CN112424320B - 润滑剂组合物 - Google Patents

润滑剂组合物 Download PDF

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CN112424320B
CN112424320B CN201980046512.2A CN201980046512A CN112424320B CN 112424320 B CN112424320 B CN 112424320B CN 201980046512 A CN201980046512 A CN 201980046512A CN 112424320 B CN112424320 B CN 112424320B
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acid
hydroxytyrosol
esters
lubricant composition
ester
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K·埃格斯德弗
T·吉尔塔奥
D·查尔
S·希梅耶
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Klueber Lubrication Muenchen GmbH and Co KG
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种包含基础油和羟基酪醇和/或其酯的润滑剂组合物。

Description

润滑剂组合物
发明领域
本发明涉及一种包含抗氧化剂的润滑剂组合物，所述抗氧化剂抑制该组合物的氧化降解。本发明还涉及一种用于制造润滑剂组合物的方法及其用途。
背景技术
润滑剂制造商承受着不断根据制造商和用户的需求改进其产品的压力。特别地，润滑剂的化学稳定性和热稳定性及其相关的抗氧化过程能力应不断提高。在此，高的抗氧化过程能力非常重要，因为氧化过程会损害润滑剂的物理和化学特性并降低其保护经润滑剂处理过的表面的能力。例如，氧化过程会提高润滑剂的酸度，从而加速金属表面的磨损和腐蚀。氧化过程也可能导致形成损害润滑能力的氧化产物。另外，氧化过程会提高油的粘度，从而以不希望的方式影响润滑剂在表面上的分布。
在润滑金属表面时，还存在这样的事实，即在润滑剂中的含金属的粒子会分离出来。这些粒子可以充当氧化催化剂并加速润滑剂的分解。在高温下，例如在发动机中常见的高温下尤其如此。
为了防止这些不期望的效应，通常将油溶性抗氧化剂添加到润滑剂中。在实践中，胺类(如双-(4-(1，1，3，3-四甲基丁基)苯基)胺，苯乙烯基苯胺)，空间受阻酚(如硫代二亚乙基双(2-(2-(2-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酸酯))和/或上述基团中的两个或三个的组合常常用作抗氧化剂。
有许多专利描述了具有抗氧化作用的添加剂。例如，GB-A-1 271 556公开了一种抗氧化剂添加剂，其是由(a)硼化合物与长链烃羧酸或其酸酐与伯胺或仲胺的反应产物和(b)多环酚类化合物构成的混合物。US-A-5354484描述了一种润滑剂添加剂，其提供高温稳定性，并包含由(i)取代的磷酸的胺盐和(ii)胺取代的烃基琥珀酸化合物构成的混合物。
另外，一些现有技术文献指出在润滑剂组合物中使用硼化合物和芳族胺的组合。此类文献的示例包括EP-A-0 678 569、EP-A-0 673 991、US-A-4 657 686、US-A-4 689162、EP-A-0 620 267、EP-A-0 447916和JP-A-07 12 66 81。
由US-A-3,478,107已知，式R’-S-CH2-SR”的支链烷基甲醛硫醇盐(其中R’和R”独立地是支链的C3-C4烷基)可以用作润滑油中的抗磨添加剂。
前述添加剂通常显示令人满意的抗氧化剂性能。但是，使用量通常很高，这由于成本原因是不利的。另外，在较高浓度下，存在润滑剂的特性以不期望的方式改变的风险。另外，上述添加剂通常必须以耗费的方法合成。
从DE112010000922 T5中也已知一种润滑剂组合物，其包含由基础油和增稠剂组成的基础润滑剂和添加至该基础润滑剂的添加剂，其中该添加剂包含至少一种化合物，所述化合物选自衍生自植物的多酚化合物及其分解形成的化合物。优选的多酚化合物是没食子酸、鞣花酸、绿原酸、咖啡酸、姜黄素和槲皮素。与上述合成抗氧化剂不同，多酚化合物是天然物质。但是，所提到的化合物显示出相当低的抗氧化作用。此外，这些化合物中的一些颜色很深(例如姜黄素)，这限制了它们的可能用途。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种润滑剂组合物，该润滑剂组合物包含抗氧化剂，利用该抗氧化剂可以至少部分地消除上述缺点。
该目的通过包含基础油和羟基酪醇和/或其酯的润滑剂组合物实现。
羟基酪醇属于天然多酚类并且具有以下结构式：
Figure BDA0002892295320000021
已知羟基酪醇具有抗氧化特性。但是，对于本领域技术人员而言令人惊讶的是，所述羟基酪醇的抗氧化特性与实际中通常使用的那些合成抗氧化剂相当，或者基于使用浓度甚至更好，并且可实现将其添加至普通基础油中而不损害基础油的功能特性。
根据本发明，也可以使用羟基酪醇的酯。特别优选的是在25℃下在各个基础油中具有至少0.1g/l，例如0.1g/l至5g/l的溶解度的酯。在此，羟基酪醇也可以仅部分地作为酯存在于润滑剂组合物中。根据本发明特别合适的酯是羧酸酯，如下文更详细地讨论那样。在下文中，在适当时，在涉及羟基酪醇的情况下应当也包括其酯。
原则上可以使用纯的形式的羟基酪醇。为了提高羟基酪醇的溶解度，在本发明的一个实施方式中，优选润滑剂组合物包含增溶的羟基酪醇。术语“增溶的羟基酪醇”应理解为如下羟基酪醇，通过添加增溶剂，其相对于在各个情况中使用的基础油的溶解度提高。增溶剂的类型和量尤其取决于所使用的基础油、羟基酪醇的期望的溶解特性以及润滑剂组合物的预期用途。特别地，术语增溶剂也应当包含例如在酯形成的情况下与羟基酪醇形成化学键的化合物。
用于多酚的合适的增溶剂是已知的，并且例如在文献EP 2 359 702 B1、WO 2007/051329 A1、US 2014/0377435 A1中说明，其公开内容通过参引并入。在实际实验中已经发现，根据本发明，特别合适的增溶剂是C2-10羧酸，其能够以支链和/或无支链形式存在，可以具有一个或多个取代基，特别是羟基和/或一个或多个羧酸基团。具有至少2个，优选3个羧酸基团的羟基羧酸是优选的。同样优选的是具有至少2个，优选3个羟基的羟基羧酸和/或具有至少2个，优选3个羟基和至少2个，优选3个羧酸基团的羟基羧酸。根据本发明，特别合适的羧酸选自柠檬酸、苹果酸、富马酸、葡萄糖酸、乙醇酸、乳酸、草酸、酒石酸、杏仁-水杨酸和/或其混合物。在此，柠檬酸是更特别优选的。
在不局限于根据本发明的一个机理的情况下，设想羟基酪醇与羧酸形成酯，由此提高了羟基酪醇的溶解度。
因此，在本发明的一个优选实施方式中，润滑剂组合物至少部分地包含羟基酪醇羧酸酯，特别是羟基酪醇和C2-10羧酸的酯，其中C2-10羧酸能够以支链和/或无支链形式存在，具有一个或多个取代基，特别是羟基和/或一个或多个羧酸基团。润滑剂组合物特别优选至少部分地包含由羟基酪醇和具有至少2个，优选3个羧酸基团的羟基羧酸构成的酯。润滑剂组合物还优选至少部分地包含由羟基酪醇和具有至少2个，优选3个羟基的羟基羧酸构成的酯和/或由羟基酪醇和具有至少2个，优选3个羟基和至少2个，优选3个羧酸基团的羟基羧酸构成的酯。根据本发明，润滑剂组合物还特别优选至少部分地包含由羟基酪醇和羧酸构成的酯，所述羧酸选自柠檬酸、苹果酸、富马酸、葡萄糖酸、乙醇酸、乳酸、草酸、酒石酸、杏仁水杨酸和/或其混合物。更特别优选地，润滑剂组合物至少部分地包含由羟基酪醇和柠檬酸构成的酯。
适宜地，润滑剂组合物包含抑制氧化的量的羟基酚和/或其酯。在本发明的一个优选实施方式中，分别以润滑剂组合物的总重量计，羟基酚和/或其酯的比例为0.01重量％至2重量％和/或0.1重量％至2重量％和/或0.1重量％至1.5重量％，和/或0.01重量％至0.5重量％，和/或0.05重量％至1重量％，甚至更优选0.1重量％至1重量％，甚至更优选0.1重量％至0.5重量％，并且特别是0.25重量％至0.35重量％。
更优选地，以羟基酪醇和增溶剂的总量计，润滑剂组合物中的增溶剂的量有利地为0.5重量％至4重量％，甚至更优选为0.5重量％至3.5重量％，甚至更优选为0.5重量％至3重量％，更优选1重量％至3重量％，甚至更优选1.5重量％至3重量％，并且特别是1.5重量％至3重量％。
将基础油理解为通常用于制造润滑剂的基础液体，特别是根据美国石油协会(API)的分类可分为I、II、III、IV或V组的油。特别优选的基础油选自酯，特别是如下物质构成的组：酯，特别是合成酯；聚二醇；环烷和/或芳族矿物油；合成烃；苯醚；聚α烯烃；天然基础油和天然油衍生物和/或它们的混合物。根据本发明特别优选的是酯，特别是合成酯，和/或酯(特别是合成酯)、天然基础油和聚二醇与合成烃和/或聚α烯烃的混合物。
在本发明的一个优选实施方式中，基础油选自如下物质构成的组：芳族或脂族二元、三元或四元羧酸与C7至C22醇中的一种或其混合物的酯，聚苯醚或烷基化二苯醚，三羟甲基丙烷、季戊四醇或二季戊四醇与脂族C7至C22羧酸的酯，由C7至C22醇制成的C18二聚酸酯，复杂酯类，上述物质作为单独组分或以任意组合形式存在。
特别优选的基础油是酯，尤其是合成酯，以及它们与合成烃和/或聚α烯烃的混合物。在实际试验中发现，这些基础油对羟基酪醇，特别是对已被柠檬酸增溶的羟基酪醇，表现出特别好的吸收能力。
还优选的基础油是基于甘油三酸酯的天然油，其优选具有高油酸比例，尤其是选自如下物质构成的组：葵花油，菜籽油，蓖麻油，亚麻油，玉米油，红花油，大豆油，亚麻籽油，花生油，“lesquerella”油、棕榈油及它们的衍生物。
同样优选的基础油是甘油三酸酯，其含有(以结合的脂肪酸计)至少50重量％的油酸和小于10重量％的多不饱和脂肪酸及其衍生物。
基础油能够以单独形式或以混合形式(如果可混溶)被使用。特别优选的基础油具有在10mm2/s至1000mm2/s的范围内的在40℃下测得的粘度。
在本发明的一个实施方式中，分别以润滑剂组合物的总重量计，基础油在根据本发明的润滑剂组合物中的比例为99.99重量％至90重量％，更优选为99.5重量％至94.5重量％并且特别是99.75重量％至94.75重量％。在此，前述值尤其涉及用作润滑油(即基本上无增稠剂)的润滑剂组合物。在另一方面，如果润滑剂组合物作为油脂(即具有增稠剂)，那么在本发明的润滑剂组合物中基础油的比例优选为70重量％至97.00重量％。
羟基酪醇和/或其酯可以作为唯一的抗氧化剂存在或以与其他抗氧化剂组合的形式存在。根据本发明特别合适的其他抗氧化剂是以下化合物：苯乙烯基二苯胺，二芳族胺，酚醛树脂，硫代酚醛树脂，亚磷酸酯，丁基化羟基甲苯，丁基化羟基茴香醚，苯基-α-萘胺，苯基-β-萘胺，辛基/丁基化二苯胺，二-α-生育酚，二叔丁基苯基，苯丙酸，含硫的酚类化合物以及这些组分的混合物。
此外，润滑剂组合物可以包含防腐蚀添加剂，金属减活剂，抗磨添加剂和/或离子络合剂。这些包括三唑，咪唑啉，N-甲基甘氨酸(肌氨酸)，苯并三唑衍生物，N，N-双(2-乙基己基)-芳甲基-1H-苯并三唑-1-甲胺，n-甲基-N(1-氧代-9-十八碳烯基)甘氨酸，与(C11-14)-烷基胺反应的磷酸与单和二异辛酯的混合物，与叔-烷基胺和(C12-14)伯胺反应的磷酸与单和二异辛酯的混合物，十二烷酸，硫代磷酸三苯酯和磷酸胺。市售的添加剂如下：
Figure BDA00028922953200000515
39，
Figure BDA00028922953200000514
DSS G，Amine O；
Figure BDA00028922953200000513
O(Ciba)，
Figure BDA00028922953200000512
122，
Figure BDA00028922953200000516
303，
Figure BDA00028922953200000517
9123，Cl-426，Cl-426EP，Cl-429和Cl-498。
其他可想到的抗磨添加剂是胺，磷酸胺，磷酸盐，硫代磷酸盐，硫代磷酸酯和这些组分的混合物。可商购的抗磨添加剂包括：
Figure BDA00028922953200000511
TPPT，
Figure BDA00028922953200000510
232，
Figure BDA0002892295320000051
349，
Figure BDA0002892295320000054
211和
Figure BDA0002892295320000053
RC3760 Liq 3960，
Figure BDA0002892295320000052
FG 1505和FG 1506，
Figure BDA0002892295320000056
KR-015FG，
Figure BDA0002892295320000057
Figure BDA0002892295320000058
FG，
Figure BDA0002892295320000059
40-D，
Figure BDA0002892295320000055
FGA 1820和ACHESON FGA 1810。
此外，润滑剂组合物可包含固体润滑剂，例如PTFE，BN，焦磷酸盐，氧化锌，氧化镁，焦磷酸盐，硫代硫酸盐，碳酸镁，碳酸钙，硬脂酸钙，硫化锌，硫化钼，硫化钨，硫化锡，石墨，石墨烯，纳米管，SiO2改性或其混合物。
润滑剂组合物还可包含增稠剂，特别是金属皂，金属络合物皂，膨润土，脲，硅酸盐，磺酸盐和/或聚酰亚胺。在此，分别以润滑剂组合物的总重量计，增稠剂在本发明的润滑剂组合物中的比例优选为1重量％至20重量％。
本发明还涉及一种用于制造润滑剂组合物的方法，所述润滑剂组合物优选是依照根据本发明的实施方式中的一个或多个实施方式的润滑剂组合物，所述方法包括如下步骤：
-提供基础油；
-将基础油与羟基酪醇和/或其酯混合，由此得到润滑剂组合物。
基础油，羟基酪醇的酯以及增溶剂和/或添加剂的特别合适的实施方式是在本发明的范围内关于根据本发明的润滑剂组合物所讨论的那些实施方式。
在本发明的一个特别优选的实施方案中，在增溶剂存在的情况下，特别是在本发明的范围内关于本发明的润滑剂组合物所讨论的增溶剂存在的情况下，进行基础油与羟基酪醇和/或其酯的混合。
根据本发明的方法还可包括另外的方法步骤，其中例如引入关于根据本发明的润滑剂组合物所描述的另外的组分，如另外的抗氧化剂、增稠剂、防腐蚀添加剂、金属减活剂、离子络合剂和/或固体润滑剂。
根据本发明的润滑剂组合物适合于润滑多种表面。就此而言，本发明的另一个主题涉及润滑剂组合物用于润滑摩擦系统中的滑动偶件表面的用途。润滑剂组合物特别优选用作减少摩擦系统中的摩擦和/或磨损的中间物质。在另一个优选的实施方式中，润滑剂组合物同时用于力传递，减振和/或用作防腐蚀保护。自然地，润滑剂组合物在暴露于高氧化负荷的摩擦学和流变学的体系中是特别有用的。因此，本发明的一个优选的实施方式涉及润滑剂组合物用于在构件中(例如特别是在链条、变速器、轴承或配件和/或船用部件中)进行终身润滑和/或消耗润滑的H1高温应用的用途。
下面根据不同实施例详细阐述本发明。
附图说明
图1示出加盖的蒸发皿的侧视图。
图2示出加盖的蒸发皿的俯视图。
图3示出各种润滑剂组合物的蒸发特性。
图4示出各种润滑剂组合物的表观动态粘度。
图5示出各种润滑剂组合物的表观动态粘度。
图6示出氧化开始和极限值(阈值)的测量的说明。
图7示出选择的组合物的氧化开始。
图8示出选择的组合物的氧化过程的极限值(阈值)。
图9示出选择的组合物的氧化开始。
图10示出选择的组合物的氧化过程的极限值(阈值)。
图11示出选择的组合物的氧化开始。
图12示出选择的组合物的氧化过程的极限值(阈值)。
图13示出选择的组合物的氧化开始。
图14示出选择的组合物的氧化过程的极限值(阈值)。
图15示出选择的组合物的氧化开始。
图16示出选择的组合物的氧化过程的极限值(阈值)。
具体实施方式
实施例1：各种润滑剂组合物的制造
制造具有抗氧化剂的各种润滑剂组合物：所使用的羟基酪醇是用柠檬酸(以羟基酪醇和柠檬酸的总量计，约2重量％)增溶的羟基酪醇。
Figure BDA0002892295320000071
Figure BDA0002892295320000081
表1
实施例2：实施例1中的选择的组合物的蒸发特性和表观动态粘度的测量
2.1测量根据本发明的组合物1以及比较例1、2、3和4的蒸发特性和表观动态粘度(加盖的皿试验，进行气体交换)。为此，经由多重测定(至少3重测定)，将作为热负荷(分别在230℃循环空气炉下储存72小时)下逐步氧化的标准的蒸发行为和表观动态粘度[mPas]的变化测定为对比测量。每次测试的样品量为5g(+/-0.1g)。通过重新称重确定以重量％计的蒸发特性。另外比较，通过流变学确定表观动态粘度(安东帕流变仪旋转，剪切速率300-1)，可以推断出热老化(例如聚合)或防止热老化的保护。使用带盖的铝制蒸发皿，直径为50mm。位于盖子中的2个相对的孔的直径为5毫米，并且距离边缘10毫米(见图1和2)。在这里使用冲压模具是有意义的，但并非是绝对必要的。在皿的折叠处使用两个钉将两个皿钉在一起。
结果在下表2和图3(蒸发特性)和4(表观动态粘度)中示出。
Figure BDA0002892295320000091
表2
可以看出，羟基酪醇对蒸发特性没有明显的影响。此外，已经表明，作为酚类抗氧化剂的羟基酪醇在抑制自由基老化过程方面表现出与在现有技术中被评估为更有效的胺类似的性能，并且具有比其他酚类明显更好的效果。
2.2为了能够确定羟基酪醇浓度的影响，还比较地检查了根据本发明的组合物5、6、7和8。结果在下表3和图5中(表观动态粘度)示出。
Figure BDA0002892295320000092
表3
可以看出，即使在非常低的浓度下，羟基酪醇也非常有效。
实施例3：测定实施例1中的所选择的组合物的氧化过程的氧化开始和极限值(阈值)
借助于动态DSC(加热速率1℃/min)测定来自实施例1的所选择的组合物的氧化过程的氧化开始和极限值(阈值)。在DSC测量中，在基础油中比较地监测反应动力学。在此，材料系统之内的化学动力学变得可见，由此推断出与热能输入有关的氧化特性。
值“氧化开始”描述用于热能输入的第一显著的电位改变，因此指一种材料混合物相比于另一材料混合物所经受的延迟。值“极限值”(阈值)描述在材料混合物内的老化/氧化过程的进展。这间接地指氧化过程的反应速度。该关系在图6中示出。
获得在下表4至8和相应的附图中示出的结果。
Figure BDA0002892295320000101
表4(参见图7：氧化开始，图8：极限值)
可以看出，相比于比较例，根据本发明的组合物01具有更高的抗氧化性。
Figure BDA0002892295320000102
表5(参见图9：氧化开始，图10：极限值)
可以看出，相比于纯基础油(比较例5)和具有相同抗氧化剂量的比较例6，根据本发明的组合物2具有更高的抗氧化性。另外，根据本发明的组合物测定的氧化开始逾期，并且极限值仅略低于比较例7的极限值，尽管比较例7含有超过10倍量的抗氧化剂。
Figure BDA0002892295320000103
表6(参见图11：氧化开始，图12：极限值)
可以看出，相比于比较例，根据本发明的组合物4具有更高的抗氧化性。
Figure BDA0002892295320000111
表7(参见图13：氧化开始，图14：极限值)
可以看出，相比于比较例，根据本发明的组合物3具有更高的抗氧化性。
Figure BDA0002892295320000112
表8(参见图15：氧化开始，图16：极限值)
可以看出，即使在非常低的使用浓度下，羟基酪醇也具有高的抗氧化作用。

Claims (8)

1.一种包含基础油和羟基酪醇和/或其酯的润滑剂组合物用于在选自链条、变速器、轴承、配件或船用部件的构件中进行终身润滑和/或消耗润滑的H1高温应用的用途，其特征在于，所述基础油选自如下物质构成的组：芳族或脂族二元、三元或四元羧酸与C7至C22醇中的一种或其混合物的酯，三羟甲基丙烷、季戊四醇或二季戊四醇与脂族C7至C22羧酸的酯，由C7至C22醇制成的C18二聚酸酯，聚二醇，环烷和/或芳族矿物油，合成烃，苯醚，聚α烯烃和/或它们的混合物，且所述润滑剂组合物至少部分地包含由羟基酪醇和羧酸构成的酯，所述羧酸选自柠檬酸、苹果酸、富马酸、葡萄糖酸、乙醇酸、乳酸、草酸、酒石酸、杏仁水杨酸和/或其混合物。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用途，其特征在于，所述酯具有至少0.1 g/l的在25℃下在基础油中的溶解度。
3.根据权利要求2所述的用途，其特征在于，所述酯具有0.1 g/l至5.0 g/l的在25℃下在基础油中的溶解度。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的用途，其特征在于，所述羟基酪醇酯至少部分地是由羟基酪醇和柠檬酸构成的酯。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的用途，其特征在于，所述羟基酪醇是可溶的羟基酪醇。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的用途，其特征在于，所述羟基酪醇的溶解度已通过添加作为增溶剂的选自柠檬酸、苹果酸、富马酸、葡萄糖酸、乙醇酸、乳酸、草酸、酒石酸、杏仁水杨酸和/或其混合物的羧酸而提高。
7.根据权利要求1或2所述的用途，其特征在于，以所述润滑剂组合物的总重量计，羟基酪醇和/或其酯的比例为0.01重量%至2重量%。
8.根据权利要求1或2所述的用途，其特征在于，所述基础油具有在10 mm2/s至1000mm2/s的范围内的在40℃下测得的粘度。
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