CN111771448A

CN111771448A - Facility obstacle soil improvement method

Info

Publication number: CN111771448A
Application number: CN202010787126.3A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 高文
Original assignee: Shanghai Shengran Agricultural Science & Technology Co ltd
Current assignee: Shanghai Shengran Agricultural Science & Technology Co ltd
Priority date: 2020-08-07
Filing date: 2020-08-07
Publication date: 2020-10-16

Abstract

A facility obstacle soil improvement method comprises a step of breeding earthworms, wherein earthworms are bred in a greenhouse of obstacle soil, an earthworm breeding bed is laid in the greenhouse along the length direction of the greenhouse, a sunshade net is laid on a top film of the greenhouse, at least one sprinkling irrigation belt is arranged in the greenhouse, and earthworm seedlings are thrown on the breeding bed; a step of processing earthworms and earthworm casts, wherein 1000-2000 kg of earthworm casts are left per mu after 6 months of cultivation to serve as base fertilizers of crops for next crops in the greenhouse, and the earthworms on the upper layer and the left earthworm casts are transferred into other greenhouses to serve as improved fertilizers of other greenhouses and re-cultivated seedlings; and a step of planting crops, namely after earthworm cultivation is finished, after the earthworm feces are turned to soil, planting preset crops, planting according to a conventional mode, and ending a planting period after harvesting. The invention relates to an improvement method of earthworm and crop rotation planting and breeding cycle, which utilizes the whole earthworm system to improve the obstacle soil and has very obvious effect.

Description

Facility obstacle soil improvement method

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the field of agriculture, and relates to an improvement method of agricultural soil, in particular to an improvement method of facility obstacle soil.

Background

With the development of agricultural technologies, facility (various greenhouses) agriculture is favored by vast planting users due to the advantages of high yield, convenient management, high degree of mechanization, small influence of climate and the like, facility planting technologies are increasingly popularized, facility planting areas are increased, and particularly in economically developed areas, more than half of the vegetable planting areas are planted in facility greenhouses. However, due to the fact that the usage amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in greenhouse planting is high, natural rainwater scouring and surface runoff are lacked, continuous cropping is serious, the cropping index is extremely high, and the cropping index in some regions reaches over 9, the problems that in recent years, a lot of greenhouse planting soil is hardened, secondary salinization is caused, soil is acidified and alkalized, soil-borne diseases are serious, water and fertilizer retention performance is poor and the like are caused, and more obstacle soil for greenhouse planting is formed. The problem of the obstructive soil has become one of the main limiting factors influencing the sustainable development of the vegetable industry. Therefore, effective methods for improving and repairing soil, improving soil fertility and maintaining soil sustainable production are urgently needed.

How to improve the facility obstacle soil is a subject of research of vast agricultural technicians, and technical methods such as high-temperature shed closing, large-water flooding salt irrigation, increased application of bio-organic fertilizer and the like are also researched, so that certain effects are achieved, but the farmer acceptance is not high due to reasons such as cost, output, repeated operation and the like.

Earthworms are the rotting invertebrate mollusks that feed on organic wastes, and are called the most valuable animals on earth by the biologist darwins. The earthworm cultivation has great economic, social and ecological benefits and has great effects on improving soil and improving agricultural ecological environment. The doctor of Olympic in America estimates that if 100 million earthworms exist in 1 hectare of land, the method can completely replace three skilled gardeners to run dry for eight hours every day all the year, and 1.8 tons of wormcast can be harvested every year. The beneficial microorganisms and enzymes in the wormcast can also kill germs and viruses in soil and substances with inhibitory effect on plant growth. The soil with much earthworm feces is rich in reasonable granular structure and water and fertilizer maintaining capacity, organic matters are phagocytized by earthworms and digested to form a granular structure with neutral acid and alkali, water and gas regulation and large pores, and the soil is resistant to water washing, has water retaining and fertilizer maintaining performances and is suitable for crop growth. The earthworm cast not only contains macroelements required by plants, but also changes mineral elements into water-soluble effective components easy to be absorbed by the plants and unknown auxin through the action of microorganisms, which is a great difference between the earthworm cast and fertilizers produced by traditional composts. According to the research, five tons of wormcast can improve one mu of aged, continuous cropping, hardened and barren diseased soil, so the wormcast is an ideal natural biological fertilizer. Earthworms continuously drill holes in a longitudinal and transverse direction, swallow soil and discharge excrement, so that the physical and chemical properties of soil can be changed, hardened and barren soil is changed into a high-yield field block which is loose and porous, permeable to air and water, and fertile in soil moisture preservation, and can promote the growth of crop roots.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a facility obstacle soil improvement method, which aims to solve the technical problems of soil hardening, secondary salinization, soil acidification, basification, serious soil-borne diseases and poor water and fertilizer retention performance of a planting greenhouse in the prior art.

The invention provides a facility obstacle soil improvement method, which comprises the following steps:

(1) a step of breeding earthworms, in which earthworms are bred in a greenhouse with obstacle soil, two earthworm breeding beds are laid in the greenhouse along the length direction of the greenhouse, the width of each earthworm breeding bed is 2.5-3.2 m, the thickness of each earthworm breeding bed is 10-20cm, and the width of a middle passageway between the two earthworm breeding beds is 1.5-2 m; meanwhile, a layer of sunshade net is laid on a top film of the greenhouse, at least one sprinkling irrigation belt is arranged in the greenhouse, earthworm seedlings are thrown on a culture bed, the earthworm bait is cow dung and straws, the mass ratio of the cow dung to the straws is 2:1, the fermentation lasts for 10-15 days, the earthworm is thrown every 10-15 days, and 2-3 tons of earthworm bait are thrown every mu each time;

(2) a step of processing earthworms and earthworm casts, wherein 1000-2000 kg of earthworm casts are left per mu after 6 months of cultivation to serve as base fertilizers of crops for next crops in the greenhouse, and the earthworms on the upper layer and the left earthworm casts are transferred into other greenhouses to serve as improved fertilizers of other greenhouses and re-cultivated seedlings;

(3) and a step of planting crops, namely after earthworm cultivation is finished, after the earthworm feces are turned to soil, planting preset crops, planting according to a conventional mode, and ending a planting period after harvesting.

Furthermore, a layer of straw is laid on the surface of the cultivation bed in winter to preserve heat.

Further, in step 1), the size of the greenhouse is 40m by 8 m.

Further, in the step 1), earthworm seedlings are put in an amount of 200kg per mu.

Furthermore, an efficient planting and breeding mode is arranged according to the seasonal characteristics of earthworm breeding and the seasonal characteristics of crop planting in the agricultural places.

Specifically, according to the fact that earthworms are most active in 3-5 months and 9-12 months of each year, the maximum population density is 4-5 months and 8-10 months, earthworms are cultured in 2-7 months of each year, cucumbers are planted in 8-11 months of each year, and green-leaf vegetables are planted in 12-1 month of each year to the next year. Or breeding earthworms in 8 months to 1 month of the next year, and planting tomatoes in 2 months to 7 months of the year. Or breeding earthworms in 2 to 7 months of each year, and planting green-leaf vegetables in 8 to 1 month of the next year.

Further, the earthworms obtained in the step (3) are transferred to other obstacle greenhouses according to the seedling amount of 200kg per mu to carry out a new planting and breeding cycle. A plurality of greenhouses can be used for breeding simultaneously in each period, and after a certain time, all the greenhouses in the whole farm are used for breeding earthworms once, so that the soil is improved.

The invention provides a sustainable facility obstacle soil improvement method, namely an earthworm and crop rotation planting and breeding circulation improvement method, which utilizes the whole earthworm system to improve obstacle soil. The method carries out rotation planting and planting on earthworm cultivation and crop planting, earthworm cultivation is carried out in the same obstacle-shaped greenhouse for a period of time in one period, after cultivation is finished, part of earthworm cast is turned into soil as a fertilizer (an improver), and part of earthworm cast is transferred to other greenhouses as a fertilizer; and then planting crops in the greenhouse. In the next period, earthworm cultivation is carried out in another shed, and crop planting is carried out after the earthworm cultivation is finished. The circulation is carried out, and after a period of time, all the greenhouses of the whole farm are improved by earthworm cultivation. The invention firstly utilizes the activity of the earthworms to improve the soil; the cultivation process is a land fallow process, and fallow is utilized to improve the soil; thirdly, the wormcast and beneficial microorganisms in the wormcast are utilized to improve the soil.

Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages of positive and obvious technical effect. The advantages of the invention are as follows:

(1) the effect is obvious by combining various improvement technologies. The invention combines various improvement technologies such as the improvement of the soil by the activity and the secretion of the earthworms, the improvement of the soil by fallow, the improvement of the soil by the physical structure and the physical and chemical properties of the earthworm cast and the like, has very obvious effect, and has very great advantages compared with the traditional technologies such as flood irrigation, high-temperature greenhouse stuffiness and the like.

(2) Changing waste into valuable and solving the problem of non-point source pollution. In the process of cultivation, a large amount of earthworm bait is needed, a large amount of organic waste is needed to be consumed, the organic waste comprises livestock and poultry manure and crop straws generated in planting, the problem that the waste pollutes the environment is solved, the waste is converted into earthworm and wormcast, and the earthworm and wormcast are important raw materials of feed and fertilizer.

(3) Additional economic benefits are generated. Compared with the traditional improvement technology which is only purely input, the invention can generate earthworm and wormcast in the cultivation improvement process. Earthworms are important raw materials in fishing, feed, pharmaceutical industry and the like, and have large requirements; wormcast is the best bio-organic fertilizer, and is a good choice whether being used by oneself or sold to fertilizer enterprises. Therefore, the invention can generate additional economic benefit in the improved process besides investment, which is the most acceptable reason for broad farmers. The land belongs to the country, no economic benefit is promoted, farmers stop planting and improve the soil, and the farmers cannot accept the land. The invention solves the problem well.

(4) Increasing the yield and improving the quality. The invention produces a large amount of wormcast which is used for soil improvement and farm planting. The wormcast is the best bio-organic fertilizer, can obviously improve soil, increase crop yield, improve the quality and taste of agricultural products and increase economic benefits.

Detailed Description

The present invention will be described in detail with reference to specific embodiments.

Example 1 earthworm-tomato rotation planting and breeding mode

(1) Arranging stubble cultivation crops: arranging an efficient planting and breeding mode according to the seasonal characteristics of earthworm breeding and the seasonal characteristics of tomatoes. Earthworm (8 months to 1 month next year) and tomato (2-7 months per year) cultivation cycle crop rotation are taken as an exemplary crop rotation mode.

(2) Earthworm breeding: earthworms are cultivated in a greenhouse with obstacle soil, two earthworm cultivation beds are laid in a standard greenhouse of 40m × 8m along the length direction of the greenhouse, the width of each earthworm cultivation bed is 3 m, the thickness of each earthworm cultivation bed is 10-20cm, and the width of a middle passageway of each earthworm cultivation bed is 1.5-2 m. In order to ensure the temperature and humidity in the earthworm breeding process, a layer of sunshade net needs to be laid on the greenhouse top film, and two sprinkling irrigation belts are arranged in the greenhouse. And (3) putting 200kg of earthworm seedlings per mu on the breeding bed. A layer of rice straws is laid on the surface of the cultivation bed in winter to keep the temperature, the earthworm bait is cow dung and straws, the mass ratio of the cow dung to the straws is 2:1, and the fermentation lasts for 10-15 days. The earthworms are fed once every 10 to 15 days according to the feed amount of the earthworms, and 2 to 3 tons of earthworm bait is thrown per mu each time.

(3) Treating earthworms and earthworm casts: after 6 months of cultivation, about 1500kg of wormcast is left per mu to serve as a base fertilizer for tomatoes planted in the greenhouse, and the earthworms on the upper layer and part of wormcast are transferred to other greenhouses to serve as improved fertilizers of other greenhouses and re-cultivated seedlings. In the culture process, about 450kg of earthworms and 10 tons of wormcast are harvested per mu.

(4) Planting: after the earthworm cultivation is finished, the earthworm casts are turned to the soil, and then the tomatoes are planted. In the last 3 months, tomatoes are planted in the earthworms cultivation shed, and in the Shanghai area, varieties such as Mimushi, golden shed I and European Man can be selected. The harvesting starts at the bottom of 5 months according to the growth vigor of the tomatoes and ends in the middle of 7 months. In the tomato planting process, 1500 kg/mu of earthworm manure and 35 kg/mu of compound fertilizer are used as base fertilizer, and the using amount of the compound fertilizer can be reduced by about 10 percent compared with the using amount of the conventional compound fertilizer. In the subsequent growth process of the tomatoes, a water and fertilizer integrated mode of a proportional fertilizer injection pump and drip irrigation is adopted, and 4-6 times of water-soluble fertilizer is properly applied according to the growth vigor until the harvesting is finished. The whole production process adopts a green prevention and control technology of 'four-inducing-one-net'.

(5) Influence on physical and biological properties of soil. After earthworms are cultivated in the greenhouse, the volume weight of the soil is reduced by 10.6% compared with that of the conventional production, the volume weight difference of the soil in the conventional production is obvious, the total porosity of the soil after the earthworms are cultivated is 55.85%, the soil is improved by 10.4% compared with that of the conventional soil, the soil is loose, and the earthworm cultivation method is suitable for crop growth. By breeding earthworms, the total number of soil colonies reaches 2.1 multiplied by 107CFU/g, which is increased by 31.25 percent compared with the conventional production, and the number of soil microorganisms is obviously increased.

(6) Influence on the chemical properties of soil. The chemical property change of the soil before and after earthworm cultivation is larger, wherein the content of organic matters in the soil after cultivation is 21.9g/kg which is obviously higher than that before cultivation, and the soil fertility II level index (20 g/kg-30 g/kg) of green food is achieved; the total salt content in the soil is obviously reduced, the total salt content in the soil before cultivation is close to the critical index of vegetable growth, and the total salt content in the soil after cultivation is 1.57g/kg, which is reduced by 21.89% compared with the total salt content before cultivation. The contents of hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus and quick-acting potassium in the soil after the earthworms are bred are all higher than those before the earthworms are bred, but the difference is not obvious. The pH value of the soil is slightly increased, and the increase is only 0.9%.

(7) And (5) analyzing economic benefits. The cost for culturing earthworms is 13000 yuan, but earthworms and earthworm feces can be harvested after the culturing is finished, and the value is 22000 yuan. The yield of the planted vegetables can be increased by more than 10%, the fertilizer consumption is reduced by more than 10%, the economic benefit is obvious, and the earthworm-tomato stubble economic benefit can be increased by about 21% compared with the conventional cucumber-green leaf vegetable stubble economic benefit.

Claims

1. A method for improving facility obstacle soil, comprising: the method comprises the following steps:

(1) a step of breeding earthworms, in which earthworms are bred in a greenhouse with obstacle soil, two earthworm breeding beds are laid in the greenhouse along the length direction of the greenhouse, the width of each earthworm breeding bed is 2.5-3.2 m, the thickness of each earthworm breeding bed is 10-20cm, and the width of a middle passageway between the two earthworm breeding beds is 1.5-2 m; meanwhile, a layer of sunshade net is laid on a top film of the greenhouse, at least one sprinkling irrigation belt is arranged in the greenhouse, earthworm seedlings are thrown on a culture bed, the earthworm bait is cow dung and straws, the mass ratio of the cow dung to the straws is 2:1, the fermentation is carried out for 10-15 days, the earthworm is thrown every 10-15 days, and 2-3 tons of earthworm bait are thrown every mu each time;

2. The improvement method of facility obstacle soil according to claim 1, wherein: in winter, a layer of straws is laid on the bed surface of the earthworm breeding bed.

3. The improvement method of facility obstacle soil according to claim 1, wherein: in step 1), the size of the greenhouse is 40m by 8 m.

4. The improvement method of facility obstacle soil according to claim 1, wherein: in the step 1), 200kg of earthworm seedlings are put in each mu.

5. The improvement method of facility obstacle soil according to claim 1, wherein: earthworms are bred during 2 to 7 months per year, cucumbers are planted during 8 to 11 months per year, and green-leaf vegetables are planted during 12 to 1 month of the next year.

6. The improvement method of facility obstacle soil according to claim 1, wherein: earthworms are bred during 8 months to 1 month of the next year, and tomatoes are planted during 2 months to 7 months of the year.

7. The improvement method of facility obstacle soil according to claim 1, wherein: earthworms are bred during 2 to 7 months of each year, and green-leaf vegetables are planted during 8 to 1 month of the next year.