CN111742814A - Low-cost tomato culture medium and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Low-cost tomato culture medium and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN111742814A CN111742814A CN202010673123.7A CN202010673123A CN111742814A CN 111742814 A CN111742814 A CN 111742814A CN 202010673123 A CN202010673123 A CN 202010673123A CN 111742814 A CN111742814 A CN 111742814A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
- A01G24/22—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material containing plant material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
- A01G24/12—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material containing soil minerals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
- A01G24/12—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material containing soil minerals
- A01G24/15—Calcined rock, e.g. perlite, vermiculite or clay aggregates
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
- C05D9/00—Other inorganic fertilisers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
- C05G5/40—Fertilisers incorporated into a matrix
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a low-cost tomato culture medium which is prepared from the following materials in percentage by volume: crushing decomposed corn straws: decomposed cow dung: river sand: vermiculite: perlite: the attapulgite is (7-9): (5-7): 2:1:1:2, and provides a preparation method and application thereof. The invention has the beneficial effects that: the substrate has good physicochemical property, all indexes of the substrate accord with the agricultural industry standard, the tomato cultivated by the substrate has good growth vigor and yield quality, and good water and fertilizer retention performance, and meanwhile, the raw material source of the substrate is mainly agricultural and animal husbandry waste, the price is low, the production is simple, the quantity of the raw materials is large, the acquisition is convenient, the production cost of the substrate can be greatly reduced, a new effective way for recycling the agricultural waste is added, the application amount of chemical fertilizer is reduced, the substrate is more green and environment-friendly, and the substrate is a reliable, safe, stable, economic and environment-friendly tomato total nutrient ecological soilless culture substrate.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural soilless culture, and particularly relates to a low-cost tomato culture medium and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
The soil cultivation has the disadvantages that the problems of soil salinization, soil-borne diseases and the like after continuous cropping are serious and difficult to solve, however, the development of agriculture in gobi sandy beach is difficult to realize, but the soilless cultivation technology can effectively solve the problems. The conventional soilless culture substrate is mainly made of inorganic materials, the nutrients needed by plants are few, the crops mainly depend on irrigation nutrient solutions for providing nutrients for the crops during growth and development, the mode is high in operation difficulty and high in cost, and the quality of agricultural products is not guaranteed, so that the development of the culture mode is limited.
The soilless culture substrate taking the corn straws and the cow dung as main raw materials has the characteristics of reducing the production cost of the substrate, increasing the crop yield and the like, and belongs to the technical field of light simplification and cleaning. Meanwhile, a large amount of organic wastes in agricultural production are recycled, so that the resource utilization of the agricultural organic wastes is realized, the continuous cropping obstacles of soil and the spread of soil-borne diseases are overcome, and powerful support can be provided for the development of Gobi agriculture.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a low-cost tomato culture medium and a preparation method and application thereof aiming at the defects in the prior art; the method improves the proportion of the agricultural organic solid wastes to 70 percent, can greatly reduce the production cost of the culture medium, realize resource utilization of a large amount of agricultural organic solid wastes, and can fill the defect that the soilless culture medium is difficult to popularize and apply due to high cost.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows: a low-cost tomato culture medium is prepared from the following materials in percentage by volume: crushing decomposed corn straws: decomposed cow dung: river sand: vermiculite: perlite: the attapulgite is (7-9): (5-7): 2:1:1: 2.
further, the low-cost tomato culture medium is prepared from the following materials in percentage by volume: crushing decomposed corn straws: decomposed cow dung: river sand: vermiculite: perlite: the attapulgite is 9:5:2:1:1: 2.
further, according to the low-cost tomato culture medium, the crushed and decomposed corn straws are crushed straws harvested by the corn combine harvester, the water content is controlled to be 55-65%, 20 kg/t of urea is added, the mixture is uniformly mixed, piled, fermented and decomposed, and the tomato culture medium is aired and crushed; fermenting for 50-60 days, wherein the germination index is more than 80%, the fermented straw is thoroughly decomposed, the thoroughly decomposed straw is aired until the water content is less than 10%, and the straw is crushed to 4 mm.
Further, according to the low-cost tomato culture medium, the decomposed cattle manure is cattle manure of a small-sized farm or a farmer scattered farmer, the water content is controlled to be 55-65%, the mixture is uniform, and the medium is prepared by stacking, fermenting and decomposing; the fermentation duration is 50-60 days, and the fermentation maturity is determined when the germination index is more than 80%.
Further, the low-cost tomato culture medium is characterized in that the river sand is water-washed river sand screened by a 4mm sieve.
The second purpose of the invention is to provide the preparation method of the low-cost tomato culture medium, which comprises the steps of crushing decomposed corn straws, decomposed cow dung, river sand, vermiculite, perlite and attapulgite, fully and uniformly mixing the crushed raw materials according to the volume ratio, and then adding carbendazim to stack, cover and sterilize.
Further, in the preparation method of the low-cost tomato culture medium, the carbendazim is added in an amount of40g/m3The sterilization time is 96-120 h.
After microbial fermentation in corn stalks and cow dung, a target yield method is applied.
The pH of the matrix is 6.5-7.5, and the volume weight is 0.5-0.6g/cm3In the meantime.
The third purpose of the invention is to provide the application of the low-cost tomato culture medium in the full-nutrition ecological soilless culture production of tomatoes.
Furthermore, the application of the low-cost tomato culture medium in the full-nutrition ecological soilless culture production of tomatoes is characterized in that in the using process of the tomato culture medium, a bag culture, groove culture or medium frame culture mode is adopted, tomato seedlings with 7-8 leaf 1 heart seedling age are selected and fixedly planted in the medium, the medium dosage of each tomato plant is 5-10L, irrigation equipment adopts a drip irrigation or drip arrow type system, and the growth period is 150-plus days.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the low-cost tomato culture medium and the preparation method and the application thereof provided by the invention have good physicochemical properties, the relative water content, the volume weight, the total porosity, the ventilation porosity, the water retention porosity, the pH value, the organic matter, the total nitrogen, the total phosphorus, the total potassium and the available nutrients of the medium all accord with the NY/T2118-2012 agricultural industry standard, the tomato cultivated by the medium has good growth vigor, good yield quality and good water and fertilizer retention performance, meanwhile, the raw material source of the invention is mainly agricultural and animal husbandry waste, the price is low, the production is light and simple, the quantity of the raw materials is large, the acquisition is convenient, the substrate production cost can be greatly reduced, a new effective way is added for the resource utilization of agricultural wastes, the application amount of chemical fertilizers is reduced, and the substrate is more green and environment-friendly and is a reliable, safe, stable, economic and environment-friendly tomato total-nutrient ecological soilless culture substrate.
Detailed Description
Part of raw materials used by the invention are as follows:
vermiculite: dabie mountain natural nutrient soil/30054382360618014;
perlite: dabie mountain natural nutrient soil/300540142253618014;
concave-convex rod: the city of Linze county, the Wen Mai Tong attapulgite clay factory/local car rented to the test site.
Example 1:
the low-cost tomato culture medium is prepared by fully and uniformly mixing crushed decomposed corn straws, decomposed cow dung, river sand, vermiculite, perlite and attapulgite according to the volume ratio of 9:5:2:1:1:2, and adding 40g/m of carbendazim3Stacking, coating, sterilizing and disinfecting to obtain the tomato culture medium, and determining the physicochemical property of the matrix, the growth and development of plants, and the yield and quality of the tomato after field planting in the whole growth period.
The matrix has the following physical and chemical properties: the volume weight is 0.58g/cm3(ii) a Total porosity 60%; the air porosity is 19%; water holding porosity 41%; relative water content 31%; the particle size is 1 cm; pH 7.48; EC 2.55 ms/cm.
Selecting tomato seedlings with 7-8 seedling ages and consistent growth vigor of 1 leaf and heart, planting the tomato seedlings in a matrix frame or a cultivation groove, and planting in two rows. The tomato plant spacing is 0.5m, the row spacing is 0.8m, and the seedlings per mu are 45000 plants/hm2. Adopting a drip arrow type irrigation system, irrigating for 15 times in the whole growth period, topdressing for 8 times, and using a commodity substrate as a contrast, wherein the irrigation and fertilization systems are consistent. The physical and chemical properties of the matrix are measured by sampling regularly according to the growth period of the tomatoes, the plant growth and physiological indexes are investigated and measured, and the tomato yield is measured at the same time.
Comparative example 1:
the low-cost tomato culture medium is prepared by fully and uniformly mixing crushed decomposed corn straws, decomposed cow dung, river sand, vermiculite, perlite and attapulgite according to the volume ratio of 7:7:2:1:1:2, and adding 40g/m of carbendazim3Stacking, coating, sterilizing and disinfecting to obtain the tomato culture medium, and determining the physicochemical property of the matrix, the growth and development of plants, and the yield and quality of the tomato after field planting in the whole growth period.
Comparative example 2:
the low-cost tomato culture medium is obtained by fully and uniformly mixing crushed and decomposed corn straws, decomposed cow dung, river sand, vermiculite, perlite and attapulgite according to the volume ratio of 8:6:2:1:1:2, adding carbendazim 40g/m3, stacking, covering with a film, disinfecting and sterilizing, and performing measurement on the physicochemical property of the medium, the growth and development of plants, and the yield and quality of the planted tomatoes in the whole growth period.
Comparative example 3:
the low-cost tomato culture medium is prepared by fully and uniformly mixing crushed decomposed corn straws, decomposed cow dung, river sand, vermiculite, perlite and attapulgite according to the volume ratio of 10:4:2:1:1:2, and adding 40g/m of carbendazim3Stacking, coating, sterilizing and disinfecting to obtain the tomato culture medium, and determining the physicochemical property of the matrix, the growth and development of plants, and the yield and quality of the tomato after field planting in the whole growth period.
Comparative example 4:
the low-cost tomato culture medium is prepared by fully and uniformly mixing crushed decomposed corn straws, decomposed cow dung, vermiculite, perlite and attapulgite according to the volume ratio of 7:7:2:2:2, and adding 40g/m of carbendazim3Stacking, coating, sterilizing and disinfecting to obtain the tomato culture medium, and determining the physicochemical property of the matrix, the growth and development of plants, and the yield and quality of the tomato after field planting in the whole growth period.
Comparative example 5:
the commercial vegetable culture medium purchased from the science and technology of green energy agriculture of Gansu province Limited company, wherein the proportion of coconut chaff and turf is 30%, and the physicochemical property of the medium, the growth and development of plants, and the yield and quality of the medium are measured from the whole growth period of the fixedly planted tomatoes.
Comparative example 6:
the physical and chemical properties of the purchased pure natural peat substrate, the growth and development of plants, and the yield and quality of the plants are measured from the whole growth period of the fixedly planted tomatoes.
Comparative example 7:
the physical and chemical properties of the purchased pure natural coconut husk matrix, the growth and development of plants and the determination of yield and quality are carried out from the whole growth period of the fixedly planted tomatoes.
Low-cost substrate cultivation test method for tomatoes
The test is carried out in a sunlight greenhouse of a soil fertilizer and water-saving agriculture institute Wuwei test station of agricultural academy of Gansu province in 2019, 3-12 months. The tomato variety tested was "Fenxi No. 1" and tested using a total of 8 different substrate treatments, example 1 (T1) and comparative examples 1-7 (D1-D7).
The width of the cultivation groove is 45cm, the depth is 20cm, and the cultivation groove is double-rowPlanting, wherein the large row spacing is 120cm, the small row spacing is 30cm, and the plant spacing is 45 cm. Adopting an arrow-dropping type water-fertilizer integrated machine to supply water and fertilizer, starting topdressing 30 days after planting, topdressing in fruit setting period and other nutrient water-soluble fertilizers (N: P)2O5:K2O =16:16: 16), and applying high-potassium water-soluble fertilizer (N: P) in full bearing period2O5:K2O =10:10: 30) and calcium nitrate.
The agricultural traits and yields of the tomatoes cultivated in example 1 (T1) and comparative examples 1-7 (D1-D7) were followed.
1. Influence of different substrate formulations on agronomic traits
The test result shows that the tomato cultivated by the T1 matrix formula has the best plant height, stem thickness and SPAD value, and is obviously superior to other treatments.
2. Influence of different substrate formulations on tomato yield and production cost thereof
The test result shows that the yield of each tomato plant cultivated by the T1 matrix formula reaches 10.8 kg, and the tomato plant is not obviously different from the tomato plants cultivated by the D3, the tomato plants cultivated by the T5 and the tomato plants cultivated by the D6 matrix formula and is obviously different from other tomato plants. Through accounting, the production cost of the different culture medium formulas is reduced by 36-50% compared with the production cost of the contrast commodity medium. (see Table 1 for details). Table 1 shows the growth and yield index for tomatoes for different substrate formulations.
TABLE 1
Comprehensive evaluation of a culture medium formula:
in conclusion, the substrate formula in the embodiment 1 has the best growth and development in the whole growth period of the tomatoes and the best performance of various agronomic characters and yield; tomato yield T1 was not significantly different from D3, D5, D6. In the tomato growth process, the formula of the substrate has good stability, the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is less, the resource utilization of straws and livestock and poultry manure can be realized under the condition of keeping the yield unchanged, the production cost of the substrate can be greatly reduced, and the formula provides theoretical and experimental basis for the matrixing ecological utilization of agricultural organic wastes.
Finally, it should be noted that: although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that changes may be made in the embodiments and/or equivalents thereof without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. The low-cost tomato culture medium is characterized by being prepared from the following materials in percentage by volume: crushing decomposed corn straws: decomposed cow dung: river sand: vermiculite: perlite: the attapulgite is (7-9): (5-7): 2:1:1: 2.
2. the low-cost tomato culture medium as claimed in claim 1, which is prepared from the following materials by volume ratio: crushing decomposed corn straws: decomposed cow dung: river sand: vermiculite: perlite: the attapulgite is 9:5:2:1:1: 2.
3. the low-cost tomato culture medium as claimed in claim 1, wherein the crushed and decomposed corn stalks are crushed stalks of a corn combine harvester after harvesting, the water content is controlled to be 55-65%, 20 kg/t of urea is added, the mixture is uniformly mixed, piled, fermented and decomposed, and the tomato culture medium is aired and crushed; fermenting for 50-60 days, wherein the germination index is more than 80%, the fermented straw is thoroughly decomposed, the thoroughly decomposed straw is aired until the water content is less than 10%, and the straw is crushed to 4 mm.
4. The low-cost tomato culture medium according to claim 1, wherein the decomposed cattle manure is cattle manure of a small-sized farm or a farmer scattered farmer, the water content is controlled to be 55-65%, the mixture is uniformly mixed, and the mixture is piled up, fermented and decomposed; the fermentation duration is 50-60 days, and the fermentation maturity is determined when the germination index is more than 80%.
5. The low-cost tomato cultivation medium as claimed in claim 1, wherein the river sand is water-washed river sand passing through a 4mm sieve.
6. The method for preparing a low-cost tomato culture medium according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein the raw materials are crushed and thoroughly decomposed corn stalks, thoroughly decomposed cow dung, river sand, vermiculite, perlite and attapulgite are mixed uniformly according to the volume ratio, and then carbendazim is added to build a stack, cover a film, sterilize and sterilize.
7. The method for preparing low-cost tomato cultivation medium as claimed in claim 6, wherein carbendazim is added in an amount of 40g/m3The sterilization time is 96-120 h.
8. Use of a low-cost tomato culture medium according to any one of claims 1-5 in the production of tomato full-nutrition ecotype soilless culture.
9. The application of the low-cost tomato culture medium in the full-nutrition ecological soilless culture production of tomatoes as claimed in claim 8, wherein in the using process of the tomato culture medium, bag culture, tank culture or medium frame culture is adopted, tomato seedlings with 7-8 leaves and 1 heart are selected and planted in the medium, the medium dosage of each tomato is 5-10L, irrigation equipment adopts a drip irrigation or drip arrow type system, and the growth period is 120-150 days.
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| CN112243833A (en) * | 2020-10-15 | 2021-01-22 | 沈阳农业大学 | Special culture medium for high-sugar tomatoes |
| CN112931144A (en) * | 2021-01-21 | 2021-06-11 | 新疆生产建设兵团第九师农业科学研究所(畜牧科学研究所) | Organic ecological cultivation formula and cultivation method thereof |
| CN113711888A (en) * | 2021-06-04 | 2021-11-30 | 北京市农林科学院 | Solanaceous vegetable culture medium and preparation method thereof |
| CN113994856A (en) * | 2021-09-30 | 2022-02-01 | 张掖市农业科学研究院 | Method for preventing tomato fruit cracking |
| CN114097571A (en) * | 2021-12-09 | 2022-03-01 | 甘肃省农业科学院土壤肥料与节水农业研究所 | Method for fermentation and matrixing cyclic utilization of corn straw |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN113711888A (en) * | 2021-06-04 | 2021-11-30 | 北京市农林科学院 | Solanaceous vegetable culture medium and preparation method thereof |
| CN113711888B (en) * | 2021-06-04 | 2023-02-28 | 北京市农林科学院 | Solanaceous vegetable culture medium and preparation method thereof |
| CN113994856A (en) * | 2021-09-30 | 2022-02-01 | 张掖市农业科学研究院 | Method for preventing tomato fruit cracking |
| CN114097571A (en) * | 2021-12-09 | 2022-03-01 | 甘肃省农业科学院土壤肥料与节水农业研究所 | Method for fermentation and matrixing cyclic utilization of corn straw |
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