CN111772064A - 一种预防生鱼烂身病的配合饲料及其应用 - Google Patents
一种预防生鱼烂身病的配合饲料及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种预防生鱼烂身病的配合饲料，包括以下组分：鱼粉、鸡肉骨粉、喷雾干燥血球粉、豆粕、棉粕、高筋面粉、木薯变性淀粉、豆油、大豆磷脂油、磷酸二氢钙、预混料、微晶纤维素、中草药添加剂；还公开了所述配合饲料在生鱼养殖中的应用。本发明提供的配合饲料可以提高生鱼产卵期的增重率和成活率，改善生鱼对饲料的利用效率，提高生鱼的免疫力和生长性能，从而提升养殖的经济效益。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及水产鱼类饲料领域，具体涉及一种预防生鱼烂身病的配合饲料及其应用。
背景技术
生鱼，是斑鳢和乌鳢杂交的子一代。在鱼类分类学上，生鱼的亲本都隶属硬骨鱼纲，鲈形目，鳢科，鳢属。在国际上统称乌鳢、斑鳢、杂交鳢等，鳢科鱼类为“蛇头鱼”，在中国以“生鱼”的俗称最多。生鱼是一种蛋白质含量丰富的优质肉食性淡水鱼类，具有祛瘀生新、滋补调养、生肌补血的药用价值，可以作为日常滋补调养、手术后恢复的食材，日渐受到消费者的青睐。
生鱼性腺发育较快，8～10个月即可成熟，集中在3月下旬～5月上旬进行排卵繁殖。目前广东主要的生鱼养殖区域有大部分的商品鱼在投苗后的次年5～10月出售，期间会经历3月下旬～5月上旬的产卵期，出现体质虚弱的问题。加上生鱼主要采用高密度集约化的养殖模式，养殖水质和病害问题日益严重，经历产卵期后的生鱼会出现烂身病问题，造成养殖损耗很大，严重时死亡率可达95％，且鱼肉品质会大幅度下降，从而严重制约了生鱼养殖的安全，影响了生鱼的商品价值。
发明内容
为解决上述技术问题，本发明旨在提供一种预防生鱼烂身病的配合饲料及其应用，所述配合饲料可以提高生鱼产卵期的增重率和成活率，改善生鱼对饲料的利用效率，提升生鱼养殖的经济效益。
为达到上述目的，本发明提供如下技术方案：
一种预防生鱼烂身病的配合饲料，包括以下组分：鱼粉、鸡肉骨粉、喷雾干燥血球粉、豆粕、棉粕、高筋面粉、木薯变性淀粉、豆油、大豆磷脂油、磷酸二氢钙、预混料、微晶纤维素、中草药添加剂。
中草药如车前草、蒲公英根、五倍子、枸杞和杜仲提取物等含有大量的黄酮类、生物碱、有机酸、免疫多糖、醌类化合物和苷类等生物活性物质，能提高水产动物的胸腺、脾脏和头肾等免疫器官的指数；增加血液血细胞比容、血清蛋白含量和氯化硝基四氮唑蓝阳性细胞数，增强吞噬细胞的呼吸爆发力，提高吞噬细胞的吞噬率和吞噬指数，提高对病原体的抑制和杀灭；有些有效成分还能刺激网状内皮系统，激活T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞及巨噬细胞增生，诱导免疫细胞产生凝集素和抗体，增强机体的特异性免疫能力。除此之外，中草药活性成分还可增强动物机体的溶菌酶、磷酸酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化酶、补体成分等非特异性免疫物质的活性，提高机体的非特异性免疫及抗氧化能力。
作为一种优选的技术方案，所述鱼粉包括进口鱼粉。
作为一种优选的技术方案，各组分的重量份数如下：进口鱼粉32～35份、鸡肉骨粉13～16份、喷雾干燥血球粉2～4份、豆粕13～17份、棉粕3～7份、高筋面粉8～12份、木薯变性淀粉3～6份、豆油3～5份、大豆磷脂油1.5～2.5份、磷酸二氢钙1～2份、预混料3～4份、微晶纤维素2～3份、中草药添加剂1～2份。
作为一种优选的技术方案，各组分的重量份数如下：进口鱼粉33.5份、鸡肉骨粉15份、喷雾干燥血球粉3份、豆粕15份、棉粕5份、高筋面粉10份、木薯变性淀粉5份、豆油4份、大豆磷脂油2份、磷酸二氢钙1.5份、预混料3份、微晶纤维素2份、中草药添加剂1份。
作为一种优选的技术方案，以重量份数计，所述中草药添加剂包括：车前草30～65份、蒲公英根8～15份、五倍子6～20份、枸杞8～20份、杜仲提取物5～20份。
作为一种优选的技术方案，以重量份数计，所述中草药添加剂包括：车前草65份、蒲公英根8份、五倍子6份、枸杞9份、杜仲提取物12份。
作为一种优选的技术方案，所述预混料包括维生素预混料和矿物质预混料；
所述维生素预混料以玉米蛋白粉为载体，以重量计，每千克维生素预混料中含有维生素A 350万IU，维生素D3 200万IU，维生素E 48g，维生素C 112g，维生素K3 16g，维生素B1 13g，维生素B2 15g，维生素B6 11g，维生素B12 60mg，烟酸80g，泛酸钙24.5g，叶酸8g，生物素80mg，肌醇132g；
所述矿物质预混料以沸石粉为载体，以重量计，每千克矿物质预混料中含有铜含量为12％的蛋氨酸铜15g，锌含量为22％的蛋氨酸锌42.5g，锰含量为15％的蛋氨酸锰60g，硒含量为5％的酵母硒0.75g，一水硫酸亚铁175g，氯化钠300g，碘化钾17g，氯化钴4.3g，一水硫酸镁300g。
作为一种优选的技术方案，所述预防生鱼烂身病的配合饲料的制备方法包括以下步骤：
(1)原料粉碎-混合-超微粉碎：先将进口鱼粉、鸡肉骨粉、喷雾干燥血球粉、豆粕、棉粕、高筋面粉、木薯变性淀粉进行粗粉碎，过40目筛，称取粉碎后的原料按照比例充分混合，该混合物称之为大料，将磷酸二氢钙、预混料、微晶纤维素、中草药添加剂按照比例充分混合，该混合物称之为小料，将大料和小料充分混合，然后将充分混合后的混合物转入超微粉碎机进行二次粉碎，粉碎粒度全部过80目筛；
(2)膨化：经超微粉碎后的物料送入配料仓，再用双桨混合机混合3min后，进入膨化前舱，加水加气，使得物料水分含量升高至15～20％，再以95℃蒸汽调质处理1min，然后转入膨化机，选择合适的膨化机环模孔径，将调质后的物料送入膨化机不断挤压，在150-170℃的温度下进行膨化，制成符合规格要求的膨化浮性饲料；
(3)干燥、喷油：将步骤(2)制得的膨化浮性饲料在干燥箱中干燥，干燥至水分含量为7-8％；同时按比例称取抗氧化剂并添加到含有豆油和磷脂油的混合油中，然后将含有抗氧化剂的混合油喷涂到干燥后的膨化饲料上，再将膨化饲料冷却，并经过分级筛去除粉末，最后人工打包即得成品。
本发明第二方面在于提供如上所述的预防生鱼烂身病的配合饲料在生鱼养殖中的应用。
本发明具有以下优点：
1、饲料中添加中草药车前草、蒲公英根、五倍子、枸杞、杜仲提取物，合理配伍，能够显著提高生鱼的生长速度，减少生鱼产卵期烂身病的发病率，进而提高生鱼养殖的成活率；
2、本发明饲料使用了进口鱼粉、鸡肉骨粉、喷雾干燥血球粉、豆粕、棉粕等来源稳定的优质蛋白原料，各种蛋白原料合理搭配使用，保证了生鱼的最佳摄食和生长性能，还可以提高蛋白利用率，有效节约饲料成本；
3、本发明饲料的蛋脂比约为46.8:11，在该蛋脂比下，可以使生鱼在产卵期具有更好的生长性能和免疫功能。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步详细的描述，但本发明的实施方式不限于此。在未作说明的情况下，本发明所采用的试剂、设备和方法均为本技术领域常规市购的试剂、设备和常规使用的方法。
实施例1
一种预防生鱼烂身病的配合饲料，以重量份数计，包括以下组分：进口鱼粉33.5份、鸡肉骨粉15份、喷雾干燥血球粉3份、豆粕15份、棉粕5份、高筋面粉10份、木薯变性淀粉5份、豆油4份、大豆磷脂油2份、磷酸二氢钙1.5份、预混料3份、微晶纤维素2份、中草药添加剂1份。
制备方法包括:
(1)原料粉碎-混合-超微粉碎：先将进口鱼粉、鸡肉骨粉、喷雾干燥血球粉、豆粕、棉粕、高筋面粉、木薯变性淀粉进行粗粉碎，过40目筛，称取粉碎后的原料按照比例充分混合，该混合物称之为大料，将磷酸二氢钙、预混料、微晶纤维素、中草药添加剂按照比例充分混合，该混合物称之为小料，将大料和小料充分混合，然后将充分混合后的混合物转入超微粉碎机进行二次粉碎，粉碎粒度全部过80目筛；
(2)膨化：经超微粉碎后的物料送入配料仓，再用双桨混合机混合3min后，进入膨化前舱，加水加气，使得物料水分含量升高至15～20％，再以95℃蒸汽调质处理1min，然后转入膨化机，选择合适的膨化机环模孔径，将调质后的物料送入膨化机不断挤压，在150-170℃的温度下进行膨化，制成符合规格要求的膨化浮性饲料；
(3)干燥、喷油：将步骤(2)制得的膨化浮性饲料在干燥箱中干燥，干燥至水分含量为7-8％；同时按比例称取抗氧化剂并添加到含有豆油和磷脂油的混合油中，然后将含有抗氧化剂的混合油喷涂到干燥后的膨化饲料上，再将膨化饲料冷却，并经过分级筛去除粉末，最后人工打包即得成品。
本实施例制得的配合饲料的粗蛋白含量约为46.8％,粗脂肪含量约为11.0％,能够充分提供生鱼生长所需的营养物质。
试验例1
试验分别在佛山顺德的杏坛、勒流、龙江三个生鱼养殖核心区域进行。在各养殖区域分别选取8个面积约5亩的池塘，同时开展生鱼成鱼的养殖对比试验。
试验用生鱼的放养密度为8000尾/亩，鱼苗的初始体重为5.0±0.2g。共设计两个处理组，包括试验组和对照组，其中试验组的生鱼饲喂实施例1提供的配合饲料，对照组的生鱼则饲喂普通的生鱼商品饲料；每个处理组设4个重复，持续饲养8周。
每天8:00和17:00各投喂一次饲料，可视水温和摄食情况作适当调整。试验期间保持水温为20～25℃，pH为7.0～7.5，溶氧量＞5mg/L，氨氮含量＜0.05mg/L。
试验结束后，统计试验数据，各数据如下表1所示。
表1
注：采用Duncan方法比较，同一列小写abcd等不同字母表示差异显著(P＜0.05)。
从表1可以看出：试验组生鱼的增重率和成活率都要显著高于对照组，饲料系数则显著低于对照组，说明本发明的配合饲料能够有效地促进生鱼生长以及提高生鱼成活率。
试验例2
选取佛山顺德勒流养殖区域的50口池塘饲喂本实施例1提供的配合饲料,作为试验组；另选取同区域50口池塘饲喂与试验例1相同的商品料，作为对照组；试验结束时，每个塘口取20尾进行肥满度测定，肥满度计算公式为：肥满度＝体重(g)/体长(cm)3。
表2
从表2可以看出：试验组生鱼的烂身发病率显著低于对照组，而肥满度显著高于对照组，说明本发明的生鱼配合饲料可以有效解决生鱼越冬变瘦问题，降低生鱼烂身发病率。
以上所述，仅为本发明的较佳的具体实施例，但本发明的保护范围并不局限于此，任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本发明揭露的技术范围内，根据本发明的技术方案及其构思加以等同替换或改变，都应涵盖在本发明的保护范围内。
Claims (9)
1.一种预防生鱼烂身病的配合饲料，其特征在于，包括以下组分：鱼粉、鸡肉骨粉、喷雾干燥血球粉、豆粕、棉粕、高筋面粉、木薯变性淀粉、豆油、大豆磷脂油、磷酸二氢钙、预混料、微晶纤维素、中草药添加剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的预防生鱼烂身病的配合饲料，其特征在于，所述鱼粉包括进口鱼粉。
3.根据权利要求2所述的预防生鱼烂身病的配合饲料，其特征在于，各组分的重量份数如下：进口鱼粉32～35份、鸡肉骨粉13～16份、喷雾干燥血球粉2～4份、豆粕13～17份、棉粕3～7份、高筋面粉8～12份、木薯变性淀粉3～6份、豆油3～5份、大豆磷脂油1.5～2.5份、磷酸二氢钙1～2份、预混料3～4份、微晶纤维素2～3份、中草药添加剂1～2份。
4.根据权利要求3所述的预防生鱼烂身病的配合饲料，其特征在于，各组分的重量份数如下：进口鱼粉33.5份、鸡肉骨粉15份、喷雾干燥血球粉3份、豆粕15份、棉粕5份、高筋面粉10份、木薯变性淀粉5份、豆油4份、大豆磷脂油2份、磷酸二氢钙1.5份、预混料3份、微晶纤维素2份、中草药添加剂1份。
5.根据权利要求1所述的预防生鱼烂身病的配合饲料，其特征在于，以重量份数计，所述中草药添加剂包括：车前草30～65份、蒲公英根8～15份、五倍子6～20份、枸杞8～20份、杜仲提取物5～20份。
6.根据权利要求5所述的预防生鱼烂身病的配合饲料，其特征在于，以重量份数计，所述中草药添加剂包括：车前草65份、蒲公英根8份、五倍子6份、枸杞9份、杜仲提取物12份。
7.根据权利要求1所述的预防生鱼烂身病的配合饲料，其特征在于，所述预混料包括维生素预混料和矿物质预混料；
所述维生素预混料以玉米蛋白粉为载体，以重量计，每千克维生素预混料中含有维生素A 350万IU，维生素D3 200万IU，维生素E 48g，维生素C 112g，维生素K3 16g，维生素B113g，维生素B2 15g，维生素B6 11g，维生素B12 60mg，烟酸80g，泛酸钙24.5g，叶酸8g，生物素80mg，肌醇132g；
所述矿物质预混料以沸石粉为载体，以重量计，每千克矿物质预混料中含有铜含量为12％的蛋氨酸铜15g，锌含量为22％的蛋氨酸锌42.5g，锰含量为15％的蛋氨酸锰60g，硒含量为5％的酵母硒0.75g，一水硫酸亚铁175g，氯化钠300g，碘化钾17g，氯化钴4.3g，一水硫酸镁300g。
8.根据权利要求1～7任一项所述的预防生鱼烂身病的配合饲料，其特征在于，制备方法包括：
(1)原料粉碎-混合-超微粉碎：先将进口鱼粉、鸡肉骨粉、喷雾干燥血球粉、豆粕、棉粕、高筋面粉、木薯变性淀粉进行粗粉碎，过40目筛，称取粉碎后的原料按照比例充分混合，得到的混合物为大料，将磷酸二氢钙、预混料、微晶纤维素、中草药添加剂按照比例充分混合，得到的混合物为小料，将大料和小料充分混合，然后将充分混合的混合物转入超微粉碎机进行二次粉碎，粉碎粒度全部过80目筛；
(2)膨化：经超微粉碎后的物料送入配料仓，再用双桨混合机混合3min后，进入膨化前舱，加水加气，使得物料水分含量升高至15～20％，再以95℃蒸汽调质处理1min，然后转入膨化机，选择合适的膨化机环模孔径，将调质后的物料送入膨化机不断挤压，在150-170℃的温度下进行膨化，制成符合规格要求的膨化浮性饲料；
(3)干燥、喷油：将步骤(2)制得的膨化浮性饲料在干燥箱中干燥，干燥至水分含量为7-8％；同时按比例称取抗氧化剂并添加到含有豆油和磷脂油的混合油中，然后将含有抗氧化剂的混合油喷涂到干燥后的膨化饲料上，再将膨化饲料冷却，并经过分级筛去除粉末，然后打包即得成品。
9.根据权利要求1～7任一项所述的预防生鱼烂身病的配合饲料在生鱼养殖中的应用。
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