every 20 days before ten days in the last 6 months, thinning dense minor tips on the main branch, pinching the grown-over minor tips or reserving 3-5 bud short cuts to enhance the growth vigor of the new tip of the main branch and promote the upward thickening growth of the main branch to form bearing branches and bearing branch groups;
(5) when pruning is carried out in winter in the 1 st year, keeping the thickness of the main branches below 0.4cm, leading the flowers to well bear fruits, removing all the other branches, throwing or retracting the extending heads of the main branches to change the heads to the heads of the main branches and leading the heads to be inclined to generate auxiliary tips;
(6) and 2, after planting: in the middle ten 4 months, the fruiting branches of the main branches in the last year are retained if the fruiting branches are retained, and if the fruiting branches are not removed or retracted to the base; cutting off the new shoots with more vigorous growth on the main branches by 3-5 buds at intervals of 30cm in the middle of 5 to 6 months in time, culturing into small fruiting branch groups distributed on the main branches, pinching the growing medium branches, and culturing into fruiting branches; the vigorous growing branches and the shading branches on the upper parts of the main branches are thinned or retracted, and the ventilation and light transmission conditions in the crowns are improved; in the middle and last ten days of 9 months, the inner growth coarseness of the crown is 0.5 cm, and vigorous bare branches and middle and upper shading branches are removed, so that the illumination effect on the upper parts of main branches is influenced, and branch groups retract;
(7) pruning in winter of the planting year 2: reserving large, medium and small fruiting branch groups for the main branches from bottom to top at a distance of 40-60cm, reserving fruiting branches of about 0.3-0.4cm at a distance of about 20cm, and selecting and reserving 10000 fruiting branches per 667m 2; the branches are thinned and removed, and the main branch is retracted and updated after the extension head of the main branch reaches 2.2-2.5 m height;
(8) after the third year, the trees are shaped and trimmed, the tree shapes, the bearing branches and the branch groups are mainly maintained to be updated, and the reasonable distribution of the bearing branches and the bearing groups on the main branches is kept;
in the step (1), the height of the lower fixed trunk is 30cm, so that the height of the tree body is conveniently controlled to be lower than 2.5m, and the later-stage field operation and the adaptation of height limit of rain sheltering facilities are facilitated;
the specific operation steps in the step (2) are as follows: after germination, only 2-3 buds with good growth vigor and proper direction are reserved, and when a new tip grows to be more than 15cm and generates an auxiliary tip branch, the lower auxiliary tip of the main branch head is timely pinched, and meanwhile, fertilizer and water management is emphasized to be enhanced, so that the aim of better concentrating nutrients to promote the growth of the main tip is fulfilled, the top advantage of the early growth of the main branch head is kept, and a foundation is laid for rapid forming;
when the young shoots grow to be more than 30cm, the bamboo poles or the ropes are adopted for leading and binding, and the leading and binding main branches grow upwards at a small angle, so that the young shoots can be prevented from splitting, the rapid formation of the tree shape is accelerated, and the method has the advantages of simple operation, time saving and labor saving;
in the step (4), in the period from 5 months to 6 months, thinning or pinching 2-3 competitive growth minor tips below the main tip every 20 days, which is different from the common main tip pinching treatment, according to the characteristic that peach branch buds have strong branching force and high germination, the superior growth potential at the top end of the main tip is enhanced through minor tip control, the formation of a crown can be accelerated, the generation of ineffective branches in the crown is reduced, and the ineffective branches are reformed into bearing branches and bearing branch groups through pinching or chopping and other methods; this is also the core innovation point of the technical invention;
in the step (5), when pruning is carried out in winter in the 1 st year, good fruiting branches with flowers with the thickness of the main branches below 0.4cm are kept, and the rest branches are all thinned, so that pruning is simpler, the main branch extension heads are subjected to head throwing or retraction head changing treatment, the defect that the crown is strong at the top and weak at the bottom due to the fact that the head is shortened by the common technology is overcome, and the tree vigor is improved to develop in a balanced manner from top to bottom;
in the step (6), in the 2 nd year after planting: in the middle ten 4 months, the fruiting branches of the main branches in the last year are retained if the fruiting branches are retained, and if the fruiting branches are not removed or retracted to the base; removing dense and flourishing young shoots on the main branches; cutting off the new shoots with more vigorous growth on the main branches by 3-5 buds at intervals of 30cm in the middle of 5 to 6 months in time, culturing into small fruiting branch groups distributed on the main branches, pinching the growing medium branches, and culturing into fruiting branches; the vigorous growing branches and the shading branches on the upper parts of the main branches are thinned or retracted, and the ventilation and light transmission conditions in the crowns are improved; in the middle and last ten days of 9 months, the inner growth coarseness of the crown is 0.5 cm, and vigorous bare branches and middle and upper shading branches are removed, so that the illumination effect on the upper parts of main branches is influenced, and branch groups retract; the pruning measures in growing seasons are taken aiming at the climatic conditions of weak illumination and high humidity under the greenhouse condition in south, so that the forming of effective bearing branches is promoted, and the aim of high quality and high yield of early fruits is fulfilled;
in the step (7), pruning is carried out in winter of the planting year 2: reserving large, medium and small fruiting branch groups for the main branches from bottom to top at a distance of 40-60cm, reserving fruiting branches of about 0.3-0.4cm at a distance of about 20cm, and selecting and reserving 10000 fruiting branches per 667m 2; the branches are thinned and removed, and the main branch is retracted and updated after the extension head reaches 2.2-2.5 m height; on the basis of years of experiments, the high-yield fruiting tree form is basically achieved in the second year, the standardized winter pruning standard is formed, the production and application operation is more convenient, and the method has the technical advantages of simplicity, convenience and easiness in popularization and application.
In the step (8), after the two forming processes, the inventor proposes a principle measure for maintaining the tree shape: the tree shape, the bearing branches and the branch groups are kept to be updated, the reasonable distribution of the bearing branches and the bearing groups on the main branches is kept, and the flexible application of a producer according to the actual situation is facilitated;
has the advantages that:
1. the invention can rapidly finish the rapid tree-shaped low-stem two-branch Y-shaped or multi-branch small-angle lateral-branch-free single-shaft shaping and molding of the peach tree in the rain-sheltering cultivation in the south, the crown width is smaller, the tree body is upright, the upper and lower branches and leaves are good in ventilation and light transmission, the branches and the branches are strong, the tree body load capacity is increased after the peach tree enters a fruiting period, the ventilation and light transmission of the tree body are facilitated to produce high-quality fruits, and the fruits are.
2. The simple low-stem small-angle lateral-branch-free single-shaft shaping method for the peach tree in the south rain-sheltering cultivation and rapid shaping is simple, convenient, effective and easy to master, is suitable for production of planting farmers and planting farmers, and is suitable for production of professional cooperative society and large enterprises.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of permanent planting according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of bud determination of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of the secondary tip pinching of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of the main tip tie of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of the secondary shear pin of the present invention;
fig. 6 is a schematic illustration of an autumn end pin of the present invention.
Detailed Description
It should be noted that the following detailed description is exemplary and is intended to provide further explanation of the disclosure. Unless otherwise indicated
It is noted that all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs
The same meaning is understood.
It is noted that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments according to the present application. As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, and it should be understood that when the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising" are used in this specification, they specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, devices, components, and/or combinations thereof, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
As introduced in the background art, the peach tree shaping technology in the prior art has the defects of complex structure, long shaping process, poor ventilation and light transmission at the lower part of the tree body, and is not beneficial to field operation and mechanized operation; meanwhile, the shaping process is complex, the technology is strong, the shaping process is not easy to master, and the operability is poor;
in view of this, in an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a simple low-stem small-angle lateral branch-free single-axis shaping method for peach trees is provided, which includes the following steps:
(1) planting peach seedlings according to the plant-row spacing of 2m multiplied by 3m, and then fixing the seedlings to be dry according to the height of 30 cm;
(2) 2 new shoots with good growth vigor and proper orientation (height of 20-30cm, extending towards the row space) are selected as main branches for cultivation, and the rest new shoots are cored or erased; when the new shoots grow to be more than 15cm, pinching the lower auxiliary shoots of the main branch heads in time;
(3) in the last ten days of the month 5, when the young shoots of the main branches grow to 30-40cm, two bamboo trunks or ropes are obliquely inserted at an angle of 70 degrees with the ground, and the main branches are bound and led to grow upwards at a small angle;
(4) removing 2-3 competitive growth minor tips below the main tip every 20 days before ten days in the last 6 months, removing dense minor tips on the main branches, pinching the grown excessive minor tips or leaving 3-5 bud cuts to form bearing branches and bearing branch groups;
(5) pruning in winter in the 1 st year, keeping the thickness of the main branches below 0.3 cm and good bearing branches for forming flowers, completely thinning the rest branches, throwing or retracting the extending heads of 2 main branches to change the heads to the main branch heads and then obliquely growing auxiliary tips;
(6) pruning in the growth season of the 2 nd year: 4, in the middle ten days of the month, reserving fruiting branches on the main branches in the last year, if the fruiting branches are not removed, or retracting to the base; in the middle ten days from 5 to 6 months, carrying out 3-5 bud weight truncation on new tips with vigorous growth on main branches according to the distance of 30cm in time, culturing into small fruiting branch groups distributed on the main branches, pinching middle-quality branches, and culturing into fruiting branches; the vigorous growing branches and the shading branches on the upper parts of the main branches are thinned or retracted, and the ventilation and light transmission conditions in the crowns are improved; in the middle and last ten days of 9 months, the branch groups which affect the illumination result on the upper parts of the main branches are retracted by removing the vigorous bare branches and the middle and upper shading branches with the internal growth coarseness of the crown of 0.5 cm;
(7) pruning in winter in the 2 nd year: reserving large, medium and small fruiting branch groups for the main branches from bottom to top at a distance of 40-60cm, reserving fruiting branches of about 0.3-0.4cm at a distance of about 20cm, and selecting and reserving 10000 fruiting branches per 667m 2; the branches are thinned and removed, and the main branch is retracted and updated after the extension head of the main branch reaches 2.2-2.5 m height;
(8) and after the 3 rd year, shaping and pruning are carried out, the tree form, the bearing branches and the branch groups are mainly maintained to be updated, and the reasonable distribution of the bearing branches and the bearing groups on the main branches is kept.
Example 1 comparison of growth of different Tree-like trees
In a peach orchard in the river and summer area of Wuhan city of the institute of fruit tree and tea of agricultural academy of sciences of Hubei province, the influence of 3 tree forms of low-stem Y-shaped small-angle side-branch-free single-axis shape, small-crown trunk shape and multi-branch V-shaped shape on the growth of trees is tested on 3-year-old medium-oil flat 36-3 peach trees in a rain shelter, the growth indexes of the trees such as the height, trunk circumference, crown diameter, fruit bearing branch number and the like are investigated in winter, the fruit cracking rate is counted after the third physiological fruit drop, and the fruit quality indexes such as the single fruit weight, the coloring and the like are measured.
Low stem shape, small angle, no side branch, single axis shape: the row spacing is 1.5m multiplied by m meters. The two high branches are 30-60cm, 2-4 main branches are arranged, the included angle between the two high branches and the ground is 750, and the two high branches stand upright and are V-shaped. Bearing branches or bearing branch groups are directly planted on the main trunk, and lateral branches are not cultured.
The trunk is in a small crown shape: the row spacing of the plants is 1.5-2m multiplied by 2.5 m. 3-4 fruiting branch groups are cultured from the trunk height of 60-80 cm, the spacing between the fruiting branch groups is 40-60cm, the branch group length is 80-100cm, and if the trunk group length is too long, the fruiting group retracts and updates to form a small crown-shaped fruiting surface taking the trunk as the center. The height of the upright central trunk is 1.5m-2.5m, and if the height is too high, the head falls back.
The multi-branch V shape is that the plant row spacing is 1.5m multiplied by 2.5 m. The trunk is 30-50cm high, the tree is about 2.5m high, 4 main branches are in open heart shape, bearing branches are directly planted on the main branches, and the bearing branches are cultured into V-shaped open heart shape according to the surface of the original grape culture shelf.
The results show that: under the rain-sheltering cultivation condition, the growth conditions of three different tree forms, namely a low-trunk small-angle side-branch-free single-axis shape tree, a main-trunk small-crown shape tree and a multi-branch V-shape tree, are investigated, and as shown in Table 1, the low-trunk small-angle side-branch-free single-axis shape tree is strong in growth vigor, such as height, trunk circumference, crown diameter and the like, the main-trunk small-crown shape is inferior, and the multi-branch V-shape is weakest. In the number of fruit branches, the number of low-stem small-angle single-axis long fruit branches without side branches is the largest, the number of medium fruit branches and short fruit branches with small crown shapes of the main stem is the largest, and the number of multi-branch V-shaped branches is the smallest.
The peaches are favored to be in cold and cool climatic environments, the peach trees grow vigorously under the conditions of high temperature, high humidity and weak light in the greenhouse cultivation, and the inner bore branches are easy to shade and wither. The tree form matched with the shed shape is to better utilize facility conditions to generate better and larger economic benefits according to the growth characteristics of peach trees and the climatic characteristics of shed rooms in southern areas. The single-axis shape without lateral branches at a small angle of a low trunk shape is adopted, the polar growth vigor of the trunk shape can be slowed down, the tree vigor growth is balanced, the forming is fast, the flower formation is easy, more long fruit branches with good fruits are obtained, and the branch tip management is convenient. The trunk is in a small crown shape, although the close planting is convenient, the lower part of the later period is easy to bald, the tree body trimming amount is large, and the labor for branch tip management is large. The multi-branch V-shaped crown has a large opening angle, is easy to carry on the branches, requires more labor for branch tip management, and needs to be matched with chemical control measures to manage the crown. Therefore, the tree form is more suitable for adopting the single-axis shape with multiple main branches, low trunk and small angle and without side branches, is convenient for the branch tip management of the tree body in a rain sheltering cultivation mode, and is more in line with the development direction of labor-saving cultivation.
Therefore, the tree forming block is simple to shape and trim and easy to master by adopting the method; the tree body has reasonable structure, the upper and lower branches and leaves are good in ventilation and light transmission, high and stable yield is facilitated, labor-saving tree body management operation can be realized, and the purposes of quality improvement and efficiency improvement are further achieved.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present application and is not intended to limit the present application, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement and the like made within the spirit and principle of the present application shall be included in the protection scope of the present application.
Claims (1)
1. A rapid forming method for a rain-sheltering cultivation peach tree comprises the following steps:
s1 planting peach seedlings according to the plant-row spacing of 2m multiplied by 3m, and then fixing the seedlings to be dry according to the height of 30 cm; (fixed planting)
S2 selecting 2 or 3 young shoots with good growth vigor and height of 20-30cm and extending to the row space as main branches for cultivation, and pinching or erasing the rest young shoots; when the new shoots grow to be more than 15cm, pinching the lower auxiliary shoots of the main branch heads in time;
s3, when the young shoot grows to 30-40cm in the last ten days of the main branch 5 months, obliquely inserting two bamboo trunks or ropes at an angle of 70 degrees with the ground, and leading and binding the main branch to grow upwards at a small angle;
s46, before ten days of the next month, removing 2-3 competitive growth side shoots under the main shoot every 20 days, removing the dense side shoots on the main branch, and pinching or reserving 3-5 bud short cuts on the over-vigorous side shoots to form bearing branches and bearing branch groups;
s5 trimming in winter of 1 st year, keeping the thickness of the main branches below 0.3 cm, forming good bearing branches, removing all the other branches, throwing or retracting the extending heads of 2 main branches to change the heads to the main branch heads, and leading the extending heads to be inclined to generate auxiliary tips;
s6 pruning in the 2 nd growing season: 4, in the middle ten days of the month, reserving fruiting branches on the main branches in the last year, if the fruiting branches are not removed, or retracting to the base; in the middle ten days from 5 to 6 months, carrying out 3-5 bud weight truncation on new tips with vigorous growth on main branches according to the distance of 30cm in time, culturing into small fruiting branch groups distributed on the main branches, pinching middle-quality branches, and culturing into fruiting branches; the vigorous growing branches and the shading branches on the upper parts of the main branches are thinned or retracted, and the ventilation and light transmission conditions in the crowns are improved; in the middle and last ten days of 9 months, the branch groups which affect the illumination result on the upper parts of the main branches are retracted by removing the vigorous bare branches and the middle and upper shading branches with the internal growth coarseness of the crown of 0.5 cm;
s7 winter pruning in year 2: keeping large, medium and small fruiting branch groups at 40-60cm intervals for main branches from bottom to top, and keeping fruiting branches at about 0.3-0.4cm for about 20cm, each 667m2Selecting and reserving 8000-; the branches are thinned and removed, and the main branch is retracted and updated after the extension head of the main branch reaches 2.2-2.5 m height;
and S8, trimming after 3 rd year, mainly maintaining tree form, fruit branches and branch groups to be updated, and keeping reasonable distribution of the fruit branches and the fruit groups on the main branches.
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| CN113692873A (en) * | 2021-09-21 | 2021-11-26 | 湖北七仙红园区管理服务有限公司 | Peach tree shaping method in rainy area |
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