CN1124197C - 带有装卸环的整体吹塑成型的密封塑料圆筒 - Google Patents
带有装卸环的整体吹塑成型的密封塑料圆筒 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供带有整体压制成型的装卸环的整体吹塑成型的密封塑料圆筒。该圆筒包括圆柱形筒体,与筒体的上端整体成型的头部,其上有一过渡区,该过渡区围绕和位于筒体的上端与圆筒的顶部之间,过渡区有一预定半径的外曲面,使筒体外表面所在的切面非常靠近沿装卸环的外圆柱表面所在的切面,和/或至少有一个半径的内曲面,最好是有三个预定半径的双S形曲面,使得在过渡区上的内表面之间没有锐角。
Description
本发明是申请号为95104388.9、申请日为1995年4月10日、发明名称为“带有装卸环的整体吹塑成型的密封塑料圆筒及其成型方法”的专利申请的分案申请。本发明涉及一种带有整体压制成型的装卸环的整体吹塑成型的密封塑料圆筒。
经常用圆筒贮存和运输各种各样的液体,其中包括有害液体,尤其是208升的圆筒,用于运输有害液体的圆筒必须满足政府管理机构如美国运输部的规则和规章,这些规则和规章要求圆筒的结构在跌落和翻倒测试过程中不会破裂。
一个合格的208升的圆筒重达399公斤,因此,加工者必须给用户提供某些移动这种圆筒的部件,钢筒工业已经开发出一种名叫“鹦鹉嘴”的起重机,它工作起来像个鹦鹉的嘴。当采用这种起重机吊起圆筒时,它咬住圆筒的凹边或装卸环,不会使圆筒松脱。这种设备的工作方法是压紧其颚板之间的装卸环,并插入其表面中。今天,由于工业中各种各样众所周知的原因,各种工业中越来越多的钢筒被塑料筒所取代,这种鹦鹉嘴式的起重机仍被用来装卸和起重填充了的塑料筒。
至今为止,已经有几种用来制造带有鹦鹉嘴式装卸环的塑料筒的生产方法,其中的一种方法是在吹塑成型的塑料筒上热装上一个塑料环,所装的塑料环要非常牢固,以致于当在圆筒上施加重力时,圆筒/环界面上的压力如此之大,以致可以克服借助于环吊起该部件的应力,从而使塑料环不会松脱。其它的加工方法包括将整个圆筒的头部与整体的装卸环注塑在一起,然后将这种注塑成的圆筒头部用超声焊接或热板焊接到一个吹塑成型的或其它方法成型的圆筒上,这样可生产出一种运输有害液体的带有整体装卸环的密封的圆筒。从经济的观点和从提供一种满意结构的观点考虑,这些类型的圆筒和加工方法还存在许多问题,这种结构应令人满意地经受住因填充了的圆筒跌落或翻倒所产生的力而引起的破裂。
这种带有装卸环的塑料圆筒的另一优选加工方法是吹塑成型一带有密封的头部和成整体的装卸环的圆筒,该装卸环从圆筒上伸出,并通过在吹塑模具中采用一接合口利用压制成型而制得,这种吹塑的带有压制成型的装卸环的圆筒也遇到一些问题,这些问题涉及填充了的圆筒在跌落或翻倒过程中,由于撞击而引起的破裂。至今所采用的吹塑工艺还没有考虑跌落或翻倒时引起的应力集中问题。尤其是现在圆筒的设计和其加工工艺没有考虑在环压制成型的过程中,塑料材料在圆筒内部流动的影响。这种圆筒产生了应力集中,这种应力集中限制了圆筒的使用,也削弱了抗跌落或翻倒时破裂的能力。应力集中点是由于压制成型整体装卸环时剩余材料的流动而引起,除非小心控制剩余挤出物的流动方向和位置。此外,现代圆筒设计将装卸环的外表面放置在圆筒筒体外表面的外面,当填充的圆筒跌落或翻倒时,使力无规则地作用在装卸环上,致使圆筒尤其在应力集中点断裂。
本发明的目的是提供一种圆筒结构及其加工方法,以克服上述在带有整体压制成型的装卸环的整体吹塑密封塑料圆筒中存在的问题,这种圆筒可以消除应力集中,并提供一种结构,该结构能够承受住当填充的圆筒跌落或翻倒时,因撞击而产生的致使圆筒破裂的力,该力作用在装卸环的外表面上。
本发明还发现,通过提供一种整体吹塑密封的塑料圆筒可以实现本发明的上述目的,该圆筒包括一个一般的圆柱形筒体,一个与筒体的下端整体成型的底部,一个与筒体的上端整体成型的头部,和一个环绕并在筒体的上端和顶部之间限定的一个顶部和一个过渡区,该圆筒有一个与圆筒整体成型的装卸环,它有一个从过渡区向上延伸的腿部件,和一个从腿部件的上端通常向外延伸的,鹦鹉嘴状的抓手。
根据本发明,过渡区最好有(1)一预定半径的外曲面,使筒体的外表面在一切面内,该切面非常接近沿装卸环的外圆柱表面的切面,和/或(2)至少有一个半径的内曲面,最好是由有三个预定半径的双S形曲面,使得过渡区上的内表面之间没有锐角。
采用这种改进的位于圆筒过渡区上的外曲面构造,当圆筒在其侧面被击倒或翻倒时,筒体的外表面能够吸收撞击在圆筒上的力,而不是将无规则的力传导到装卸环上,使装卸环过度弯曲而使圆筒在过渡区破裂。另一方面,上述在圆筒的过渡区上改进的内曲面使在与装卸环邻近的过渡区内,圆筒的内表面之间没有锐角。已经发现,在过渡区内表面之间形成的锐角,是在装卸环压制成型过程中由于塑料材料的流动而产生,这些锐角在成型的塑料圆筒中会产生应力集中点,该应力集中点会削弱圆筒,当击倒或翻倒圆筒时所产生的力作用在圆筒上时,会沿应力集中点使圆筒破裂。
为了提供一种带有整体压制成型的装卸环的整体吹塑密封塑料圆筒,该圆筒具有一个或两个上述希望的改进的结构特征,发现了一种成型圆筒的方法,该方法包括以下步骤,提供一个具有要成型圆筒所需尺寸和形状的内表面的吹塑模具,该圆筒包括一个圆柱体部分和在圆柱体部分一端的头部,两者通过过渡区相连,该模具被设计成在倒立位置制成圆筒,它还有一个接合口,以吹塑成型头部,并通过挤压制成一个实心的装卸环,该装卸环从圆筒的过渡区在轴向和径向整体向外地延伸,模具的内表面最好具有要成型的圆筒的形状,该圆筒在过渡区有一预定半径的外曲面,使圆筒的外圆柱面位于一切面内,该切面通常非常靠近沿装卸环的外表面的切面。
在模具中放入一热的塑料型坯,对型坯进行第一步吹塑,此时模具接合口位于打开的位置,该位置距封闭位置有预定的轴向距离,在预定的压力下进行第一步吹塑,使型坯完全膨胀成模具内表面的形状,并完全充满打开的模具接合口,形成一空心的装卸环。
在预定的压力下进行第二步吹塑,该预定压力小于第一吹塑过程的预定压力,使膨胀的型坯在模具中定型,在第二步吹塑过程中,以不同的预定速度,按第一步和第二步的顺序,使模具接合口闭合不同的预定距离,此时,将吹塑成型的空心的装卸环挤压成与圆筒为一体的实心装卸环,挤压出的塑料在圆筒的过渡区形成一内曲面,该曲面至少具有一个半径,最好是具有三个预定半径的双S形曲面,致使圆筒的顶部、过渡区和筒体的内表面之间没有锐角。
在模具接合口完全闭合后,在一预定的压力下进行第三步吹塑,该预定压力比第一和第二步吹塑过程的预定压力要大,第三步吹塑要持续足够长的时间,以使成型的塑料圆筒冷却。
以上给出了本发明的一些目的、特征和优点,本发明的其它目的、特征和优点将会在下面结合附图对最佳实施例的详细描述中显露出来。
图1是根据本发明设计的带有压塑成型的装卸环的整体吹塑成型的密封塑料圆筒的透视图。
图2是穿过图1圆筒沿图1中2-2线的局部放大剖面图。
图3与图2类似,是这种类型的圆筒已有结构的局部剖面图,虚线表示改进后新结构的特征。
图4是穿过图1圆筒的剖面图,它表示当圆筒被翻倒或跌落在平面上之后圆筒的状态,并表示在一个充满液体的圆筒翻倒或跌落时,作用在其侧壁上的液压力所产生的力矢量。
图5是穿过圆筒头部和整体模塑的装卸环的放大剖面图,该装卸环从位于圆筒顶部和图4圆筒筒体之间的过渡区延伸出来,该图还表示了填充了的圆筒跌落或翻倒在平面上的结果。
图6与图5类似,但具有图3所示的现有的圆筒,其中表示填充了的已有技术的圆筒跌落或翻倒在平面上的结果,这会导致圆筒在已有技术的圆筒上形成的应力集中点处破裂。
图7是表示本发明制造方法开始步骤的剖面示意图,图中,在一个吹塑模具中放入了一个热的塑料型坯,该吹塑模具用来呈倒立位置制成本发明的改进圆筒。
图8是制造本发明改进型圆筒下一步骤的剖面示意图,图中正在对型坯进行第一步吹塑。
图9是制造本发明圆筒的下一步骤的剖面示意图,图中第一步吹塑已经使型坯完全膨胀成模具内表面的形状,并已经完全填充了开口模具的接合口,以构成一个敞开的装卸环。
图10表示在图9所示状态下及在图9所示步骤中模具底部的局部放大剖面图。
图11是模具接合口另一局部放大剖面图,表示上述图中模具的接合口开始封合并且是在对型坯进行第二步吹塑的过程中。
图12、13和14是剖面图,表示的是模具接合口逐渐封合的过程,图中压制成型的装卸环从一个空心环变成了一个实心的装卸环。
图15是模具的接合口的头部在其完全封合状态下的剖面示意图,图中正在进行第三步吹塑。
图16是在完全封合状态下接合口头部的局部放大断面图,由此压制成型的装卸环,在圆筒筒体到顶部之间的过渡区的外侧和内侧具有改进后的特征。
现参照附图,图1中通常用10来表示整体吹塑成型的密封的塑料圆筒,该筒10包括一个一般的圆柱体12,它限定了一个外圆柱面12a,底部14与圆柱体12的下端是整体模塑成型的。头部15与圆柱体12的上端也是整体模塑成型的,围绕着圆柱体12的上端和顶部16并在两者之间限定了一个顶部16和一个过渡区17。一个装卸环20与圆筒10是整体模塑成型的,它有一个从过渡区17向上延伸的腿部件21,和一个从腿部件21的上端向外延伸的抓手22,由此在装卸环20上限定了一个外圆柱表面22a。
根据本发明,最好过渡区17有一个预定半径为B的外部曲面17a,使得筒体的外表面12a所在的切面非常接近沿装卸环外表面22a的切面,见图2中用E和E′表示的平面。最好上述过渡区有一个由双S形限定的内曲面17b,其预定半径为F、G和H。对一般的208升的圆筒来说,外部圆筒过渡区表面17a的预定半径B确定为大约25.4毫米,预定半径F,G和H大约为12.7毫米,25.4毫米和12.7毫米,这些尺寸将构成本发明所希望的改进。
图3展示了带有整体成型的装卸环20的整体吹塑成型的密封塑料圆筒10的上述结构与已有技术中的带有整体成型的装卸环的整体吹塑成型的密封塑料筒的传统结构的对比。如图所示,在圆柱形筒体12和在圆筒10头部15的顶部之间的过渡区有一个外侧的、一般是平的表面。由于已有技术圆筒10的装卸环20从过渡区向上向外延伸,所以已有技术圆筒10的装卸环20在沿圆筒筒体的外表面向外伸出相当大的长度的切面中构成一个外表面,如图3所示。此外,在下文还要详细讨论的模塑成型过程中,在压塑成型带有已有技术结构的装卸环时在过渡区上于内表面中相对圆筒顶部的内表面形成了一个锐角(N),由此因本专业普通技术人员所公知的原因在该角上产生应力集中。
现在参照图4和图5,这些附图表明了根据上述图1和图2所描述特征构成的填充了的圆筒10跌落或翻倒的结果,图6表示填充了的根据图3所示的已有技术的结构构成的圆筒10跌落或翻倒的结果。
在图4和5中,一填充了的圆筒10的侧壁跌落或翻倒在一平面上,箭头表示在填充了的圆筒10内液体剪切力所产生的力矢量。由于外表面22a所在的切面非常接近于沿圆筒10的筒体12的外表面的切面,所以当其跌落于该表面时,由装卸环20的弯曲所施加的力最小。此外,由于圆筒10的过渡区17的内表面17b所具有的一个双S形的特殊结构或几何形状,可以避免在圆筒10的过渡区17形成应力集中点。这些特征有助于阻止圆筒跌落或翻倒在其侧壁上时所导致的圆筒10破裂。
对比并参照图6,图6表示了在填满的圆筒10时跌落或翻倒时装卸环20是如何由于作用在一个面上的冲击力而弯曲的,因为在现有技术的圆筒10中塑料材料的内表面之间为锐角关系,故这些力在圆筒10的过渡区域中的应力集中处会形成一个破裂区。
下述类型的吹塑成形法适用于生产带有整体装卸环20的闭封整体塑料圆筒10,所述的圆筒10具有带改进的外表面17a和/或内表面17b的过渡区17,以便改善其在圆筒10跌落或翻倒时对破裂的抗抵性能。下文要描述的最佳方法和这种方法生产出的最佳结构可广泛用于208升型圆筒的构造。然而,应当理解,圆筒结构的基本要素和本发明的方法也适用于其它尺寸的圆筒,本专业普通技术人员很容易将其应用于其它尺寸的圆筒。
如图7-16所具体公开的那样,最佳方法包括提供一个吹塑模具30,该模具的内表面要具有如上述参照图1和2所描述的那样的成型圆筒10所需要的尺寸和形状,该方法还包括提供一个模具接合口31,以吹塑成型圆筒10的头部15并通过压制成型制成一个整体的如上述参照图1和2所描述的那样的实心装卸环20。将模具30设计成在倒立位置制成圆筒10,吹塑模具30最好在轴向被分割成两个隔开的部分30a,30b,它在初始位置是打开的。
在模具30中放入一个热的塑料型坯33,最好在如图7所示的半模具30a、30b之间挤压该热的塑料型坯。初始时的塑料型坯比要被吹塑成型的圆筒长,如何对塑料型坯进行挤压是本领域普通技术人员众所周知的,这里无需再详细解释。塑料型坯33可以是任何热塑性材料,它包括但不仅限于聚烯烃类、苯乙烯类塑料、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)、聚碳酸酯、ABS共聚物、耐纶聚亚苯基类塑料(nylon polypheny lenes)、聚缩醛类、聚酯类以及它们的组合,这些热塑性材料要具有适当的流变性质,以便使它们被吹塑成型。最好将型坯33加热到大约412°F。
该方法还包括借助于吹塑杆35对型坯33进行第一步吹塑,该吹塑杆35以一个本领域普通技术人员所公知的方式穿过模具30的接合口31伸进型坯中。对型坯33进行第一步吹塑,此时接合口31位于打开位置,该位置距封合位置的预定轴向距离至少为67.3毫米,如图7、8、9所示。在进行第一步吹塑过程的同时,从如图7所示的位置到如图8所示的位置封合两半模具30a、30b,在大约206843-413686Pa的预定压力下,使型坯33完全膨胀成模具30内表面的形状,并完全充满敞开的模具接合口31,以制成一个空心的或中空的装卸环20,如图9和10所示。
使接合口31的最小敞开距离为67.3mm是很重要的,这是为了保证有足够多的型坯33的塑料材料能够膨胀到模具接合口31的开口中,以完全充满其中的装卸环模具表面,使足够多的塑料材料回压进圆筒10过渡区17的内表面,以便在将模具接合口31封合于圆筒10上形成一个压制成型的实心装卸环20时,过渡区17可以形成一个双S形的内曲面17b。
在模具30处于敞开位置而将型坯33挤入模具30中时,可调节壁厚以保证有足够的塑料材料存在。一旦型坯33被压成适当的长度,便可以开始进行第一步吹塑过程,将两半模具30a、30b封合,卡紧型坯,在模具30内提供一个封合的型坯。继续进行第一步吹塑过程直到两半模具完全封合。
该方法的下一个步骤是对已膨胀的型坯33进行第二步吹塑,第二步吹塑是在约为103421-344738Pa的预定压力下进行的,该压力小于第一步吹塑的预定压力,以使已膨胀的型坯33在封合的模具33内部定型。在进行第二步吹塑过程中,当将吹塑成型的开口装卸环20挤压成与圆筒10成整体的实心装卸环20,并用挤压的塑料材料在圆筒10过渡区17上形成一个内部曲面17b时,模具接合口31是按不同的预定距离,以不同的预定速度,按第一和第二的顺序进行封合的,上述内部曲面17b是呈双S形的、三个预定半径为F、G、H的曲面。
在开始进行模具接合口31的封合之前,要给予2秒的延迟时间,使两半模具30a、30b完全闭合,使得在开始进行闭合之前,给予型坯足够的膨胀时间,使之完全膨胀进入模具接合口31中。当接合口31闭合时,在上述压力下的第二步吹塑过程使型坯33在模具30中定型。
不使用103421-275790Pa之间的低压而使用大约344738-758424Pa的高压会带来一些问题。首先,延伸进敞开的模具封合口31的塑料材料会断裂,使装卸环20是空的,或者根本就不能形成装卸环20。其次,由于模具30中的高压,与正在闭合的模具接合口31的收缩结合在一起,使空气的压力太大,模具30会打开从而释放已经建立起来的空气压力,这样通常会在圆筒10的底部留下一个无效的卡紧区。
以不同的预定速度,按第一步和第二步的顺序,使模具接合口31闭合不同的预定距离,与此同时,模具表面的形状在圆筒10的过渡区17上产生了一个预定半径为B的外部曲面17a,在压制成型装卸环20的过程中,圆筒10内侧的塑料压制物在过渡区17中流动,形成了具有双S形的,三个预定半径为F、G、H的内部曲面17b。
在对模具接合口31进行第一步封合的过程中,模具以大约47毫米/秒的预定速度封合了大约70%,其运行时间为1秒。使用初始运动的目的是为了快速地将吹塑的塑料材料引导到敞开的装卸环槽中,从而填充装卸环20上的外部突出部分(见图11,它表示接合口的头部闭合了19毫米的距离)。下一步,采用速度大约是第一步封合速度的10-11%的慢的封合速度继续进行封合,将空心的装卸环挤压成实心的装卸环20,挤压塑料材料,使其流出以在圆筒10的过渡区17上形成所希望的几何形状的内表面17b。
图12、13、14和15表示的是将空心的装卸环20挤压成型为与圆筒10为一体的、实心的装卸环20的过程,与此同时,受挤压的塑料材料在圆筒10的过渡区17上,形成双S形的、三个预定半径为F、GH的内部曲面17b。这些图显示出模具接合口31停止在依次以5mm的增量封合的位置上,以更好地说明塑料材料的实际流动情况。图12表示的是模具接合口31距完全封合位置大约15毫米时装卸环20的剖面图,此时,模具接合口31正以较低的速度进行第二步封合。应当说明的是,由于在第一步中,模具口31的快速移动,使装卸环20的外部唇形结构已经基本形成并填充好。如图13所示,当模具接合口头部封合到距闭合位置大约10毫米时,装卸环20连接在一起,在顶部16的内壁表面与过渡区17的内壁表面的交会处形成一个尖角。在图14中,模具接合口31距完全闭合位置5毫米,装卸环20完全被填满,没有空隙,过渡区17与顶部16的内壁之间的夹角90°角。最后,在模具接合口31头部最后和最终闭合过程中,过渡区17的内表面形成了双S形,如图16所示,有足够多的材料被挤压出来,形成了这个所希望的内部几何形状,都没有锐角和应力集中点。过渡区17上的该双S形的内曲面17b为圆筒10的这一危险断面提供了强度和弯曲弹性,以便在击倒或翻倒碰撞中不致断裂。
该成型方法还包括在模具接合口31完全闭合后,进行第三步吹塑过程该过程要在比第一和第二步吹塑过程的大约620528-758424Pa预定压力更高的预定压力下进行,还要持续足够长的时间,以使成型的塑料圆筒10冷却。冷却后,打开两半模具30a、30b和模具接合口31,从模具30中移出成型的圆筒10。
因此,本发明提供了一种改进的整体吹塑成型的密封塑料圆筒10,该圆筒10带有一整体压制成型的装卸环20,其中,环绕并位于圆柱形筒体12的上端和圆筒10的顶部16之间的过渡区17有一预定半径为B的外曲面17a,使得筒体12的外表面12a位于切面E上,该切面E与沿装卸环20外圆周表面22a的切面E′非常靠近,和/或过渡区17有一由双S形限定的,三个预定半径为F、G、H的内部曲面17b,使得在内表面之间没有锐角。
采用这一结构,当圆筒10跌落或翻倒时,筒体12的外表面12a将吸收撞击在圆筒10上的力,而不使无规则的力被引导到装卸环20上,使圆筒10在过渡区17处断裂。而且,在过渡区17上改进的内曲面17b使得在与装卸环20邻近的过渡区17中的圆筒10的内表面之间没有锐角,从而避免了在成型的塑料圆筒10上形成应力集中点,这些应力集中点在圆筒10跌落或翻倒而受力时,会损坏圆筒,即沿应力集中点使其断裂。
制造该圆筒结构10的改进的成型方法包括多个步骤,这些步骤要使挤压物中的塑料材料从空心的吹塑成型的装卸环20沿过渡区17的内表面17流动在压制成型的过程中,由于控制了方法条件,使空心的吹塑成型的装卸环20被压制成型为实心的装卸环20,又由于被成型的圆筒所具有的形状,使得压制品在圆筒上成了改进的内部曲面17b。
以上参照最佳实施例已经对本发明进行了相当详细的描述,然而,在上述说明书所描述的和后面权利要求书所限定的本发明的精神和范围内,还可以作多种变化和改进。
Claims (3)
1.一种整体吹塑成型的密封塑料圆筒,包括:
一个一般的圆柱形筒体,它限定了一个外圆柱表面和一个内表面;
一个与上述圆柱形筒体的下端整体成型的底部;
一个与上述圆柱形筒体的上端整体成型的头部,它限定了一个具有内表面的头部,并环绕和位于上述筒体的上端和上述顶部之间限定了一个过渡区;
一个与上述圆筒整体成型的装卸环,它有一个从过渡区向上延伸的腿部件和一个从上述腿部件的上端通常向外延伸从而在上述装卸环上限定了一个外圆柱面的可抓件;以及
上述过渡区带有一个至少有一个预定半径的内曲面,使上述顶部、上述过渡区和上述筒体的内表面之间没有锐角。
2.如权利要求1所述的整体吹塑成型的密封塑料圆筒,其特征在于过渡区的内曲面限定了一个有三个预定半径的双S形曲面。
3.一种整体吹塑成型的密封塑料圆筒,包括;
一个一般的圆柱形筒体,它限定了一个外圆柱表面;
一个与上述圆柱形筒体的下端整体成型的底部;
一个与上述圆柱形筒体的上端整体成型的头部,它环绕并在位于上述筒体的上端和上述顶部之间处限定了一个顶部和一个过渡;
一个与上述圆筒整体成型的装卸环,它有一个从过渡区向上延伸的腿部件和一个从上述腿部件的上端通常向外延伸从而在上述装卸环上限定了一个外圆柱面的可抓件;以及
上述过渡区有一预定半径的外曲面,使筒体外表面所在的切面非常靠近沿上述装卸环外表面所在的切面,上述过渡区有一个由双S形限定的内表面,它有三个预定半径,使上述内表面之间没有锐角。
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US08/312,710 US6024245A (en) | 1994-09-27 | 1994-09-27 | One-piece blow-molded closed plastic drum with handling ring and method of molding same |
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CN00118694A Expired - Lifetime CN1124196C (zh) | 1994-09-27 | 2000-06-16 | 带有装卸环的整体吹塑成型的密封塑料圆筒及其成型方法 |
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-
1994
- 1994-09-27 US US08/312,710 patent/US6024245A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1995
- 1995-02-02 ES ES95300655T patent/ES2158043T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-02-02 DE DE69526599T patent/DE69526599T2/de not_active Revoked
- 1995-02-02 PT PT95300655T patent/PT704379E/pt unknown
- 1995-02-02 DK DK95300655T patent/DK0704379T3/da active
- 1995-02-02 ES ES99102026T patent/ES2177152T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-02-02 AT AT95300655T patent/ATE201368T1/de active
- 1995-02-02 PT PT99102026T patent/PT918017E/pt unknown
- 1995-02-02 EP EP95300655A patent/EP0704379B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-02-02 AT AT99102026T patent/ATE216968T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-02-02 EP EP99102026A patent/EP0918017B1/en not_active Revoked
- 1995-02-02 DK DK99102026T patent/DK0918017T3/da active
- 1995-02-02 DE DE69520996T patent/DE69520996T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-02-03 AU AU11565/95A patent/AU694151B2/en not_active Expired
- 1995-02-03 CA CA002141745A patent/CA2141745C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-02-17 NO NO19950607A patent/NO319449B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-02-20 FI FI950769A patent/FI112046B/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-02-28 KR KR1019950004085A patent/KR0162024B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-02-28 JP JP4035195A patent/JP2607353B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-03-09 US US08/401,466 patent/US5543107A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-03-31 BR BR9501412A patent/BR9501412A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-04-10 CN CN95104388A patent/CN1061291C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1998
- 1998-12-07 HK HK98112915A patent/HK1011668A1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1999
- 1999-05-12 US US09/310,894 patent/US6026980A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2000
- 2000-06-16 CN CN00118694A patent/CN1124196C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-06-16 CN CN00118695A patent/CN1124197C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2001
- 2001-08-10 GR GR20010401222T patent/GR3036366T3/el unknown
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