CN111718465A - 一种聚二硫缩醛及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种聚二硫缩醛及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111718465A CN111718465A CN202010551937.3A CN202010551937A CN111718465A CN 111718465 A CN111718465 A CN 111718465A CN 202010551937 A CN202010551937 A CN 202010551937A CN 111718465 A CN111718465 A CN 111718465A
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- cinnamaldehyde
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种聚二硫缩醛及其制备方法和应用。本发明的聚二硫缩醛具有良好的生物相容性和可降解性,可在水相中自组装形成纳米颗粒并用作疏水性抗癌药物的运输载体,在肿瘤细胞内溶酶体酸性和高谷胱甘肽含量的环境中可以快速释放出颗粒内核中的疏水性抗癌药物,放大肿瘤细胞内的氧化应激水平,从而有效逆转耐药,具有巨大的临床应用潜能。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种聚二硫缩醛及其制备方法和应用,属于聚合物材料技术领域。
背景技术
在化疗过程中,癌细胞会不断进化而产生多药耐药(MDR),会严重限制肿瘤治疗的效果,影响患者的生存和生活质量。在逆转多药耐药的方法中,调节活性氧(ROS)水平是杀死机制多样化的多药耐药癌细胞的一种较为有效的方法。癌细胞中的活性氧在调节和诱导细胞凋亡方面起着重要作用,与癌细胞的增殖、存活和耐药息息相关。与不耐药癌细胞和正常细胞相比,耐药癌细胞的活性氧水平和抗氧化酶活性明显升高,因此,多药耐药癌细胞更容易受到活性氧水平改变的影响。大量研究表明,具有调节细胞活性氧水平的化合物可以使多药耐药癌细胞对化疗药物敏感。
纳米药物载体是一种纳米级别的药物载体输送系统,将药物包封于微粒中或吸附于微粒表面,以调节释药速度、增加生物膜的通过性、改变药物在体内的分布、提高药物生物利用率等。纳米载药技术是纳米生物技术和现代药剂学技术的重要发展方向之一,在医学领域应用方面的研究具有广阔的应用前景。
因此,开发一种可以用来输送抗癌药物的材料,提高抗癌药物在耐药细胞内的浓度,并且实现抗癌药物在胞内的快速释放,放大肿瘤细胞内的氧化应激水平,从而有效逆转耐药,具有重大意义。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于一种聚二硫缩醛及其制备方法和应用。
本发明所采取的技术方案是:
一种聚二硫缩醛,结构式为:
其中,m为110~117的自然数,n为10~16的自然数。
上述聚二硫缩醛的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)进行肉桂醛和原甲酸三甲酯的反应,得到肉桂醛甲基缩醛;
2)进行肉桂醛甲基缩醛和2-羟乙基二硫化物的反应,得到肉桂醛二硫单体;
3)进行肉桂醛二硫单体和己二异氰酸酯的聚合反应,再通过甲氧基聚乙二醇终止反应,得到聚二硫缩醛。
优选的,上述聚二硫缩醛的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)将肉桂醛、原甲酸三甲酯和酸性催化剂分散在溶剂中,进行反应,再对产物进行分离纯化,得到肉桂醛甲基缩醛;
2)将肉桂醛甲基缩醛、2-羟乙基二硫化物和酸性催化剂分散在溶剂中,进行反应,再对产物进行分离纯化,得到肉桂醛二硫单体;
3)将肉桂醛二硫单体、己二异氰酸酯和催化剂分散在溶剂中,进行聚合反应,再加入甲氧基聚乙二醇终止反应,再对产物进行分离纯化,得到聚二硫缩醛。
优选的,步骤1)所述肉桂醛、原甲酸三甲酯的摩尔比为1:(2~4)。
优选的,步骤1)和步骤2)所述酸性催化剂为对甲苯磺酸一水合物、浓硫酸、硫酸铁中的至少一种。
优选的,步骤1)所述酸性催化剂的添加量为肉桂醛质量的3%~5%。
优选的,步骤1)所述溶剂为甲醇、二氯甲烷、四氢呋喃中的至少一种。
优选的,步骤1)所述反应在加热回流状态下进行,反应时间为3~5h。
优选的,步骤2)所述肉桂醛甲基缩醛、2-羟乙基二硫化物的摩尔比为1:(2~4)。
优选的,步骤2)所述酸性催化剂的添加量为肉桂醛甲基缩醛质量的0.5%~1%。
优选的,步骤2)所述溶剂为苯、甲苯、1,4-二氧六环中的至少一种。
优选的,步骤2)所述反应在加热回流状态下进行,反应时间为36~48h。
优选的,步骤3)所述肉桂醛二硫单体、己二异氰酸酯的摩尔比为1:(0.9~1.1)。
优选的,步骤3)所述甲氧基聚乙二醇的数均分子量为4000~6000g/mol。
优选的,步骤3)所述甲氧基聚乙二醇的添加量为己二异氰酸酯质量的0.02%~0.05%。
优选的,步骤3)所述催化剂为有机锡催化剂、二甲基环己胺、有机铋催化剂中的至少一种。
优选的,步骤3)所述锡催化剂的添加量为己二异氰酸酯质量的5%~10%。
优选的,步骤3)所述溶剂为四氢呋喃、二氯甲烷、乙腈中的至少一种。
本发明的有益效果是:本发明的聚二硫缩醛具有良好的生物相容性和可降解性,可在水相中自组装形成纳米颗粒并用作疏水性抗癌药物的运输载体,在肿瘤细胞内溶酶体酸性和高谷胱甘肽含量的环境中可以快速释放出颗粒内核中的疏水性抗癌药物,放大肿瘤细胞内的氧化应激水平,从而有效逆转耐药,具有巨大的临床应用潜能。
附图说明
图1为本发明的聚二硫缩醛的合成路线图。
图2为肉桂醛甲基缩醛的核磁共振氢谱图。
图3为肉桂醛二硫单体的核磁共振氢谱图。
图4为聚二硫缩醛的核磁共振氢谱图。
图5为载药纳米颗粒CD-NP在水溶液中的粒径分布情况。
图6为载药纳米颗粒CD-NP在不同条件下粒径的变化情况图。
图7为载药纳米颗粒CD-NP在不同条件下的体外药物释放曲线图。
图8为流式细胞仪检测肿瘤细胞对载药纳米颗粒CD-NP的摄取情况图。
图9为激光共聚焦观察肿瘤细胞对载药纳米颗粒CD-NP的摄取情况图。
图10为聚二硫缩醛胞内氧化应激放大作用试验图。
图11为载药纳米颗粒CD-NP对MCF-7、MCF-7/ADR细胞杀伤效果试验图。
图12为载药纳米颗粒CD-NP的生物体内分布试验图。
图13为载药纳米颗粒CD-NP的体内治疗试验图。
图14为体内治疗实验中各实验组小鼠体重变化曲线图。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明作进一步的解释和说明。
实施例:
一种聚二硫缩醛,其制备方法包括以下步骤(合成路线图如图1所示):
1)将2.0g(15.13mmol)的肉桂醛(CA)、3.21g(30.26mmol)的原甲酸三甲酯和80mg(0.42mmol)的对甲苯磺酸一水合物分散在50mL的甲醇中,加热回流3h,再用饱和碳酸氢钠溶液稀释反应液,再用乙酸乙酯萃取2次,收集有机层,用饱和氯化钠溶液洗涤3次,收集有机层,用无水硫酸镁干燥,然后用旋转蒸发仪旋干溶剂,得到肉桂醛甲基缩醛(CA-acetal);
2)将4.63g(30mmol)的2-羟乙基二硫化物分散在30mL的苯中,再将10mg(0.05mmol)的对甲苯磺酸一水合物分散在3.5mL的乙酸乙酯中,再将两种溶液混合,再加入1.78g(10mmol)的肉桂醛甲基缩醛,加热回流48h,再加入2mL的三乙胺终止反应,再将反应液通入中性氧化铝柱(洗脱剂为质量比2:1的正己烷和乙酸乙酯)进行纯化,得到肉桂醛二硫单体(CA-SS);
3)将115.1mg(2.72mmol)的肉桂醛二硫单体分散在5mL的无水四氢呋喃(THF)中,再置于20mL的烧瓶中密封充氮气除氧20min,将46.9μL(2.92mmol)的己二异氰酸酯分散在2mL的无水四氢呋喃中,再滴加进烧瓶,滴加完后50℃油浴搅拌反应12h,再将34mg(0.068mmol)数均分子量5000g/mol的甲氧基聚乙二醇分散在2mL的四氢呋喃中,并加入烧瓶,继续反应12h,再在冰乙醚中沉淀3次,得到聚二硫缩醛(pCS)。
性能测试:
1)聚二硫缩醛的表征:
肉桂醛甲基缩醛的核磁共振氢谱图(1H NMR)如图2所示,肉桂醛二硫单体的核磁共振氢谱图如图3所示,聚二硫缩醛的核磁共振氢谱图如图4所示。
由图2~4可知:聚二硫缩醛的平均聚合度(DP)为13,即n=13,m=114。
载药纳米颗粒的制备:
将5mg的盐酸阿霉素分散在1mL的二甲基亚砜(DMSO)中,再加入100μL的三乙胺,室温下搅拌反应12h除去盐酸盐,得到疏水的阿霉素,再加入50mg的聚乙二醇-聚乳酸-羟基乙酸(PEG-PLGA)或聚二硫缩醛(pCS),混匀后缓慢滴加到9mL的超纯水中,室温搅拌3h,将颗粒溶液转移到透析袋(MWCO 3500)中,在超纯水中透析24h除去DMSO,3000rpm离心5min除去游离的阿霉素,得到的载药纳米颗粒分别标记为PD-NP和CD-NP。采用多功能微孔检测板分析系统,通过检测480nm处的紫外吸收来测定颗粒阿霉素的含量。
载药纳米颗粒的载药量(DLC)及包封效率(EE)通过以下公式计算得到:
载药量(%)=颗粒包载阿霉素的总质量/包载阿霉素的纳米颗粒的总质量×100%;
包封效率(%)=颗粒包载阿霉素的总质量/阿霉素总的投药量×100%。
2)载药纳米颗粒的特性:
载药纳米颗粒响应的粒径变化:采用动态光散射仪(DLS)检测载药纳米颗粒CD-NP的粒径,测试结果如图5所示。
由图5可知:载药纳米颗粒CD-NP的粒径在120nm左右。
3)载药纳米颗粒的响应性:
1、载药纳米颗粒响应的粒径变化:将载药纳米颗粒CD-NP分别在pH=7.4、pH=5.0、pH=7.4+GSH(谷胱甘肽,10mmol/L)、pH=5.0+GSH(10mmol/L,模拟溶酶体酸性和肿瘤细胞高谷胱甘肽含量的微环境)的0.02mol/L的PBS缓冲液中孵育培养12h,测试得到的CD-NP在不同条件下的粒径变化情况图如图6所示。
由图6可知:载药纳米颗粒CD-NP的尺寸减小到8.7±2.5nm。
2、载药纳米颗粒的体外药物释放:采用透析法测量阿霉素的释放情况。将CD-NP(2mg/mL,1mL)分散在0.02mol/L的磷酸缓冲盐溶液(PBS)中,再转移到透析袋(MWCO:3500Da)中,置于37℃水浴中在不同条件下振荡孵育。按照预定的间隔,收集1mL透析袋的外液,并用1mL新鲜缓冲液代替。采用多功能微孔检测板分析系统,通过检测480nm处的紫外吸收来测定颗粒阿霉素的浓度,测试结果如图7所示。
由图7可知:CD-NP在不同条件下(pH=7.4、pH=5.0、pH=7.4+GSH、pH=5.0+GSH)孵育60h后,CD-NP在pH=7.4的中性环境下,阿霉素释放率仅23.1%。当在pH=5.0+GSH的环境下,在60h内CD-NP阿霉素释放率达93.3%,药物释放量明显增加。这些实验结果表明了CD-NP具有响应性释放,我们推测是因为CD-NP具有大量的缩醛、二硫键,在pH=5.0+GSH环境下能发生断裂,导致颗粒崩解快速释放出药物。
4)载药纳米颗粒的体外细胞实验:
1、肿瘤细胞对载药纳米颗粒的摄取:选取人乳腺癌多药耐药MCF-7/ADR细胞系测试聚二硫缩醛纳米颗粒对阿霉素的输送效果。分别设置阿霉素(DOX)、DOX+CA+BSO(丁硫氨酸-亚砜亚胺,一种谷胱甘肽合成酶抑制剂)、DOX+pCS、PD-NP和CD-NP([DOX]=4.0μg/mL)五组实验组。分别将上述五组分溶液与MCF-7/ADR肿瘤细胞系共同培养4h,洗去未被摄取的颗粒或药物,用流式细胞仪检测细胞内阿霉素的含量,测试结果如图8所示。
由图8可知:与DOX实验组对比,氧化应激策略实验组细胞内的阿霉素荧光强度都明显增强,表明放大肿瘤内氧化应激策略能有效克服阿霉素耐药。
2、载药纳米颗粒的细胞摄取实验:利用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜观察人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞系和多药耐药MCF-7/ADR细胞系不同条件处理后胞内阿霉素摄取情况。和流式细胞摄取实验一样,将细胞和DOX、DOX+CA+BSO、DOX+pCS、PD-NP和CD-NP共培养摄取4h([DOX]=4.0μg/mL),测试结果如图9所示。
由图9可知:在采用氧化应激策略的实验组,MCF-7/ADR细胞内的DOX的红色荧光明显强于DOX和PD-NP组,而MCF-7细胞,不同组的阿霉素荧光强度并无显著差异。证明了放大氧化应激的策略能够有效克服阿霉素耐药并增强肿瘤细胞对阿霉素的摄取,使阿霉素在肿瘤细胞内富集。
3、聚二硫缩醛材料胞内氧化应激放大作用:细胞内活性氧(ROS)可将无荧光的2',7'-二氯二氢荧光素二乙酸酯(DCFH-DA)氧化生成有荧光的2',7'-二氯荧光素(DCF)。因此,可以通过检测DCF的荧光强度来评估细胞内活性氧的水平。在本研究中,为了了解聚二硫缩醛材料对肿瘤细胞氧化应激的放大作用,我们分别将PBS、CA、BSO、NEM和pCS五种组分与MCF-7/ADR肿瘤细胞系共同培养4h。用DCFH-DA或Thiol Tracker Violet染色30min,然后利用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜观察胞内ROS、GSH的荧光,测试结果如图10所示。
由图10可知:pCS实验组胞内ROS荧光显著增强,而GSH的荧光显著降低。基于上述的实验结果,我们可以得出结论:聚二硫缩醛材料可以放大肿瘤细胞内的氧化应激水平。
4、载药纳米颗粒对MCF-7或MCF-7/ADR细胞的杀伤效果实验:以DOX组做对照组,将MCF-7或MCF-7/ADR细胞和不同DOX浓度梯度(0.10、1.50、3.00、12.50、25.00、50.00μg/mL)的载药纳米颗粒(CD-NP)共同培养48h。用噻唑蓝比色法(MTT法)检测各实验组肿瘤细胞活性,测试结果如图11所示。
由图11可知:在六个浓度梯度的DOX浓度下,DOX实验组对MCF-7/ADR细胞杀伤效果并不好。CD-NP对MCF-7或MCF-7/ADR细胞的杀伤效果相似,表明CD-NP可有效克服MCF-7/ADR细胞的耐药。
5)动物水平实验:
1、载药纳米颗粒的生物体内分布试验:选取6只BABL/c Nude小鼠随机均分成2组,当肿瘤体积达到200mm3时,通过尾静脉分别注射PEG-PLGA或pCS包载荧光分子IR-780的颗粒溶液(PD-NP和CD-NP,[IR-780]=1mg/kg)。所有小鼠分别于注射前0、注射后1、2、4、8、12、24和36h成像,在给药后36h处死小鼠,收集主要器官(肝、肾、肺、脾、心)和肿瘤,使用与全身成像相同的条件进行体外荧光成像,测试结果如图12所示。
由图12可知:纳米颗粒在小鼠体内能够实现良好的长循环,且很好的在肿瘤部位富集。
2、体内抗肿瘤治疗试验:取30只植有MCF-7/ADR乳腺癌原位模型的BABL/c Nude小鼠,随机均分为5组,每组6只小鼠。分别尾静脉注射100μL PBS、DOX(5mg/kg DOX,100μL)、PD-NP(5mg/kg DOX,100μL)、CD-NP(2.5mg/kg DOX,100μL)或CD-NP(5mg/kg DOX,100μL),每两天给一次药,共四次,对小鼠进行为期14天的治疗实验。在整个治疗过程中,每两天用游标卡尺对肿瘤的体积进行测量,并检测各实验组小鼠体重变化,测试结果如图13和图14所示。肿瘤体积的计算公式如下:体积(mm3)=0.5×长×宽2。
由图13可知:PBS组以及DOX组,肿瘤生长迅速。PD-NP和CD-NP(2.5)组对肿瘤生长具有一定的抑制效果。而CD-NP(5)对肿瘤生长具有明显的抑制作用。这是由于载药纳米颗粒能有效输送DOX,提高肿瘤细胞内DOX浓度,而CD-NP还可放大肿瘤内氧化应激水平,增强DOX对耐药肿瘤的治疗效果。
由图14可知:在整个治疗过程中,各组小鼠体重未出现明显变化,证明了各实验组组分未对小鼠造成严重的全身毒性,说明聚二硫缩醛材料具有良好的生物相容性。
上述实施例为本发明较佳的实施方式,但本发明的实施方式并不受上述实施例的限制,其他的任何未背离本发明的精神实质与原理下所作的改变、修饰、替代、组合、简化,均应为等效的置换方式,都包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
2.权利要求1所述的聚二硫缩醛的制备方法,其特征在于:包括以下步骤:
1)进行肉桂醛和原甲酸三甲酯的反应,得到肉桂醛甲基缩醛;
2)进行肉桂醛甲基缩醛和2-羟乙基二硫化物的反应,得到肉桂醛二硫单体;
3)进行肉桂醛二硫单体和己二异氰酸酯的聚合反应,再通过甲氧基聚乙二醇终止反应,得到聚二硫缩醛。
3.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于:包括以下步骤:
1)将肉桂醛、原甲酸三甲酯和酸性催化剂分散在溶剂中,进行反应,再对产物进行分离纯化,得到肉桂醛甲基缩醛;
2)将肉桂醛甲基缩醛、2-羟乙基二硫化物和酸性催化剂分散在溶剂中,进行反应,再对产物进行分离纯化,得到肉桂醛二硫单体;
3)将肉桂醛二硫单体、己二异氰酸酯和催化剂分散在溶剂中,进行聚合反应,再加入甲氧基聚乙二醇终止反应,再对产物进行分离纯化,得到聚二硫缩醛。
4.根据权利要求2或3所述的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤1)所述肉桂醛、原甲酸三甲酯的摩尔比为1:(2~4)。
5.根据权利要求3所述的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤1)和步骤2)所述酸性催化剂为对甲苯磺酸一水合物、浓硫酸、硫酸铁中的至少一种。
6.根据权利要求2或3所述的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤2)所述肉桂醛甲基缩醛、2-羟乙基二硫化物的摩尔比为1:(2~4)。
7.根据权利要求2或3所述的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤3)所述肉桂醛二硫单体、己二异氰酸酯的摩尔比为1:(0.9~1.1)。
8.根据权利要求2或3所述的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤3)所述甲氧基聚乙二醇的数均分子量为4000~6000g/mol。
9.根据权利要求3所述的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤3)所述催化剂为有机锡催化剂、二甲基环己胺、有机铋催化剂中的至少一种。
10.权利要求1所述的聚二硫缩醛用于制备载药纳米颗粒的应用。
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