CN112471359A - 一种低鱼粉金鲳鱼饲料及其应用 - Google Patents
一种低鱼粉金鲳鱼饲料及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN112471359A CN112471359A CN202011405178.6A CN202011405178A CN112471359A CN 112471359 A CN112471359 A CN 112471359A CN 202011405178 A CN202011405178 A CN 202011405178A CN 112471359 A CN112471359 A CN 112471359A
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Classifications
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种低鱼粉金鲳鱼饲料，包括以下组分：进口鱼粉、谷朊粉、虾膏、鸡肉粉、喷雾干燥猪血球蛋白粉、玉米蛋白粉、去皮豆粕、棉籽蛋白、面粉、玉米、鱼油、大豆油、磷脂油、磷酸二氢钙、氯化胆碱、天然叶黄素、多维预混料、多矿预混料；本发明还公开了所述低鱼粉金鲳鱼饲料在金鲳鱼养殖中的应用。本发明饲料降低了鱼粉的使用量，在不影响营养平衡和适口性的前提下降低了饲料的成本，同时减少对养殖水体的污染，有利于促进水产养殖行业健康可持续发展。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及水产鱼类饲料领域，具体涉及一种低鱼粉金鲳鱼饲料及其应用。
背景技术
金鲳鱼属硬骨鱼纲、鲈形目、鲹科、鲳鲹属，学名卵形鲳鲹，俗名黄腊鲳、金鲳。金鲳鱼为我国南方沿海名贵海产经济鱼类之一，金鲳鱼作为一种肉食性的海洋鱼类，其肉质为白色、细嫩、鲜美可口，营养丰富，深受消费者喜爱。
金鲳鱼是广东、广西和海南主要的海水养殖品种之一，近年来金鲳鱼的养殖逐渐由小规模的近海木排养殖逐渐向大规模的深海网箱养殖发展，养殖规模也不断扩大，目前仅广东、广西和海南金鲳鱼饲料的容量约25万吨，鱼产量约13万吨，产值超过30亿元。目前金鲳鱼配合饲料的主要蛋白源为进口鱼粉，其比例在30％以上。
然而，近年来随着水产养殖业的不断发展，鱼粉在水产养殖中的需求量不断的增大，但由于渔业资源的衰退，鱼粉的产量没有明显提升，供需之间的矛盾导致其价格不断上涨，从而增加饲料的成本，而且大部分水产动物对鱼粉中的磷吸收利用率低，饲料中添加过多的鱼粉会导致磷不能被有效利用而造成水体污染。
发明内容
为解决上述技术问题，本发明旨在提供一种低鱼粉金鲳鱼饲料及其应用，以降低饲料成本，减少对养殖水体的污染，促进水产养殖行业健康可持续发展。
为达到上述目的，本发明提供如下技术方案：
一种低鱼粉金鲳鱼饲料，包括以下组分：进口鱼粉、谷朊粉、虾膏、鸡肉粉、喷雾干燥猪血球蛋白粉、玉米蛋白粉、去皮豆粕、棉籽蛋白、面粉、玉米、鱼油、大豆油、磷脂油、磷酸二氢钙、氯化胆碱、天然叶黄素、多维预混料、多矿预混料。
本发明饲料利用多种水产原料组分，保证产品质量，多种优质蛋白源组合使用，弥补鱼粉缺失后造成的氨基酸不平衡问题，提高蛋白利用率，减少氮磷排放，从而改善养殖水环境，低鱼粉情况下添加虾膏改善饲料适口性问题。
作为一种优选的技术方案，还包括以下组分：防霉剂、抗氧化剂。
作为一种优选的技术方案，所述氯化胆碱选择氯化胆碱60％，即氯化胆碱含量为60％的粉剂或水剂。
作为一种优选的技术方案，各组分的重量份数如下：进口鱼粉11～13份、谷朊粉2～3份、虾膏4～5份、鸡肉粉13～15份、喷雾干燥猪血球蛋白粉2～3份、玉米蛋白粉10～12份、去皮豆粕7～9份、棉籽蛋白6～8份、面粉6～8份、玉米12～15份、鱼油1～2份、大豆油2～4份、磷脂油2～4份、磷酸二氢钙1～2份、氯化胆碱60％0.3～0.5份、天然叶黄素0.2～0.4份、多维预混料0.6～0.8份、多矿预混料1.3～1.5份、防霉剂0.1～0.3份、抗氧化剂0.01～0.05份。
作为一种优选的技术方案，各组分的重量份数如下：进口鱼粉13份、谷朊粉3份、虾膏4.5份、鸡肉粉15份、喷雾干燥猪血球蛋白粉3份、玉米蛋白粉12份、去皮豆粕7.5份、棉籽蛋白6.5份、面粉7份、玉米14份、鱼油2份、大豆油4份、磷脂油4份、磷酸二氢钙1.5份、氯化胆碱60％0.4份、天然叶黄素0.2份、多维预混料0.7份、多矿预混料1.5份、防霉剂0.19份、抗氧化剂0.01份。
作为一种优选的技术方案，每千克所述多维预混料含有：VB1 25.00g、VB2 8.00g、VB6 20.00g、VB12 0.10g、VC 60.00g、VD3 10.00mg、VE 66.00g、VK3 10.00g、烟酸200.00g、泛酸20.00g、叶酸1.20g、生物素2.10g、氯化胆碱1.50g、肌醇80.00g、乙氧基喹啉2.50g；
每千克多矿预混料含有：一水合磷酸二氢钙(Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O)120.00g、七水硫酸镁(MgSO4·7H2O)50.40g、五水硫酸铜(CuSO4·5H2O)4.50mg、一水合硫酸亚铁(FeSO4·H2O)5.60mg、一水合硫酸锌(ZnSO4·H2O)6.80mg、一水合硫酸锰(MnSO4·H2O)10.80mg、碘化钾(KI)0.60mg、氯化钠(NaCl)15.00g、氟化钠(NaF)0.15mg、六水氯化钴(CoCl2·6H2O)(1％)2.60g。
作为一种优选的技术方案，所述饲料的制备方法包括：按重量份数称取各组分原料，将鱼油、豆油、大豆卵磷脂之外的组分原料送入混合机中进行一次混合，混合均匀度变异系数要求≤5％，再经过超微粉碎，达到98％以上物料通过80目筛网，然后将超微粉碎后的物料按批次送入混合机进行二次混合，混合过程添加鱼油、豆油、大豆卵磷脂，混合均匀度变异系数要求≤5％，物料经过二次混合后进入调质工段，物料在调质器中加入饱和蒸汽和水,饱和蒸汽的压力为0.5～0.6MP，通过调质器主轴旋转使物料搅拌混合并与蒸汽和水充分接触，物料迅速升温至95～105℃，物料水分含量达到21～25％，通过DDC(调质器)，物料充分搅拌、混合，淀粉糊化，蛋白变性，显著提高物料的可加工性和适口性；经过充分熟化的物料进入膨化腔，通过高速旋转的螺杆挤压、揉搓、剪切，物料温度迅速升高，模头温度达到130～150度，压力达到15～25MP，物料从模孔呈圆柱状挤出，压缩比为0.5,通过切刀切断成适当长度；成型的颗粒物料经过烘干，烘干温度70～90℃，烘干时间30～60min，烘干后的半成品颗粒经过冷却后进行真空喷涂，采用油脂外喷涂，提高饲料的香；最后通过筛分去除粉末、碎粒、杂质，包装后即得。
本发明另一方面还提供如上所述的低鱼粉金鲳鱼饲料在金鲳鱼养殖中的应用。
与现有技术相比，本发明具有以下优点：
1、谷朊粉、鸡肉粉、喷雾干燥猪血球蛋白粉、玉米蛋白粉、豆粕、棉籽蛋白粉是来源稳定的优质蛋白原料，这几种蛋白原料混合使用相互弥补，可替代部分鱼粉，解决饲料因鱼粉使用量减少所带来的氨基酸不平衡的问题，而且同时降低饲料的成本；
2、通过多种优质蛋白源组合使用，实现氨基酸平衡，保证蛋白利用率，减少蛋白质排出体外的量；选择利用率高的原料，促进排泄物快速分解；添加鱼膏等具有诱食效果的原料，改善适口性，从而相对减少水体中的残饵量；通过以上三点，从饲料利用率、排泄物分解速度及残饵量控制，最终减少水体污染，改善养殖水环境；
3、搭配虾膏可提升金鲳鱼对饲料的摄食率，解决因鱼粉使用量减少所引起的金鲳鱼摄食率下降的问题。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步详细的描述，但本发明的实施方式不限于此。在未作说明的情况下，本发明所采用的试剂、设备和方法均为本技术领域常规市购的试剂、设备和常规使用的方法。
实施例1
一种低鱼粉金鲳鱼饲料，以重量份数计，包括以下组分：进口鱼粉13份、谷朊粉3份、虾膏4.5份、鸡肉粉15份、喷雾干燥猪血球蛋白粉3份、玉米蛋白粉12份、去皮豆粕7.5份、棉籽蛋白6.5份、面粉7份、玉米14份、鱼油2份、大豆油4份、磷脂油4份、磷酸二氢钙1.5份、氯化胆碱60％0.4份、天然叶黄素0.2份、多维预混料0.7份、多矿预混料1.5份、防霉剂0.19份、抗氧化剂0.01份。
制备方法:按重量份数称取各组分原料，将除鱼油、豆油、大豆卵磷脂之外的组分原料送入混合机中进行一次混合，混合均匀度变异系数要求≤5％，再经过超微粉碎，达到98％以上物料通过80目筛网，然后将超微粉碎后的物料按批次送入混合机进行二次混合，混合过程添加鱼油、豆油、大豆卵磷脂，混合均匀度变异系数要求≤5％，物料经过二次混合后进入调质工段，物料在调质器中加入饱和蒸汽和水,饱和蒸汽的压力为0.5～0.6MP，通过调质器主轴旋转使物料搅拌混合并与蒸汽和水充分接触，物料迅速升温至95～105℃，物料水分含量达到21～25％，通过DDC，物料充分搅拌、混合，淀粉糊化，蛋白变性，显著提高物料的可加工性和适口性；经过充分熟化的物料进入膨化腔，通过高速旋转的螺杆挤压、揉搓、剪切，物料温度迅速升高，模头温度达到130～150度，压力达到15～25MP，物料从模孔呈圆柱状挤出，压缩比为0.5,通过切刀切断成适当长度；成型的颗粒物料经过烘干，烘干温度70～90℃，烘干时间30～60min，烘干后的半成品颗粒经过冷却后进行真空喷涂，采用油脂外喷涂，提高饲料的香；最后通过筛分去除粉末、碎粒、杂质，包装后即得。
本实施例制得的饲料的蛋白含量约为42.8％,脂肪含量约达到14.2％,赖氨酸含量约达到2.37％,能充分满足金鲳鱼生长的营养需求。
实施例2
一种低鱼粉金鲳鱼饲料，以重量份数计，包括以下组分：进口鱼粉11份、谷朊粉2份、虾膏5份、鸡肉粉13份、喷雾干燥猪血球蛋白粉2份、玉米蛋白粉10份、去皮豆粕9份、棉籽蛋白6份、面粉6份、玉米15份、鱼油1份、大豆油2份、磷脂油4份、磷酸二氢钙2份、氯化胆碱60％0.3份、天然叶黄素0.4份、多维预混料0.6份、多矿预混料1.3份、防霉剂0.1份、抗氧化剂0.01份。
制备方法同实施例1，在此不赘述。
本实施例制得的饲料的蛋白含量约为42.5％,脂肪含量约达到14.8％,赖氨酸含量约达到2.1％,能充分满足金鲳鱼生长的营养需求。
实施例3
一种低鱼粉金鲳鱼饲料，以重量份数计，包括以下组分：进口鱼粉13份、谷朊粉3份、虾膏4份、鸡肉粉15份、喷雾干燥猪血球蛋白粉3份、玉米蛋白粉12份、去皮豆粕9份、棉籽蛋白8份、面粉8份、玉米12份、鱼油2份、大豆油4份、磷脂油2份、磷酸二氢钙1份、氯化胆碱60％0.5份、天然叶黄素0.2份、多维预混料0.8份、多矿预混料1.5份、防霉剂0.3份、抗氧化剂0.05份。
制备方法同实施例1，在此不赘述。
本实施例制得的饲料的蛋白含量约为42.1％,脂肪含量约达到15％,赖氨酸含量约达到2.3％,能充分满足金鲳鱼生长的营养需求。
对比例
一种普通商用金鲳鱼饲料,以重量份数计,包括以下组分:进口鱼粉30份、大豆浓缩蛋白10份、玉米蛋白粉10份、面粉15.4份、去皮豆粕25份、鱼油2份、豆油1.5份、磷脂油2份、磷酸二氢钙1份、天然叶黄素0.2份、多维预混料1份、多矿预混料1.5份、防霉剂0.3份、抗氧化剂0.1份。
试验例1
采用实施例1制得的金鲳鱼饲料与对比例的普通商业金鲳鱼饲料进行为期8周的养殖对比试验。
试验在网箱中进行，分为两组，其中投喂实施例1饲料的为试验组，投喂普通商业金鲳鱼饲料的为对照组，两组各用6个网箱，每个网箱放50尾金鲳鱼。实验过程中，每天投喂两次饲料，每次投喂的饲料量均相同。实验结果见下表1。
表1
从表1的结果表明：实施例1的低鱼粉金鲳鱼饲料在降低鱼粉使用量的前提下并不影响金鲳鱼的生长，对金鲳鱼的摄食量、生长速度和饲料系数都有所提升，并且可以大幅度降低饲料的成本。
试验例2
采用实施例1制得的金鲳鱼饲料与对比例的普通商业金鲳鱼饲料进行为期8周的养殖对比试验，比较养殖水体氨氮含量。
试验在高位池中进行，分为两组，其中投喂实施例1饲料的为试验组，投喂普通商业金鲳鱼饲料的为对照组，两组各用6个平行，每个水池放50尾金鲳鱼(120±1g)。实验过程中，每天投喂两次饲料，每次投喂的饲料量均相同，实验结果见下表2。
表2水体氨氮平均含量
从表2的结果表明：试验组水体水质在总氨氮和化学需氧量的含量上均低于对照组；说明实施例1的低鱼粉金鲳鱼饲料可以减少金鲳鱼机体氮磷的排放，从而降低水体中氨氮的含量，一定程度上改善养殖水质。
以上所述，仅为本发明的较佳的具体实施例，但本发明的保护范围并不局限于此，任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本发明揭露的技术范围内，根据本发明的技术方案及其构思加以等同替换或改变，都应涵盖在本发明的保护范围内。
Claims (8)
1.一种低鱼粉金鲳鱼饲料，其特征在于，包括以下组分：进口鱼粉、谷朊粉、虾膏、鸡肉粉、喷雾干燥猪血球蛋白粉、玉米蛋白粉、去皮豆粕、棉籽蛋白、面粉、玉米、鱼油、大豆油、磷脂油、磷酸二氢钙、氯化胆碱、天然叶黄素、多维预混料、多矿预混料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的低鱼粉金鲳鱼饲料，其特征在于，还包括以下组分：防霉剂、抗氧化剂。
3.根据权利要求2所述的低鱼粉金鲳鱼饲料，其特征在于，所述氯化胆碱为氯化胆碱60％。
4.根据权利要求3所述的低鱼粉金鲳鱼饲料，其特征在于，各组分的重量份数如下：进口鱼粉11～13份、谷朊粉2～3份、虾膏4～5份、鸡肉粉13～15份、喷雾干燥猪血球蛋白粉2～3份、玉米蛋白粉10～12份、去皮豆粕7～9份、棉籽蛋白6～8份、面粉6～8份、玉米12～15份、鱼油1～2份、大豆油2～4份、磷脂油2～4份、磷酸二氢钙1～2份、氯化胆碱60％0.3～0.5份、天然叶黄素0.2～0.4份、多维预混料0.6～0.8份、多矿预混料1.3～1.5份、防霉剂0.1～0.3份、抗氧化剂0.01～0.05份。
5.根据权利要求4所述的低鱼粉金鲳鱼饲料，其特征在于，各组分的重量份数如下：进口鱼粉13份、谷朊粉3份、虾膏4.5份、鸡肉粉15份、喷雾干燥猪血球蛋白粉3份、玉米蛋白粉12份、去皮豆粕7.5份、棉籽蛋白6.5份、面粉7份、玉米14份、鱼油2份、大豆油4份、磷脂油4份、磷酸二氢钙1.5份、氯化胆碱60％0.4份、天然叶黄素0.2份、多维预混料0.7份、多矿预混料1.5份、防霉剂0.19份、抗氧化剂0.01份。
6.根据权利要求4所述的低鱼粉金鲳鱼饲料，其特征在于，每千克所述多维预混料含有：VB1 25.00g、VB2 8.00g、VB6 20.00g、VB120.10g、VC 60.00g、VD3 10.00mg、VE 66.00g、VK3 10.00g、烟酸200.00g、泛酸20.00g、叶酸1.20g、生物素2.10g、氯化胆碱1.50g、肌醇80.00g、乙氧基喹啉2.50g；
每千克多矿预混料含有：Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O 120.00g、MgSO4·7H2O 50.40g、CuSO4·5H2O4.50mg、FeSO4·H2O 5.60mg、ZnSO4·H2O 6.80mg、MnSO4·H2O 10.80mg、KI 0.60mg、NaCl15.00g、NaF 0.15mg、CoCl2·6H2O 2.60g。
7.根据权利要求4所述的低鱼粉金鲳鱼饲料，其特征在于，制备方法包括：按重量份数称取各组分原料,将除鱼油、豆油、大豆卵磷脂之外的组分原料送入混合机进行一次混合，混合均匀度变异系数要求≤5％，再经过超微粉碎，达到98％以上物料通过80目筛网，然后将超微粉碎后的物料按批次送入混合机进行二次混合，混合过程添加鱼油、豆油、大豆卵磷脂，混合均匀度变异系数要求≤5％，物料经过二次混合后进入调质工段，物料在调质器中加入饱和蒸汽和水,饱和蒸汽的压力为0.5～0.6MP，通过调质器主轴旋转使物料搅拌混合并与蒸汽和水充分接触，物料迅速升温至95～105℃，物料水分含量达到21～25％；经过充分熟化的物料进入膨化腔，通过高速旋转的螺杆挤压、揉搓、剪切，物料温度迅速升高，模头温度达到130～150度，压力达到15～25MP，物料从模孔呈圆柱状挤出，压缩比为0.5,通过切刀切断成适当长度；成型的颗粒物料经过烘干，烘干温度70～90℃，烘干时间30～60min，烘干后的半成品颗粒经过冷却后进行真空优质外喷涂；最后通过筛分去除粉末、碎粒、杂质，即得。
8.如权利要求1～7任一项所述的低鱼粉金鲳鱼饲料在金鲳鱼养殖中的应用。
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