CN111972229A - Green cultivation method for preventing nematodes, reducing salt and promoting yield of tomatoes - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of tomato cultivation, and discloses a green cultivation method for preventing nematodes, reducing salt and promoting yield of tomatoes, which comprises the following steps: dibbling and seedling raising by using a plug substrate, and transplanting and field planting; step two, ditching and soil preparation: digging soil moisture and preparing soil, covering the greenhouse at high temperature, digging cultivation ditches, filling the cultivation ditches with films, forming holes, backfilling matrix soil, and watering for field planting; step three, single-row planting: adopting single-row equidistant field planting for each furrow, watering root-fixing water in time after field planting, closing the shed and slowing the seedlings; and step four, field management. According to the method, the mode of ditching, filling up a film, backfilling soil and mixing the soil with the seedling substrate is adopted, so that the cultivated tomato soil-borne diseases are obviously reduced, and the effects of preventing the tomato soil root-knot nematode, reducing the salt alkalinity and promoting the growth of capillary roots are especially obvious. The invention can promote the total yield of one-crop-cultivated tomatoes to increase by 12.2 percent per mu, improve the yield of commercial fruits by 9.9 percent, save pesticides by about 3 times, save 20-30 kg of compound fertilizers and have obvious effects of increasing the yield and income of farmers.

Description

Green cultivation method for preventing nematodes, reducing salt and promoting yield of tomatoes

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of tomato cultivation, and particularly relates to a green cultivation method for preventing soil root-knot nematodes, reducing salt alkalinity, improving ground temperature of a plough layer, creating a good soil growth environment, improving favorable growth of a root system and promoting yield increase of tomatoes.

Background

Currently, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) belongs to the genus Lycopersicon of the family Solanaceae, originating from the Andes mountain area in south America. The tomato is called as tomato, and the tomato is rich in nutrition and has special flavor. Can be eaten raw, boiled, processed tomato paste, juice or canned. Is popular among people and is a vegetable crop which is generally cultivated all over the world. Recently, lycopene and carotene in tomatoes have been found to have antioxidant functions and functions of preventing aging and cancer, and thus, the edible value and the economic value of the lycopene and the carotene are in great concern.

Tomatoes are one of main vegetables, and have very large-scale production in China, and particularly, the income of greenhouse tomatoes has become an important economic source for vegetable growers since the greenhouse tomatoes are rapidly developed.

Through the above analysis, the problems and defects of the prior art are as follows: the steel frame or cement frame facility of the common steel frame or cement frame greenhouse for cultivating tomatoes is fixed underground, the greenhouse is built on dry land, water shortage is serious, the greenhouse is a closed production environment, and the facility greenhouse is used for cultivating dry land crops in successive years, so that continuous cropping obstacles in the greenhouse are serious. The main expression in greenhouse tomato cultivation is as follows:

(1) soil-borne diseases such as root-knot nematode and other induced derivative diseases are very serious. Root-knot nematodes are a group of plant parasitic nematodes that cause plant roots to form root knots and are more susceptible to other fungal and bacterial diseases. The main symptoms are: root nodules, rot, poor growth, root retting; withered branches and leaves and yellowing; torsion wilting, short and small plants and slow growth.

(2) Under the condition of high-temperature sealing throughout the year, the plastic film is adopted for mulching cultivation, so that a large amount of underground salt ions are evaporated and enriched to the surface soil cultivation layer, the growth of capillary roots of crops is not luxuriant, the absorption and nutrition balance of the crops to soil nutrients are seriously inhibited, and the growth of the crops is influenced.

(3) 10 to ten thousand mu of greenhouse vegetables are planted in the existing facilities of Honghe Zhou of Yunnan province, wherein 3 to ten thousand mu of greenhouse tomatoes are planted in the year, root-knot nematodes and secondary diseases caused by long-term dry continuous cropping are extremely heavy, and the process and the industrialized development of green food in the vegetable industry of the State are seriously influenced.

The difficulty in solving the above problems and defects is: the continuous cropping planting of the greenhouse dry land in the facility throughout the year, on one hand, the soil is seriously polluted by excessive application of chemical fertilizer and pesticide; on the other hand, the facility greenhouse is planted in a closed manner at high temperature all the year round, so that a large amount of harmful fungi and bacteria are enriched in the soil; two major obstacles that are currently apparent are:

1. the root-knot nematodes caused by the dry farming continuous cropping obstacle have extremely sensitive evasion to chemical agents, and can be quickly transferred to the depth of 0.5-1.5 m underground for evasion after application, so that the root-knot nematodes are difficult to radically cure.

2. The greenhouse is cultivated by high-temperature closed plastic film mulching all the year round, the salinity of the soil cultivated layer is as high as 1.4 percent, and the growth of the root system of the crop and the absorption of the plant nutrition are seriously influenced.

3. Other secondary diseases caused by the tomato root-knot nematode disease are serious.

4. The saline-alkali degree of the soil plough layer is high, the growth of capillary roots which are absorbed by crops to cause unbalanced nutrient absorption of tomatoes and other secondary diseases is seriously influenced.

The significance of solving the problems and the defects is as follows: the method for cultivating the tomatoes by adopting a high-temperature shed-closing and ditching pad film and using soil mixed with a matrix comprises the following steps: firstly, the high-temperature greenhouse is closed, so that the ground temperature of a surface soil layer of 10-20 cm is higher than 45 ℃, and thus, fungi, bacteria and other germs in a plough layer are killed at high temperature, and root-knot nematodes are scattered and avoided in soil with the underground thickness of 0.5-1 m; secondly, the root-knot nematodes are prevented from returning to the plough layer to damage crops and the probability of causing other secondary diseases is reduced by the obstruction of the cushion film; thirdly, the concentration of salt ions in the soil is diluted through watering and irrigation, and the salt ions are dissolved and carried to the underground deep soil by irrigation water, so that the salinity of a soil plough layer is reduced, the probability of causing all secondary diseases is reduced, and meanwhile, the salt ions can be prevented from transpiring back to a topsoil plough layer again through the barrier effect of a cushion film; fourthly, the seeds are scalded by warm water to kill germs on the seed coats; fifthly, the cultivation mode is changed into a small amount of matrix and soil, so that the fertilizer consumption can be reduced; finally, the invention can promote the total yield of the tomatoes cultivated in one crop per mu of land to be increased by 12.2 percent, improve the yield of commercial fruits by 9.9 percent, save pesticides for about 3 times and save 20-30 kg of compound fertilizer. Meanwhile, the technical invention is simple and practical and is easy to copy.

Disclosure of Invention

Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a green cultivation method for preventing soil root-knot nematodes, reducing the salinity of a soil plough layer and promoting the yield increase of tomatoes.

The invention is realized in such a way that a green cultivation method for preventing nematodes, reducing salt and promoting yield of tomatoes comprises the following steps:

step one, plug seedling: dibbling and seedling raising by using a plug substrate, and transplanting and field planting;

step two, ditching and soil preparation: soil moisture management and soil preparation, high-temperature greenhouse closing, ditching, film laying, hole opening, matrix soil backfilling and water permeable pouring;

step three, single-row planting: adopting single-row equidistant field planting for each furrow, watering root-fixing water in time after field planting, closing the shed and slowing the seedlings;

and step four, field management.

Further, the first step specifically includes: scalding tomato seeds in warm water at 58 ℃, accelerating germination for 20 hours at 28 ℃ in an incubator, carrying out dibbling seedling culture by using a plug substrate after the seed buds appear white, and carrying out transplanting and field planting when the seedlings grow to 15-20 cm high and the stem thickness is 0.5 cm.

Further, the second step specifically includes: the greenhouse is planted with 1.5m tomatoes with furrow width of 1m, furrow width of 0.5m and side ditch of 0.25 m.

Further, in the second step, after high-temperature greenhouse closing sterilization, digging a planting ditch with the width of 40cm and the depth of 20cm in the middle of the soil moisture, filling a mulching film in the ditch, wherein the width of the mulching film is 1-1.2 m, two ends of the planting ditch are remained after covering, and drain holes with the distance of 1-2 cm are formed in positions, 2-3 cm away from the bottom, on the side edge vertical surface of the mulching film at intervals of 0.5 m; and then, backfilling 1/3 matrix and 2/3 soil mixed cultivation soil on the mulching film, wherein the height of the backfilled cultivation soil is 20cm, watering the cultivation soil thoroughly once after backfilling, reducing the cultivation soil in the planting ditch to 18cm, and planting the tomato seedlings after 3-5 days.

Further, the third step specifically includes: spraying 2% monopotassium phosphate once on the cultivated tomato seedlings 2 days before field planting as seedling transplanting fertilizers, and adopting single-row equidistant field planting in each soil moisture, wherein the field planting specification is as follows: 2200 plants are planted per mu when the row spacing is multiplied by the plant spacing is 20cm multiplied by 150 cm; the colonization was selected at 4 pm: and 00, watering root fixing water for one time after planting.

Further, the fourth step specifically includes: after planting, watering enough root fixing water, closing the shed, delaying seedlings for 3-4 days, and after planting for 10-12 days, dressing 2% of ammonium nitrophosphate with the proportion of 30-4-0% of that of the original technical mode as a first seedling raising fertilizer, and preventing downy mildew and aphids once in 15 days; preventing powdery mildew, gray mold and aphid after entering the initial flowering stage, and spraying borax to promote the tomato to improve the fruit setting rate; preventing powdery mildew, gray mold, virosis and aphid after entering the fruit expansion period; simultaneously, the water-soluble compound fertilizer of the invention, which is applied by topdressing with 4 percent and 5 percent in the original technical mode, is 19-19-19, and is supplemented with medium and trace element fertilizers such as Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and the like for one time by the concentration of 2 percent in the topdressing of the invention and 3 percent in the original technical mode; the first fruit is colored and then is paid attention to the prevention of powdery mildew, gray mold, virus disease, leaf mold and aphid, wherein the powdery mildew, virus disease, gray mold and leaf mold are alternately prevented, meanwhile, 4% of 17-8-26% of water-soluble compound fertilizer is applied in the prior art mode, 2% of trace element fertilizer in Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn is supplemented twice in the prior art mode after 15 days, and the K fertilizer is timely supplemented in the root applying and leaf surface spraying modes.

Further, pruning the tomato with a single trunk, timely removing branches when the branches grow to 5-10 cm, timely cutting off the lower foot leaves after the first fruit is changed in color, reserving 6-7 fruits per plant, and reserving 4-6 fruits per plant

By combining all the technical schemes, the invention has the advantages and positive effects that: according to the invention, the mode of mixing soil with the substrate is utilized by high-temperature greenhouse-closing ditching pad film, so that the cultivated tomato soil-borne diseases are obviously reduced, and the effects of preventing and reducing the soil salinity and alkalinity of tomato soil root-knot nematodes, improving the ground temperature of a plough layer and promoting the growth of capillary roots are obvious. The total yield of tomatoes cultivated in one crop per mu of land can be increased by 12.2%, the yield of commercial fruits can be increased by 9.9%, the pesticide can be saved by about 3 times, the compound fertilizer can be saved by 20-30 kg, and the effects of increasing the yield and income of the farmers are remarkable.

(1) The effect of claim 1. After the seeds are blanched at the temperature of 58 ℃, viruses and fungus germs carried by the surface layers of the seed coats can be physically blanched, and the germination is accelerated at the temperature of 28 ℃ in the incubator, so that the uniformity of seedlings can be improved; 2 percent of monopotassium phosphate is sprayed to serve as 'grafting fertilizer' and the shed is closed after the field planting is finished, so that the shortening of the seedling reviving period and the strengthening of the seedlings after the transplanting field planting can be promoted.

(2) Effect from the rights. According to the method, the high-temperature greenhouse is closed for 5-7 days, the temperature of a surface soil layer of 10-20 cm is promoted to reach more than 45 ℃, so that fungi, bacteria and other germs in the surface soil layer can be directly and effectively killed, and the root-knot nematodes with extremely sensitive evasion can be rapidly transferred to the depth of 0.5-1.5 m underground to avoid, and at the moment, a 20cm deep planting ditch is dug because the surface soil layer just 20cm is sterilized through the high-temperature greenhouse; the cushion film can prevent root-knot nematodes and pathogenic bacteria in the underground deep soil from moving to the ground surface plough layer again to contaminate and damage the roots of crops. A drain hole with the diameter of 1-2 cm is formed in the side vertical surface at the position, 2-3 cm away from the bottom, of the pad film, so that soil-borne bacteria and salt ions are prevented from invading and infecting again; secondly, timely drainage is achieved during irrigation. Taking 2/3 surface soil: firstly, the dug soil is sterilized by a high-temperature closed shed; secondly, the soil dug up during ditching is convenient to take out. After the 1/3 seedling raising substrate is mixed, firstly, the permeability of 20cm cultivation soil can be increased, organic matters are increased, and the soil structure is improved; secondly, the ground temperature of the cultivation soil can be improved. Thus, the method is favorable for promoting the growth of tomato hairy root system and is very favorable for crops to absorb underground supplied nutrition. Meanwhile, the concentration of salt ions in the soil is diluted through watering and irrigation, the salt ions are dissolved and taken to the underground deep soil through the irrigation water of the drain holes, so that the salinity and alkalinity of the soil are reduced, the probability of other secondary diseases caused by the soil is reduced, and meanwhile, the salt ions can be prevented from transpiring back to the surface soil layer of cultivation again through the barrier effect of the cushion film.

(3) Technical effect or experimental effect of comparison. The field production test research for several years shows that the effect of the invention is very remarkable: firstly, the effect of preventing the root-knot nematode disease is good. The tomatoes cultivated by applying the technology have no root-knot nematode diseases, but the root-knot nematode diseases can be seen obviously without the technology; secondly, the effect of promoting the growth of the tomato capillary roots is obvious. The tomato cultivated by applying the technology has more obvious effect of promoting the growth of hair root systems than the tomato cultivated without applying the technology. The main principle is as follows: on one hand, the salinity and alkalinity of the soil are reduced, and the salinity and alkalinity of the soil cultivated layer is reduced from 1.4% to 0.9% through the determination of a tachymeter by the technology; on the other hand, the ground temperature of the cultivation soil of the plough layer is improved. Therefore, the tomato fertilizer not only promotes the tomato to improve the absorption of soil nutrients and balance of plant nutrients, but also creates a very favorable growth environment for the growth of the tomato capillary roots. Thirdly, the green effect of promoting production is obvious. The method can promote the total yield of the tomatoes cultivated in one crop per mu of land to be increased by 12.2 percent, improve the yield of commercial fruits by 9.9 percent, save the pesticides for about 3 times, reduce the fertilizer concentration by 1 percent each time, and save 20-30 kg of compound fertilizer.

Drawings

In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application, the drawings needed to be used in the embodiments of the present application will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present application, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art that other drawings can be obtained from the drawings without creative efforts. As can be seen from the comparison of the fig. 4 and the fig. 5, the effect of promoting the growth of the tomato capillary roots is very obvious after the salinity and the alkalinity of the soil plough layer are reduced and the soil temperature of the plough layer is improved; as can be seen from the comparison of figure 5, the invention has remarkable effect on preventing the tomato root-knot nematode disease.

FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for cultivating tomatoes by soil-mixed substrate in furrowing and mulching according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a comparative illustration of the growth of test cultivated tomatoes in the seedling stage provided by the example of the invention.

FIG. 3 is a graph showing the comparison of the maturity of the first fruit of a test cultivated tomato provided by the embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a comparative illustration of the growth of the underground root system of a test cultivated tomato provided by an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a comparative illustration of infection by root knot nematode disease in a test cultivated tomato provided by an embodiment of the present invention.

Detailed Description

Aiming at the problems of root-knot nematode, soil salinization, serious soil-borne diseases and the like caused by drought continuous cropping of tomatoes planted in a greenhouse of the whole state, units such as the agricultural academy of Yunnan province, the agricultural university of Yunnan province, the Yi nationality of the Hani nationality of the Red river jointly develop the research, and the practical technology is invented and obtains good economic and social benefits by being applied to production.

In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.

Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a method for cultivating tomatoes by utilizing a soil-mixed matrix through a ditching cushion film, and the invention is described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

As shown in figure 1, tomatoes planted in the red river state are mostly selected to be sown in 7 months and planted in 8 months. The method for cultivating tomatoes by utilizing the ditching pad film and the soil mixed matrix, provided by the invention, comprises the following steps of:

s101, plug seedling: scalding tomato seeds in warm water at 58 ℃, accelerating germination for about 20 hours at 28 ℃ in an incubator, carrying out dibbling seedling culture by using a plug substrate after seed buds appear white, and carrying out transplanting field planting when the seedlings grow to be 15-20 cm high and the stem thickness is about 0.5 cm.

S102, ditching and soil preparation: the greenhouse is generally 6m wide, the tomatoes planted in the greenhouse are all 1.5m in width, 1m in moisture, 0.5m in furrow width and 0.25m in side furrow. In 7 months and in positive high-temperature seasons, after the previous crop is harvested, the ground water is thoroughly poured, all shed films are put down, the shed is sealed at high temperature for 5-7 days without ventilation, the temperature of the air above the ground in the shed can be up to more than 60 ℃, and the temperature of the surface soil layer 10-20 cm underground can be up to more than 45 ℃. Digging a planting ditch with the width of 40cm and the depth of 20cm in the middle of the soil moisture, filling a mulching film in the ditch, wherein the width of the mulching film is 1-1.2 m, the two ends of the mulching film are remained after covering the planting ditch, and drain holes with the diameter of 1-2 cm are formed at the positions, 2-3 cm away from the bottom, on the side edge vertical surface of the mulching film at intervals of 0.5 m; then, the mixed cultivation soil of 1/3 matrix and 2/3 soil is backfilled on the mulching film, the height of the backfilled cultivation soil is 20cm, after the backfilling, the soil is watered thoroughly once, and the cultivation soil in the planting ditch is reduced to about 18 cm.

S103, single-row planting: spraying 2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate as seedling transplanting fertilizer 2 days before field planting, wherein single row equidistant field planting is adopted in each soil moisture, and the field planting specification is as follows: 2200 plants are planted per mu when the row spacing is multiplied by the plant spacing is 20cm multiplied by 150 cm; the colonization was selected at 4 pm: and 00, watering root fixing water once in time after field planting is finished, and closing the shed for seedling recovery.

And S104, field management.

The method for cultivating tomatoes by utilizing soil-mixed substrates provided by the invention can be implemented by other steps by persons skilled in the art, and the invention of fig. 1 is only provided as an embodiment.

In the step S102, after high-temperature greenhouse closing sterilization, digging a planting ditch with the width of 40cm and the depth of 20cm in the middle of soil moisture, filling a mulching film in the ditch, wherein the width of the mulching film is 1-1.2 m, ensuring that two ends of the planting ditch are slightly remained after the planting ditch is covered, and forming drainage holes with the diameter of 1-2 cm at the height of 2-3 cm away from the bottom of each side vertical surface of the mulching film at intervals of 0.5 m; and then, filling 1/3 matrix and 2/3 soil on the mulching film to be mixed as planting soil, wherein the height of the backfilled planting soil is 20cm, watering the planting soil thoroughly once after the backfilling is finished, reducing the planting soil in the planting ditch to about 18cm, and planting tomato seedlings after 3-5 days.

In the step S104, after planting, watering enough root fixing water, closing the shed for 3-4 days, and after planting for 10-12 days, dressing 2% of ammonium nitrophosphate with 3% of 30-4-0% of dressing in the original technical mode as a first seedling raising fertilizer, and preventing downy mildew and aphids once in 15 days; preventing powdery mildew, gray mold and aphid after entering the initial flowering stage, and spraying borax to promote the tomato to improve the fruit setting rate; preventing powdery mildew, gray mold, virosis and aphid after entering the fruit expansion period; simultaneously, the water-soluble compound fertilizer of the invention, which is applied by topdressing with 4 percent and 5 percent in the original technical mode, is 19-19-19, and is supplemented with medium and trace element fertilizers such as Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and the like for one time by the concentration of 2 percent in the topdressing of the invention and 3 percent in the original technical mode; the first fruit is colored and then is paid attention to the prevention of powdery mildew, gray mold, virus disease, leaf mold and aphid, wherein the powdery mildew, virus disease, gray mold and leaf mold are alternately prevented, meanwhile, 4% of 17-8-26% of water-soluble compound fertilizer is applied in the prior art mode, 2% of trace element fertilizer in Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn is supplemented twice in the prior art mode after 15 days, and the K fertilizer is timely supplemented in the root applying and leaf surface spraying modes. The tomato is pruned by adopting a single trunk, the branches are timely removed when the length of the branches reaches 5-10 cm, the foot leaves below the first fruit are timely cut off after the first fruit is changed in color, 6-7 fruits are left in each plant, and 4-6 fruits are left in each plant.

The field test conditions of the tomatoes in 2019-2020 of the invention are as follows: the test variety is Zhejiang hybrid 3276, and the planting density is 2200 plants/mu. Performing warm water hot-planting and germination acceleration on 7-month and 14-month days in 2019, sowing and seedling culture on 7-month and 15-month days, performing field planting on 8-month and 21-day, and performing first fruit picking on 11-month and 25-day. The details of the test results are as follows:

through the economic index mapping production analysis of a contrast test, the method can promote 35 tomatoes to bear fruits per plant, and is increased by 2 compared with the original planting mode; promoting the single plant commercial fruit to bear 24 fruits, and increasing 1 fruit compared with the original planting mode; the total yield of a single plant is promoted to be 5.91kg, the yield is increased by 0.64kg compared with the original planting mode, and the yield is increased by 12.14%; the yield of the single plant commercial fruit is promoted to reach 4.79kg, the yield is increased by 0.43kg compared with the original planting mode, and the yield is increased by 9.86%; promoting the weight of a single fruit to 198.16g, and increasing the weight by 6.94g compared with the weight of the single fruit in the original planting mode; the total yield per mu of the tomatoes is promoted to 14186.67kg, compared with the original planting mode, the yield per mu is increased by 1546.67kg, and the yield is increased by 12.2%; the yield of commercial tomato per mu is promoted to 11496kg, and compared with the original planting mode, the yield per mu is increased by 1032kg, and the yield is increased by 9.9%. As is obvious from tests, the tomato cultivated by the mode of the invention has obviously developed hair roots, moreover, root-knot nematode disease symptoms can not be seen on root systems, and the tomato root hairs of the original planting mode show a plurality of root-knot nematode diseases. Meanwhile, by the time the harvest of the whole tomato is finished, the using concentration of the fertilizer is reduced by 1% every time in the cultivation mode, the fertilizer using amount of the tomatoes per mu can be reduced by 20-30 kg, and the pesticide using amount is reduced by 3 times. The specific economic indicators are shown in the following analysis table:

economic analysis table for model cultivation test of tomatoes in 2019-2020

In the description of the present invention, "a plurality" means two or more unless otherwise specified; the terms "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "inner", "outer", "front", "rear", "head", "tail", and the like, indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings, are only for convenience in describing and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed in a particular orientation, and be operated, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the invention. Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," "third," and the like are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.

The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the present invention and the appended claims are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, which is intended to cover all modifications, equivalents and improvements that are within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims (7)

1. A green cultivation method for preventing nematodes, reducing salt and promoting yield increase of tomatoes is characterized in that the green cultivation method for preventing soil root-knot nematodes, reducing salinity and improving soil temperature of a cultivated layer and promoting yield increase of the tomatoes comprises the following steps of:

step one, plug seedling: dibbling and seedling raising by using a plug substrate, and transplanting and field planting;

step two, ditching and soil preparation: digging soil moisture and preparing soil, covering the greenhouse at high temperature, digging cultivation ditches, filling the cultivation ditches with films, forming holes, backfilling matrix soil, and watering for field planting;

step three, single-row planting: adopting single-row equidistant field planting for each furrow, watering root-fixing water in time after field planting, closing the shed and slowing the seedlings;

and step four, field management.

2. The method for cultivating tomatoes by adopting the high-temperature shed-closing ditching and film-mulching soil-mixed matrix as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first step specifically comprises the following steps: scalding tomato seeds in warm water at 58 ℃, accelerating germination for 20 hours at 28 ℃ in an incubator, carrying out dibbling seedling culture by using a plug substrate after the seed buds appear white, and carrying out transplanting and field planting when the seedlings grow to 15-20 cm high and the stem thickness is 0.5 cm.

3. The method for cultivating tomatoes by adopting the high-temperature shed-closing ditching and film-mulching soil-mixed matrix as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second step specifically comprises the following steps: the greenhouse is planted with 1.5m tomatoes with furrow width of 1m, furrow width of 0.5m and side ditch of 0.25 m.

4. The method for cultivating tomatoes by soil mixing with the substrate for ditching and mulching in the high-temperature shed as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the second step, after the high-temperature shed is sterilized, a planting ditch with a width of 40cm and a depth of 20cm is dug in the middle of the soil moisture, a mulching film is paved in the ditch, the width of the mulching film is 1-1.2 m, two ends of the planting ditch are remained after the planting ditch is covered, and drainage holes with a diameter of 1-2 cm are arranged on the side vertical surface of the mulching film at intervals of 0.5m and at a height of 2-3 cm from the bottom; and then, backfilling 1/3 matrix and 2/3 soil mixed cultivation soil on the mulching film, wherein the height of the backfilled cultivation soil is 20cm, watering the land thoroughly once after backfilling, reducing the cultivation soil in the planting ditch to about 18cm, and planting the tomato seedlings after 3-5 days.

5. The method for cultivating tomatoes by adopting the high-temperature shed-closing ditching and film-mulching soil-mixed matrix as claimed in claim 1, wherein the third step specifically comprises the following steps: spraying 2% monopotassium phosphate once on the cultivated tomato seedlings 2 days before field planting as seedling transplanting fertilizers, and adopting single-row equidistant field planting in each soil moisture, wherein the field planting specification is as follows: 2200 plants are planted per mu when the row spacing is multiplied by the plant spacing is 20cm multiplied by 150 cm; the colonization was selected at 4 pm: and 00, watering root fixing water for one time after planting.

6. The method for cultivating tomatoes by adopting the high-temperature shed-closing ditching and film-mulching soil-mixed matrix as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fourth step specifically comprises the following steps: after planting, watering enough root fixing water, closing the shed, delaying seedlings for 3-4 days, and after planting for 10-12 days, dressing 2% of ammonium nitrophosphate with the proportion of 30-4-0% of that of the original technical mode as a first seedling raising fertilizer, and preventing downy mildew and aphids once in 15 days; preventing powdery mildew, gray mold and aphid after entering the initial flowering stage, and spraying borax to promote the tomato to improve the fruit setting rate; preventing powdery mildew, gray mold, virosis and aphid after entering the fruit expansion period; simultaneously, the water-soluble compound fertilizer of the invention, which is applied by topdressing with 4 percent and 5 percent in the original technical mode, is 19-19-19, and is supplemented with medium and trace element fertilizers such as Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and the like for one time by the concentration of 2 percent in the topdressing of the invention and 3 percent in the original technical mode; the first fruit is colored and then is paid attention to the prevention of powdery mildew, gray mold, virus disease, leaf mold and aphid, wherein the powdery mildew, virus disease, gray mold and leaf mold are alternately prevented, meanwhile, 4% of 17-8-26% of water-soluble compound fertilizer is applied in the prior art mode, 2% of trace element fertilizer in Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn is supplemented twice in the prior art mode after 15 days, and the K fertilizer is timely supplemented in the root applying and leaf surface spraying modes.

7. The method for cultivating tomatoes through high-temperature shed-closing, furrowing, film-mat and soil-mixed matrix as claimed in claim 6, wherein the tomatoes are cut off in time when branches grow to 5-10 cm, the lower leaves are cut off in time after the first fruit is turned to color, 6-7 fruits are left for each plant, and 4-6 fruits are left for each plant.

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