CN111462969B - 具有低开关温度和尖锐结晶行为的pptc组合物和器件 - Google Patents
具有低开关温度和尖锐结晶行为的pptc组合物和器件 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111462969B CN111462969B CN202010040506.0A CN202010040506A CN111462969B CN 111462969 B CN111462969 B CN 111462969B CN 202010040506 A CN202010040506 A CN 202010040506A CN 111462969 B CN111462969 B CN 111462969B
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- pptc device
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Abstract
本发明提供了具有低开关温度和尖锐结晶行为的PPTC组合物和器件。PPTC器件可包括第一电极和与第一电极相对设置的第二电极。该PPTC器件可包括设置在第一电极和第二电极之间的PPTC层,该PPTC层包括由热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)材料形成的聚合物基体。
Description
背景技术
技术领域
实施方案涉及电路保护设备的领域,包括熔断器设备。
相关领域的讨论
在各种应用中,聚合物正温度系数(PPTC)器件可用作过流或过温保护设备,以及电流传感器或温度传感器。例如,PPTC器件可包括聚合物材料和导电填料,其由于聚合物材料中的改变诸如熔融转变或玻璃化转变而提供从低电阻状态转变到高电阻状态的混合物。在此类转变温度(有时称为跳闸温度)下,其中跳闸温度可常常在室温或更高的范围内,聚合物基体可膨胀并破坏导电网络,使得复合材料不太导电。电阻的该改变赋予PPTC材料类似的熔断特性,当PPTC材料冷却回到室温时,该电阻可为可逆的。
对于许多应用,作为温度的函数的电导率的急剧转变是有用的。这种急剧的电转变又取决于形成PPTC器件的聚合物基体的状态的急剧转变。对于跳闸温度高于100℃的高温开关应用,许多不同的聚合物组合物是已知的,包括聚乙烯(PE)、聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)、乙烯四氟乙烯(ETFE)基聚合物、聚芳酰胺等。这些聚合物体系中的每一种都通过半结晶或结晶聚合物来表征,该聚合物表现出相对明确限定的熔点,以赋予尖锐的开关行为。此外,PPTC开关冷却时的结晶行为被相对明确地限定,导致能够在多个开关事件中重复使用这种材料。然而,低温PPTC器件的发展受到缺乏在100℃以下具有明确限定的熔融和结晶行为的聚合物的困扰。
发明内容
在一个实施方案中,提供了一种PPTC器件材料。PPTC器件可包括第一电极和与第一电极相对设置的第二电极。PPTC器件可包括设置在第一电极和第二电极之间的PPTC层,PPTC层包括由热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)材料形成的聚合物基体。
在另一个实施方案中,一种形成PPTC器件的方法可包括基于聚己内酯材料或热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)材料形成聚合物基体材料。该方法可包括:将聚合物基体材料溶解在溶剂中以形成聚合物混合物;将导电填料混合到聚合物混合物中以形成油墨;以及将油墨施加到基底上。
在又一个实施方案中,聚合物正温度系数(PPTC)器件可包括带、设置在带上的第一电极和设置在带上的第二电极。PPTC器件还可包括在第一电极和第二电极之间设置在带上的PPTC膜,PPTC膜包括由热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)材料形成的聚合物基体材料。
附图说明
图1描绘了根据本公开的实施方案的PPTC器件的侧视图;
图2描绘了根据本公开的实施方案的另一种PPTC器件的侧面剖视图;
图3A描绘了根据本公开的实施方案的另一种PPTC器件的侧面剖视图;
图3B描绘了图3A的PPTC器件的一些变型的俯视平面图;
图4描绘了示出根据本公开的实施方案布置的参考材料和另一组PPTC材料的电阻根据温度的曲线图;
图5A描绘了示出根据本公开的实施方案布置的另外的PPTC材料加热期间的电阻根据温度的曲线图;
图5B描绘了示出图5A的PPTC材料冷却期间的电阻根据温度的曲线图;以及
图6示出了根据本公开的其它实施方案的工艺流程。
具体实施方式
现在将在下文中参考附图更完整地描述本发明的实施方案,其中示出了示例性实施方案。这些实施方案不应理解为限于本文所述的实施方案。相反,提供这些实施方案是为了使得本公开将是彻底和完整的,并且将向本领域的技术人员充分传达它们的范围。在整个附图中,类似的数字是指类似的元件。
在以下具体实施方式和/或权利要求书中,术语“在……上”,“上覆”,“设置在……上”和“在……之上”可用于以下具体实施方式和权利要求中。“在……上”,“上覆”,“设置在……上”和“在……之上”可用于指示两个或更多个元件彼此直接物理接触。另外,术语“在……上”,“上覆”,“设置在……上”和“在……之上”可表示两个或更多个元件彼此不直接接触。例如,“在……之上”可表示一个元件在另一个元件之上而不彼此接触,并且可在这两个元件之间具有另一个元件或多个元件。此外,术语“和/或”可以是指“和”,它可以是指“或”,它可以是指“排他性的或”,它可以是指“一个”,它可以是指“一些,但不是全部”,它可以是指“都不是”,和/或它可以是指“二者”,尽管在这方面受权利要求书保护的主题的范围不受限制。
在各种实施方案中,提供了用于形成PPTC器件的新方法和组合物,例如包括低温传感器、熔断器和用于保护电池、电路板、FET和二极管的其他器件。根据一些实施方案,提供了具有在50℃至70℃范围内的开关温度的器件。此外,在一些实施方案中,提供了产生低于开关温度的复位或结晶温度的组合物,包括快速复位材料,如下文所讨论的。根据各种实施方案,提供了PPTC材料,其在一系列溶剂中表现出可接受的溶解性,能够用于油墨,并因此促进低成本制造工艺,并且与各种基底(柔性、热敏或刚性)和导体兼容。因此,本实施方案提供了使用对高温或氧气敏感的材料的可能性,因为仅仅低温烘烤可用来去除溶剂和回流聚合物。
在各种实施方案中,PPTC器件基于粘合型材料制造,其中这些材料通常可能发粘并且难以配混,并且可能表现出部分结晶度,诸如相对低的结晶度。因此,这些材料以前没有被考虑用于PPTC应用。
根据本公开的各种实施方案,提供了基于聚己内酯或PCL的PPTC器件。PCL表现出大约60℃的熔点,这为制造低温传感器或开关提供了可能。在一些实施方案中,提供了基于衍生自己内酯的共聚物的PPTC材料和器件。在一些实施方案中,提供了基于PCL的聚氨酯,而在另外的实施方案中,提供了基于诸如聚酯的其他材料的聚氨酯。
在特定的实施方案中,PPTC材料由热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)形成,如下文详述的。通常,TPU是基于多元醇或长链二醇、扩链剂或短链二醇和二异氰酸酯的嵌段共聚物。共聚物的软嵌段由多元醇和异氰酸酯构成,而共聚物的硬嵌段由扩链剂和异氰酸酯构成。这种组合赋予弹性体特性和韧性特性。通常,已知三类TPU:聚酯基、聚醚基和聚己内酯基。在TPU中,硬嵌段部分可代表结晶区,其中结晶区可经历可逆的熔体转变,在该转变期间,不同聚合物链上的各个硬嵌段组分在高于熔体温度的加热过程中彼此解离,并且在低于熔体温度的冷却后彼此再结合并重结晶成嵌段。
如下所示,在一些实施方案中,PPTC材料由聚合物形成,该聚合物包括诸如己内酯、聚己内酯、氨基甲酸酯、聚氨酯、多元醇、二醇和其他材料的结构单元。这种聚合物可以是具有己内酯、氨基甲酸酯、多元醇和结合到聚合物链中的其他单元的共聚物。在特定的实施方案中,可将适当水平的交联赋予PPTC聚合物材料,以在使用期间提供机械稳定性。
通过在己内酯基聚合物和/或TPU基聚合物中结合适量的导电或半导电颗粒,可生产低电阻到高电阻(PPTC反常效应)开关,其中开关行为与聚合物中的熔体转变相关,如下面的实施方案中详述的。
转向图1,示出了根据本公开的实施方案的PPTC器件100的侧视图。PPTC器件100可包括基底102、PPTC器件层104和相对的电极,显示为电极106。在一些实施方案中,基底102可以是柔性基底,诸如带。相对电极可以这样的方式设置,其中两个电极都设置在基底102上,而PPTC器件层104也设置在基底102上。这样,在给定的开关温度下,PPTC器件100可用于为通常平行于基底102的平面流动的电流,诸如沿着x轴线流动的电流,产生电阻增加。根据本公开的实施方案,PPTC器件层104可包括己内酯基聚合物和导电填料,或者TPU基聚合物和导电填料,并且可表现出在50℃至70℃范围内的熔融温度。这样,PPTC器件100可用于开关温度在50℃至70℃范围内有用的各种应用,包括作为电池器件中的传感器。
图2呈现了另一个PPTC器件,示出为PPTC器件110。在这种情况下,示出为电极116的一对电极设置在具有合适的导电填料的PPTC器件部件114(诸如己内酯基或TPU基聚合物材料)的相对侧上。这样,PPTC器件110可充当低温传感器或开关,以增加沿z轴线行进的电流的电阻。
转到图3A,示出了根据本公开的实施方案的另一个PPTC器件120的侧视图。图3B描绘了PPTC器件120的一些变型的俯视平面图,示出了布置在带状基底上的PPTC部件124的线性阵列。
PPTC器件120可包括充当基底的带122,多个PPTC部件附连到该基底上。作为示例,通常如图1所述布置的多个PPTC部件以电气串联方式布置,并附连到带122。PPTC部件可使用沿着带122的表面布置的导体126彼此电连接。PPTC部件124的开关温度可在50℃到70℃的范围内,因此PPTC器件120可用于要求电流限制在大约50℃到70℃以上的应用。在特定的实施方案中,PPTC器件120可应用于另一个要保护的部件或器件,诸如电池或电池组,其中操作将被限制在诸如60℃的设计温度以下。在一些实例中,带122可附连到电池或电池组的各种不同位置,以使用PPTC部件124之一来监测每个位置的温度,从而监测各种不同位置的温度。
现在转到图4,示出了根据本公开的实施方案布置的一系列PPTC器件的电阻测量结果。在该示例中,PPTC器件由基于聚己内酯PPTC材料的PPTC部件形成,具有大约55℃的开关温度,如图所示。在这些样品中,自热高度(ATH),即低温和高温状态之间电阻比的对数,为大约2.4。因此,当PPTC部件在发生在大约10℃的温度范围内的大约55℃下经历熔体转变时,电阻增加了两个数量级以上。这种电阻变化对于诸如传感器应用的某些应用可能是足够的。值得注意的是,在需要执行切换的多种情况下要保持PPTC器件的机械稳定性和完整性的应用中,可能需要聚己内酯材料的给定交联度。在这些情况下,作为一种方法,交联可通过将PPTC材料暴露于辐射下来实现。在这种情况下,这些实施方案不受限制。
在本公开的特定实施方案中,交联促进剂可添加到己内酯中,以在暴露于辐射时促进交联。例如,氰尿酸三烯丙酯(TAC)或异氰尿酸三烯丙酯(TAIC)可少量添加到己内酯中以促进交联。众所周知,诸如1重量%分数的TAIC可促进聚己内酯在低至20kGY的吸收剂量下的交联,其中可观察到高达80%的交联。在没有TAIC的情况下,在这样的吸收剂量下己内酯可能基本上保持未交联(0%)。
值得注意的是,在一些实施方案中,接近60℃的开关温度可通过使用不同的交联方案(诸如催化剂或暴露于诸如电子束辐射的辐射束)而在一定程度上被调节。在一些实例中,例如,如图4所示,当温度升高到远高于熔融温度时,PPTC材料显示出较小的负温度系数(NTC效应),但是这种效应可通过辐射交联(电子束或γ射线辐射)来消除。
此外,为了改善结晶行为,聚己内酯可合成为具有相对较低的分子量,诸如低于20,000,并且在一些情况下大约为14,000。此外,聚己内酯可合成为具有诸如低于1.5的窄分子量分布(该分布可由重均分子量与数均分子量的比率来表征),以便提高开关转变的急剧程度。
虽然己内酯通过暴露于辐射剂量的交联可通过TAIC促进,但是交联通常也可降低基于纯己内酯的PPTC材料的ATH的值。因此,根据本公开的另外的实施方案,对于需要交联来稳定基于己内酯材料的PPTC器件的应用,可向己内酯中添加额外的组分。
根据本公开的各种实施方案,PPTC材料可包括基于己内酯和已知的热塑性氨基甲酸酯基单体的共聚物。已知的含有PCL的热塑性氨基甲酸酯(TPU)用于诸如粘合剂的许多应用中。在一些实施方案中,共聚物还可包括多元醇基材料。
图5A和图5B示出了根据本公开的附加实施方案布置的PPTC材料的电阻行为。在该示例中,PPTC材料是低温TPU共聚物,包括二异氰酸酯、生物基多元醇(诸如蓖麻油或大豆油)和扩链剂二醇(诸如1,4丁二醇)的组合。
更具体地,PPTC材料由30%导电填料和70%聚合物基体的混合物形成,其中聚合物基体是由路博润先进材料公司(Lubrizol Advanced Materials,Inc.)制造的商购聚合物-PearlbondTM ECO 590。如图5A所示,开关温度为大约55℃,ATH为大约7,这意味着当切换到高温状态时电阻增加大约7个数量级。此外,如图5B所示,冷却时向低电阻状态的复位直到大约48℃才发生。加热时完成向高电阻状态转变的温度(61℃)和冷却时开始向低电阻状态转变的温度(48℃)之间的差大于10℃。
根据样品是被加热还是被冷却,从高电阻到低电阻的转变之间的这种开关滞后提供了额外的安全措施,因为高电阻状态被保持在远低于开关温度,使得变得被保护的器件直到结晶度在低于开关温度12℃以上被重新建立时才返回“导通”。换句话说,在电流受处于高温高电阻状态的PPTC器件限制的电路中,当PPTC器件冷却时,高电阻状态保持在开关温度以下,从而限制通过受保护器件或电路的电流,直到温度远低于开关温度。
如图5B进一步所示,在再结晶温度下,再结晶行为非常明显。不受特定理论的限制,据信芳族聚氨酯和共聚物基体的生物基多元醇部分的组合可导致PPTC材料极其快速地重结晶,从而允许PPTC器件在PPTC器件从低温循环到高温并返回时快速响应。
在其他实施方案中,PCL基聚合物材料可用于低温PTC材料,包括已知的粘合剂材料,诸如PearlbondTM 100、PearlbondTM 103、PearlbondTM 220、PearlbondTM 223和PearlbondTM DIPP 119。
根据本公开的不同实施方案,可使用已知的制备方法制备己内酯基PPTC材料或TPU基PPTC材料。在各种实施方案中,为了制备PPTC材料,首先聚己内酯或TPU材料可溶解在多种溶剂中,特别是芳族溶剂,诸如甲苯、二甲苯、均三甲苯、苯甲醚或它们的混合物。这种溶液可与导电材料诸如碳基导体炭黑、石墨纳米管或石墨烯、碳化钨、碳化钛、镍、铜或其他金属或者半导体(掺杂ZnO、MnOx、FeOx、NiOx、氧化锡、其他硫化物、碲化物等)混合以形成导电复合材料,以在干燥后用作PPTC材料。
在根据本实施方案的一些方法中,将适量的用作聚合物基体的己内酯基或TPU基聚合物与适量的炭黑混合,以产生70/30的比的聚合物与炭黑的最终体积百分比。在一个特定的示例中,PearlbondTM ECO 590首先溶解在二甲苯中以形成聚合物溶液,同时将炭黑添加到聚合物溶液中以在干燥后产生最终的70/30体积比。
这些类型的聚合物材料的优点在于,通过标准手段(例如,Brabender、双螺杆或其他手段)的配混容易执行,以生产可直接使用(冲压并熔融到叉指式电极上)或层压在金属箔之间的聚合物板。这些材料可在相对较低的温度诸如120℃下压制层压,从而有助于保持配方中存在的材料的特性,并且特性变化最小。此外,由于材料的低熔点,材料也可被混合或配混和通过加热的注射器分配。此外,PPTC材料板可被切割或冲压成任何期望的形状因子,并通过标准方法互连到器件。
在配制后,这些材料可能可用于PTC和NTC材料和器件两者。因为这些器件的开关温度通常在60℃的范围内,所以处理包括可能在高温下氧化或与氧或水反应的材料的PPTC器件是可能的,因为避免了传统配混所需的高温。
这种低温处理能力进一步有利于使用聚合物溶液或待制造的油墨,该溶液或油墨可通过任何标准技术施加,诸如直接液体分配、丝网印刷、模版印刷、喷墨印刷等。低粘度溶液可使用相对较高的溶剂水平来制备,而较粘稠的材料可通过使用较高的聚合物固体水平(即具有较少溶剂的溶液)来制备。使用最高50重量%水平的二甲苯或苯甲醚已经证明了材料的相容性(粒料可溶解)。这种相容性允许在各种低成本应用中使用。
此外,本实施方案的这些聚合物材料在暴露于诸如异丙醇或乙醇的一些常见的其他溶剂时会沉淀。因此,在某些实施方案中,己内酯基或TPU基聚合物、导电添加剂和溶剂的溶液可制备为块状材料或分配到合适的基底、器件或载体上,随后暴露于诸如异丙醇蒸气的醇添加剂中。以这种方式,可以实现最终PPTC材料快速沉淀成块状材料或原位沉淀在基底上,而不需要在分配PPTC材料后进行烘焙或干燥过程。
此外,在需要机械完整性和重复使用PPTC开关的实施方案中,如上所述,TPU共聚物显示出优于纯聚己内酯PPTC器件的若干优点。如上所述的共聚物形成高质量的聚合物板,而均聚物PCL板在压制时相对易碎和断裂,使得均聚物板难以使用冲压或压制技术处理。此外,由二异氰酸酯、多元醇和二醇形成的共聚物与PCL均聚物的不同之处在于,当在没有Prorad添加剂(促进辐射交联的材料)的情况下配混时,共聚物表现出优异的性能。
在本公开的其他实施方案中,可引入任何合适的含酯单体以提供除聚己内酯或聚酯之外的其他功能,以及其他氨基甲酸酯功能,以定制这些材料的特性。
现在转向图6,示出了示例性过程流程300。在框302,基于己内酯或TPU形成聚合物材料。在一些实例中,聚合物材料可为聚己内酯的均聚物。在其他示例中,聚合物材料可为共聚物,包括低温热塑性氨基甲酸酯形成材料。在特定的实施方案中,多元醇可为生物基多元醇,包括蓖麻油或大豆油。
在框304,聚合物材料溶解在溶剂中。合适的溶剂包括芳族溶剂,诸如甲苯、二甲苯、均三甲苯、苯甲醚或它们的混合物。在一种方法中,聚合物材料以粉末形式或作为粒料提供,其通过使用快速混合器、通过滚动或通过超声波处理与溶剂混合。在一些变型中,混合在没有加热的情况下进行,而在其他变型中,混合物被加热到高达80℃的温度,以加速聚合物材料的溶解速率。
在框306,导电填料与聚合物混合物混合以形成油墨。在各种实施方案中,导电填料可包括碳材料、金属、导电陶瓷材料、导电氧化物、半导体等。可选择导电填料的量,以在从油墨中去除溶剂后产生5%至80%的导电填料的总体积分数。通常,在框306之前,聚合物材料首先溶解在溶剂中以确保均匀性,然后在框306添加导电材料,尽管在一些实施方案中,导电填料可在框304之前添加到聚合物中。
在一些变型中,导电填料的混合通过已知的过程完成,诸如快速混合、超声波处理、滚动、加热等。使用陶瓷块的快速混合有利于快速制备样品,并提供显著的搅拌作用。超声波处理为从聚合物/导电填料溶液中挤出气泡提供了极好的选择,因此最终的PPTC材料不会包含气泡,否则气泡会降低电性能。
在框308,油墨被施加到基底。在一些实施方案中,油墨可分配在包括布置在带或其他基底上的电路的基底上,该电路包括例如相对的电极。因此,油墨可分配到基底上相对的电极所在的区域上,诸如填充电极之间的间隙的区域中的叉指式电极。
在框310,油墨在分配在基底上后被干燥。在一些实施方案中,当油墨沉积为一层时,油墨在烘箱中加热10-30分钟的持续时间以干燥成固体膜形式。在一些变型中,在执行加热的第二阶段之前,可通过首先允许油墨内的溶剂在环境温度下蒸发来实现油墨的干燥。这种两阶段的方法可有助于避免气泡的形成。在另一个变型中,油墨干燥可通过例如在最终120℃烘烤之前在例如60℃执行低温烘烤来执行。
虽然已参考某些实施方案公开了本发明的实施方案,但对所述实施方案的许多修改、更改和改变是可能的,同时不脱离如所附权利要求中所定义的本公开的实质和范围。因此,本发明的实施方案不限于所描述的实施方案,并且可具有由以下权利要求书的语言及其等同形式限定的全部范围。
Claims (10)
1.一种PPTC器件,包括:
第一电极;
第二电极,所述第二电极与所述第一电极相对设置;和
PPTC层,所述PPTC层设置在所述第一电极和所述第二电极之间,所述PPTC层包括由热塑性聚氨酯材料形成的聚合物基体,
其中,所述聚合物基体包括嵌段共聚物,所述嵌段共聚物包括衍生自二异氰酸酯、生物基多元醇和扩链剂二醇的单元。
2.根据权利要求1所述的PPTC器件,其中,所述聚合物基体还包括多元醇基材料。
3.根据权利要求1所述的PPTC器件,还包括设置在所述聚合物基体中的导电填料,其中,所述PPTC器件包括50℃至70℃的开关温度,所述开关温度的特征在于随着所述PPTC器件的温度升高电阻急剧增加。
4.根据权利要求3所述的PPTC器件,其中,所述导电填料包括下列中的至少一种:炭黑、石墨纳米管、石墨烯、碳化钨、碳化钛、镍、铜、掺杂ZnO、MnOx、FeOx、NiOx、氧化锡、硫化物和碲化物。
5.根据权利要求1所述的PPTC器件,包括4或更高的自热高度,所述自热高度为低温状态和高温状态之间电阻比的对数。
6.根据权利要求1所述的PPTC器件,包括窄分子量分布,其中,所述聚合物基体的重均分子量与数均分子量的比率为2.0或更小。
7.根据权利要求3所述的PPTC器件,包括开关滞后,其中,所述开关温度超过再结晶温度,所述再结晶温度的特征在于随着PPTC器件的温度降低电阻急剧降低。
8.根据权利要求7所述的PPTC器件,其中,所述开关滞后具有至少10℃的幅度。
9.一种聚合物正温度系数器件,包括:
带;
第一电极,所述第一电极设置在所述带上;
第二电极,所述第二电极设置在所述带上;和
PPTC膜,所述PPTC膜在所述第一电极和所述第二电极之间设置在所述带上,所述PPTC膜包括由热塑性聚氨酯材料形成的聚合物基体材料,
其中,所述聚合物基体包括嵌段共聚物,所述嵌段共聚物包括衍生自二异氰酸酯、生物基多元醇和扩链剂二醇的单元。
10.根据权利要求9所述的PPTC器件,其中,导电填料与TPU材料的体积比为30比70。
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