CN111280004A - Asparagus cochinchinensis planting method - Google Patents
Asparagus cochinchinensis planting method Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/25—Root crops, e.g. potatoes, yams, beet or wasabi
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
- A01G13/02—Protective coverings for plants; Coverings for the ground; Devices for laying-out or removing coverings
- A01G13/0256—Ground coverings
- A01G13/0262—Mulches, i.e. covering material not-pre-formed in mats or sheets
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
- A01G24/12—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material containing soil minerals
- A01G24/15—Calcined rock, e.g. perlite, vermiculite or clay aggregates
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
- A01G24/22—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material containing plant material
- A01G24/25—Dry fruit hulls or husks, e.g. chaff or coir
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
- A01G24/28—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material containing peat, moss or sphagnum
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
- A01G9/02—Receptacles, e.g. flower-pots or boxes; Glasses for cultivating flowers
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
- A01H4/00—Plant reproduction by tissue culture techniques ; Tissue culture techniques therefor
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
- A01H4/00—Plant reproduction by tissue culture techniques ; Tissue culture techniques therefor
- A01H4/008—Methods for regeneration to complete plants
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B13/00—Fertilisers produced by pyrogenic processes from phosphatic materials
- C05B13/02—Fertilisers produced by pyrogenic processes from phosphatic materials from rock phosphates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F3/00—Fertilisers from human or animal excrements, e.g. manure
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F5/00—Fertilisers from distillery wastes, molasses, vinasses, sugar plant or similar wastes or residues, e.g. from waste originating from industrial processing of raw material of agricultural origin or derived products thereof
- C05F5/002—Solid waste from mechanical processing of material, e.g. seed coats, olive pits, almond shells, fruit residue, rice hulls
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
Abstract
The invention discloses a planting method of asparagus, which comprises the following steps: selecting tender stems of strong and thick underground root tubers of asparagus cochinchinensis as explants, sterilizing, and then carrying out adventitious bud induction, cluster bud multiplication and strong seedling rooting culture to obtain aseptic seedlings; through scientific management of tissue culture seedling transplantation, additional fertilization and the like, the asparagus cochinchinensis with large, uniform and excellent quality is obtained by planting, the yield is increased by 20-30% compared with that of the traditional planted farmyard, the whole asparagus cochinchinensis planting period can be free from weeding, the asparagus cochinchinensis with high yield, high efficiency and excellent quality is realized, and the asparagus cochinchinensis has good market prospect.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of plant planting, in particular to a planting method of asparagus.
Background
Asparagus, also known as Asparagus cochinchinensis, is a dried root tuber of Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. Asparagus cochinchinensis can be used as both medicine and food, has wide application, is mainly used as medicine, and can also be prepared into preserves, which are common in the traditional yin nourishing prescription of the traditional Chinese medicine. In recent years, with the increasing demand, the wild asparagus cochinchinensis resources are sharply reduced under the double pressure of excessive excavation and environmental destruction, and artificial cultivation has no major breakthrough, so that the asparagus cochinchinensis resources are extremely in short supply, the price rises in successive years, the asparagus cochinchinensis resources are more than 50 yuan/kg at present, and the asparagus cochinchinensis planting benefit is very obvious. Therefore, scientific, reasonable, high-quality and high-yield asparagus cochinchinensis planting technology is urgently needed to realize large-scale and industrialized asparagus cochinchinensis planting as soon as possible and meet the daily health care and treatment requirements of people.
At present, research reports on asparagus fern mainly focus on the aspects of pharmacological efficacy, chemical components and the like, and few studies are deeply conducted on the aspect of planting or cultivating asparagus fern. The Chinese patent with application number 201711110493.4 discloses a high-yield cultivation and planting technique of asparagus, which is characterized in that the technique selects sunny hilly land, warm climate, moisture, good drainage and soil texture to make sand texture; deeply ploughing the land by 50cm, and applying 5000 kg/mu of fermented ring fertilizer, and leveling the ground; harvesting and reserving seeds in the same row, dividing root blocks into 6 clusters, wherein each cluster is provided with 3 small root blocks of strong buds as seedlings to be planted next time; planting 2 plants in each hole with row spacing of 40cm, plant spacing of 40cm and depth of 50cm, uniformly spreading root pieces, covering with fine soil, and covering with surface soil for 2 cm; intertillage weeding and topdressing, namely applying phosphorus-potassium fertilizer and organic fertilizer; preventing and controlling insect pests, spraying insecticide and topdressing; harvesting, collecting plant, removing vine, collecting root, peeling with boiled water, oven drying, soaking with Alumen, and oven drying. The Chinese patent with the application number of 201711105709.8 discloses a cultivation method of selenium-rich asparagus, which comprises the following steps: step one, opening a planting hole: digging planting holes with the row spacing of 40-48 cm and the plant spacing of 22-28 cm, wherein the depth of the planting holes is 14-18 cm; step two, transplanting: firstly, applying 800-1000 g of mixed soil fertilizer in the planting hole, planting one seedling, and then covering fine soil to compact the seedling; step three, weeding: the weeding materials are planted into the soil for three times every year, wherein the first time is 3-4 months, the second time is 6-7 months, the third time is 9-10 months, and the soil is 8-9 cm when weeding is carried out; step four, topdressing: and applying a compound fertilizer aqueous solution every three months after transplanting, wherein the compound fertilizer consists of carbamide, monopotassium phosphate, potassium chloride, selenite, potassium naphthylacetate, carbendazim and sodium pentachlorophenate. And the standardized planting technology of Guizhou asparagus cochinchinensis is published in the third stage of agricultural technology service in 2018 by Yangping.
The above-mentioned methods are all that the asparagus cochinchinensis seeds, root tuber and plant division are used for breeding and planting. In the prior art, the asparagus propagation method comprises seed propagation, plant division propagation and tissue culture propagation. The seed propagation speed is slow, the plant growth cycle is long, and the seeds are generally harvested after 3 years or more; the method has the advantages of high survival rate, no seedling growth period and high propagation speed, is generally adopted, but if the method is adopted for propagation for a long time, the disease and insect accumulation is easy, the degeneration and growth of the variety are inhibited, and the yield is low. The tissue culture seedling breeding is an effective way for purification and rejuvenation of asparagus and variety breeding, and is also one of the most efficient ways for breeding a large number of healthy seedlings. In order to obtain a large number of healthy seedlings from the beginning, the invention adopts the tissue culture breeding technology to realize the large-scale and industrialized planting of the asparagus fern with high quality and high yield. According to the invention, through research on the induction of adventitious buds of asparagus and the establishment of a plant regeneration system, and scientific planting management such as tissue culture seedling transplantation, topdressing and the like, a high-quality high-yield sustainable planting research result is obtained, and no relevant research report is found at present.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a method for producing high-quality asparagus cochinchinensis seedlings and a scientific planting method aiming at solving the problems of uneven quality of asparagus cochinchinensis seedling, irregular seedling emergence after transplanting of tissue culture seedlings, low survival rate and the like, and aims to realize high-yield, high-efficiency and high-quality asparagus cochinchinensis cultivation.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a planting method of asparagus cochinchinensis comprises the following steps:
s1: and (3) cultivating tissue culture seedlings: selecting tender stems of strong and thick underground root tubers of asparagus cochinchinensis as explants, sterilizing, and then carrying out adventitious bud induction, cluster bud multiplication and strong seedling rooting culture to obtain aseptic seedlings;
s2: transplanting tissue culture seedlings: loosening a bottle cap of the aseptic seedling after rooting, placing for 2 days, opening the bottle cap of the culture bottle, placing for 3-5 days, taking out the seedling, cleaning the residual culture medium, transplanting the seedling into a matrix of 'yellow mud-perlite-peat-coconut husk' with the weight ratio of 2:1:1:1, spraying sufficient root fixing water, covering a plastic film, watering regularly, keeping the matrix moist, and normally managing for about 6 months to obtain a seedling;
s3: transplanting seedlings: transplanting the seedlings to the ridge surface applied with enough base fertilizer, spraying enough root fixing water, spraying water once every 2 days within 10 days after transplanting, and reducing the water spraying times according to the circumstances until the seedlings survive;
s4: topdressing: spraying biogas liquid fertilizer or urea liquid fertilizer once every two months in the first year after transplanting for 2 months; in the second and third years, applying farmyard manure for 1-2 times respectively, hilling, and spraying biogas liquid fertilizer or compound fertilizer water fertilizer for 3-5 times/year;
s5: branch arrangement: rapidly growing the plants in the second and third years, supporting branches in time to allow the asparagus cochinchinensis branches to climb towards the direction of the surface of the furrow, and removing dead branches;
s6: harvesting: and (4) harvesting in the third year, cutting off all branches above the ground 15cm away from the ground before harvesting, and digging up underground potato blocks.
The planting method of asparagus cochinchinensis described above, in step S1: the disinfection method is preferably as follows: washing explant with water for 3-5 times, cutting into 1.0-1.5cm long stem with 1-2 axillary buds, sterilizing with 75% ethanol for 10s, washing with sterile water, and adding 0.1% HgCl2Sterilizing the solution for 10min, washing with sterile water for 3-4 times, and inoculating; the culture medium for the adventitious bud induction culture stage is preferably: MS +30g/L sucrose +4g/L agar +1.0mg.L-16-BA mg.L-1+0.1-0.2mg.L-1NAAmg.L-1Sterilizing the culture medium at 121 deg.C and 0.1MPa for 20min with pH of 5.8-6.0; the culture medium used in the propagation culture stage of the cluster buds is preferably: MS +30g/L sucrose +4g/L agar +0.5mg.L-16-BA mg.L-1+0.1mg.L-1NAA mg.L-1The concentration ratio of 6-BA and NAA in the culture medium is 5, pH is 5.8-6.0, and the culture medium is sterilized for 20min at 121 ℃ and 0.1 MPa; the culture medium used in the strong seedling rooting culture stage is preferably: 1/2MS +30g/L sucrose +4g/L agar +2.0mg.L- 1NAA mg.L-1+1.0mg.L IBA mg.L-1, pH 5.8-6.0, and sterilizing the culture medium at 121 deg.C and 0.1MPa for 20 min.
In the method for planting asparagus, the optimum ridge surface width of the ridge in the step S3 is 1.5m, and the ridge height is 30 cm.
In the planting method of asparagus, the base fertilizer is preferably 1500kg of farmyard manure, 300kg of compound fertilizer and 150kg of P fertilizer per mu, the mixture is uniformly mixed, and seedlings can be planted after the mixture is covered with soil; the farmyard manure is preferably a manure with animal manure composting and well-rotten, and the compound fertilizer is a common compound fertilizer, such as: compound fertilizer (N: P)2O5:K2O15: 15:15), and the like, wherein the P fertilizer is preferably a calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer; the animal manure is the manure of animals such as cattle, pigs, chickens, sheep, horses, ducks and the like, preferably one or the combination of more than two of cattle manure, pig manure and chicken manure, and the optimal weight ratio of the cattle manure, the pig manure and the chicken manure is 1:1: 1.
In the method for planting asparagus, after seedlings transplanted in the step S3 survive, a mixture of fermented chaff and pine bark is scattered on the surface of the ridge; the chaff is not crushed, and the pine bark is crushed to be less than 0.5 cm; the thickness of the mixture of the rice husk and the pine bark after fermentation is preferably 10-20mm, and most preferably 15 mm. The preparation method of the mixture of the fermented rice husks and the pine barks comprises the following steps: weighing the chaff and the pine bark according to the weight ratio of 3:1 respectively, adding the EM microbial inoculum for soaking, stirring uniformly, fermenting for 15-20 days at the temperature of 20-30 ℃, taking out and airing to obtain the feed. The preparation method of the EM microbial inoculum comprises the following steps: mixing EM original liquid, brown sugar and water according to the weight ratio of 1:1:200, stirring, covering a film, stirring once every 1-2 days, fermenting for 15-20 days at the temperature of 20-30 ℃, and adding 200 times of water for diluting when in use.
In the method for planting asparagus, the biogas liquid fertilizer in step S4 is preferably a liquid fertilizer prepared by fermenting raw materials in a biogas digester, and the raw materials are preferably animal wastes, straws and/or fruit and vegetable wastes; the urea water fertilizer is preferably an aqueous solution containing 2-5 wt% of urea; the water fertilizer of the compound fertilizer is preferably water solution containing 2-5% of the compound fertilizer by weight percentage; the farmyard manure is preferably a manure fermented by composting animal wastes.
In the method for planting asparagus described above, the hilling method in step S4 is preferably: ditching or hole-planting when applying farmyard manure in the second and third years, deeply digging the furrow and earthing up to increase the height of the furrow surface, and covering the roots of the asparagus with soil.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the invention adopts tissue culture breeding technology to produce asparagus seedlings, and asparagus is obtained by planting through scientific management such as tissue culture seedling transplantation, topdressing and the like, and the yield is over 5988.24 kg/mu and is increased by 20-30% compared with the traditional planting by the yield measured by experts; the product has good quality, the polysaccharide content is over 27.2%, the total amino acid content is over 9.13%, and the content of the saponins of asparagus is over 3.98%.
2. The tissue culture breeding technology adopted by the invention has good disinfection effect and less browning, the bud inductivity reaches more than 95%, and the rooting rate reaches more than 85%; the 'yellow mud-perlite-peat-coconut chaff' matrix with the weight ratio of 2:1:1:1 is adopted for transplanting the tissue culture seedlings, the matrix contains rich mineral substances, organic matters and other nutritional ingredients required by the growth of the asparagus cochinchinensis seedlings, the matrix has good air permeability, water permeability and water retention capacity, the adaptability of the aseptic seedlings after the aseptic seedlings are taken out is good, the transplanting survival rate is up to 88%, the seedlings grow robustly after the transplanting, and the technical problems that the tissue culture seedlings are difficult to transplant, the transplanting survival rate is low and the like in the prior art are solved.
3. After the transplanted seedlings survive, the mixture of the rice husks and the pine bark after fermentation is scattered on the surface of the ridge. The mixture is fermented by adding EM microbial inoculum, after being spread on the surface of the ridge, the mixture has good ventilation and heat preservation effects, and also has the effects of weeding and removing plant diseases and insect pests, the planting period of the asparagus is long, and the weeding is needed once in 2-3 months generally; after the asparagus is harvested, the mixture can be turned into soil for composting, so that the asparagus is a good green organic fertilizer, the microbial environment of the soil can be improved, hardening is prevented, and the asparagus can be continuously planted in the next year.
4. The method adopts a scientific fertilization method, combines base fertilizer and additional fertilizer, adopts the types of compound fertilizer, farmyard manure, biogas liquid fertilizer, macroelement fertilizer, secondary element fertilizer and microbial fermentation fertilizer, fully considers the fertilizers required by the asparagus cochinchinensis in different growth periods, scientifically fertilizes the asparagus cochinchinensis, has high yield and excellent quality of the planted asparagus cochinchinensis, is low in cost and short in time, can harvest mature and excellent asparagus cochinchinensis in 3 rd year, and has good market prospect.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to specific examples, but the scope of the present invention is not limited to the examples.
Planting method test
(I) cultivation test of tissue culture seedlings
1 materials and methods
1.1 test materials
The test material is No. 1 Guidong of an Asparagus cochinchinensis variety collected in a test greenhouse of institute of biotechnology of Guangxi academy of agricultural sciences, the material taking time is 1 month, and tender stems of Asparagus cochinchinensis plants which are strong and thick in underground root tuber are selected as explants.
1.2 test methods
1.2.1 preparation of the culture Medium
The adventitious bud induction, the cluster bud multiplication and the strong seedling rooting culture all use MS as a basic culture medium, 30g/L of sucrose and 4g/L of agar are added, the pH value is 5.8-6.0, different plant growth regulators with different types and mass concentrations are added into different culture stages for culture, and the culture medium is sterilized for 20min at the temperature of 121 ℃ and under the pressure of 0.1 MPa.
1.2.2 explant Collection and Disinfection
The following disinfectants were compared in the test: 0.2% potassium permanganate solution, 0.1% HgCl2Solution, 10% sodium hypochlorite solution, 0.1% HgCl2The solution has the best disinfection effect.
Alternatively, selecting tender stem of radix asparagi with strong and thick underground root tuber as explant, washing with water for 3-5 times, cutting into stem segments with length of 1.0-1.5cm and 1-2 axillary buds, sterilizing with 75% ethanol for 10s, washing with sterile water, and adding 0.1% Hg Cl2Sterilizing the solution for 6min, 8min, 10min and 12min, washing with sterile water for 3-4 times, and inoculating. Each treatment was performed in 10 flasks, each flask was inoculated with 2 explants, the procedure was repeated 3 times, and after 30 days, the contamination and the germination rate were counted, and the results are shown in table 1, the germination rate is the number of germinated explants/total number of inoculated explants × 100%.
TABLE 1 Effect of different Disinfection times on explants
| Time of sterilization | Bacterial contamination rate/%) | Mortality rate/%) | Browning rate/%) | Yield/% |
| 6min | 26.87a | 0b | 18.50a | 73.13b |
| 8min | 25.43a | 0b | 6.17b | 74.57b |
| 10min | 14.80b | 0.62b | 5.57b | 84.60a |
| 12min | 11.47b | 5.21a | 19.83a | 83.37a |
Note: the lower case letters in the same column indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).
As can be seen from Table 1, the mould and bacteria contamination rates decreased with the increase of the disinfection time, 6min > 8min > 10min > 12min, 10min, 12min were significantly lower than 6min and 8min, but none of them exceeded 30%, from the mortality rate, a small number of explants died at 10min and 12min, from the browning rate, 12min and 6min were significantly higher than 8min and 10min, from the explant acquisition rate, 10min was slightly higher than 12min, significantly higher than 6min and 8 min. In all aspects, 0.1% HgCl is used2The solution is sterilized for 10min, and the sterilization effect is best.
1.2.3 adventitious bud Induction culture
In the process of adventitious bud induction, callus is generated at the base of a stem segment or the base of an axillary bud, the callus is differentiated into buds again, 1 time of observation is carried out every 10 days, finally, the induction rate of the cluster buds is counted, 9 culture mediums are experimentally designed, each culture medium is inoculated with an axillary bud stem segment and repeated for 3 times, and the result is shown in table 2, wherein the induction rate of the cluster buds is the number of explants which are germinated from the callus/the total number of the inoculated explants is multiplied by 100%.
TABLE 2 Induction of axillary buds and callus by different media
| Serial number | 6-BA(mg.L-1) | NAA(mg.L-1) | Number of explants | Bud induction rate/% | Callus induction rate/% |
| 1 | 0.5 | 0.05 | 30 | 76.67±3.33d | 33.33±3.33d |
| 2 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 30 | 80.00±5.77cd | 53.33±8.82cd |
| 3 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 30 | 80.00±5.77cd | 70.00±5.77abc |
| 4 | 1 | 0.05 | 30 | 93.33±3.33abc | 56.67±3.33bcd |
| 5 | 1 | 0.1 | 30 | 100.00±0.00a | 80.00±5.77ab |
| 6 | 1 | 0.2 | 30 | 96.67±3.33ab | 93.33±6.67a |
| 7 | 1.5 | 0.05 | 30 | 90.00±5.77abcd | 56.67±8.82bcd |
| 8 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 30 | 83.33±3.33bcd | 50.00±11.55cd |
| 9 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 30 | 93.33±3.33abc | 56.67±12.02bcd |
Note: the lower case letters in the same column indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).
As can be seen from Table 2, the induction rate of the 6-BA concentration of 1mg.L-1 buds is more than 90%, and the No. 5 culture medium is higher than the No. 6 culture medium and the No. 4 culture medium and is obviously higher than the No. 1 culture medium, the No. 2 culture medium and the No. 3 culture medium with the BA concentration of 0.05 mg.L-1; when the concentration of 6-BA reaches 1.5mg.L-1When the induction rate of the buds is reduced, the induction rate of the callus is improved along with the increase of the concentration of NAA, and the induction rate of the callus is 0.2mg.L-1＞0.1mg.L-1＞0.05mg.L-1And the culture numbers 5 and 6 are obviously higher than other culture media and both reach more than 80 percent. The induction rate of the comprehensive buds and the induction rate of the callus are the highest in the No. 5 and No. 6 culture media.
1.2.4 multiplication culture of Cluster buds
Cutting the callus with cluster buds induced into small blocks or stem sections with the length of more than or equal to 2cm into small sections, inoculating each small block of callus or small section with at least one bud, culturing in a proliferation culture medium, observing and counting the growth vigor and proliferation coefficients of the proliferation buds at intervals of 10 days, experimentally designing 9 culture media, inoculating 4 blocks of callus or small sections to each culture medium, repeating for 3 times, and finding a result in table 3, wherein the proliferation coefficient is the total number of new buds/total number of inoculated buds.
TABLE 3 Effect of different media on the multiplication factor of clumpy buds
As can be seen from Table 3, in 9 media, the multiplication factor of the multiple shoots on medium No. 2 was 3.41, which is significantly higher than that of the other media, followed by medium No. 6, the multiplication factor of the multiple shoots was 2.72, and the values of the hormones BA/NAA in both medium No. 2 and medium No. 6 were 5, and the multiplication of the multiple shoots was likely to be related to the hormone BA/NAA.
1.2.5 rooting culture of strong seedlings
Selecting strong and uniform bud seedlings, cutting off callus on the base, transferring the cut callus into rooting culture medium, experimental designing 6 culture mediums, connecting 10 bottles of each culture medium, connecting 8 bud seedlings in each bottle, repeating for 3 times, observing and recording rooting rate and average rooting number after 30d, and the result is shown in table 4, wherein the rooting rate is the number of rooted buds/the total number of inoculated buds multiplied by 100%.
TABLE 4 Effect of different media on rooting
As can be seen from Table 4, the rooting medium was 1/2MS minimal medium, IBA concentration was 1.0mg.L-1The rooting rate of the culture medium is obviously higher than that of the culture medium with the concentration of 0.05mg.L-1The rooting rate of 5, 6 and 7 culture medium without carbon powder is above 50%, while the rooting rate of 1, 2 and 3 culture medium is less than 50%, the rooting rate of 7 culture medium is the highest and reaches 73.33%, NAA is in the range of 1.0-2.0, the rooting rate is increased along with the increase of NAA concentration, for example, 50mg.L is added-1The carbon powder has reduced rooting rate, such as 1 time reduction of the rooting rate of the No. 8 culture medium compared with the rooting rate of the No. 7 culture mediumIn addition, the rooting rate of the No. 4 culture medium is greatly reduced compared with that of the No. 3 culture medium. From the average root number and root length, the root number and root length of the No. 7 culture medium are obviously higher than those of other culture media, the average number reaches 5, and leaves are well spread.
(II) tissue culture seedling transplantation test
Loosening a bottle cap of a rooted aseptic seedling, placing for 2 days, opening the bottle cap of a culture bottle, placing for 3-5 days, taking out the seedling, cleaning a residual culture medium, transplanting the seedling into a matrix, respectively adopting 4 matrixes of sawdust (matrix 1), yellow mud-perlite-peat 2:1:1 (matrix 2), yellow mud-coconut husk-peat 2:1:1 (matrix 3) and yellow mud-perlite-peat-coconut husk 2:1:1 (matrix 4) for comparison (the proportion in the test is a weight ratio), spraying enough root fixing water after transplanting the seedling into the matrix, covering a plastic film, watering at regular intervals, keeping the matrix moist, and normally managing for about 6 months to obtain a nursery seedling. The test results are shown in Table 5.
TABLE 5 Asparagus fern growth of different tissue culture seedling transplanting substrates
Note: different lower case letters after the mean in the table indicate that the inter-treatment differences were up to a 5% significance level (P < 0.05), and the letters are identical indicating that the inter-treatment differences were not significant.
From the table 5, the characteristics of survival rate, tillering stem number and potato bearing number after the tissue culture seedling is transplanted for 6 months are comprehensively compared, the seedling-stage characteristic of the matrix 4 is optimal, the later-stage transplanting adaptability is good, the transplanting survival rate is up to 88%, the seedling grows robustly after the transplanting, and the technical problems that the tissue culture seedling is difficult to transplant, the transplanting survival rate is low and the like in the prior art are solved. The invention shows that the 'yellow mud-perlite-peat-coir' matrix 4 with the weight ratio of 2:1:1:1 adopted by the tissue culture seedling transplanting method contains rich nutrient components such as mineral matters, organic matters and the like required by the growth of the asparagus cochinchinensis seedlings, has good air permeability, water permeability and water retention capacity, and is very suitable for the tissue culture seedling transplanting.
(III) herbicidal test
During the planting period of the asparagus, if no film is covered for weeding, weeds grow very fast, particularly in the first year, plants are too small and grow slowly, and the artificial weeding is carried out for 1 time in one month almost, so that the artificial weeding cost is much higher than other treatment costs in half a year; and the herbicide (glyphosate) is used for weeding for half a year, the herbicide needs to be sprayed for 2 times, the water and soil loss is serious, the soil residue is long, the green planting of the traditional Chinese medicinal materials is not facilitated, the growth period of the asparagus is long, and the herbicide can generate resistant weeds after long-term use, so that the herbicide is poor in control effect and even ineffective.
The following 5 herbicidal methods were carried out: the method is characterized in that the method comprises the following steps of (1) nondegrading a bicolor film, nondegrading ground cloth, degradable non-woven fabric 1 (available for 1 year), degradable non-woven fabric 1 (available for 3 years) and chaff covering, counting the number of tillers of plants, the height of the plants and the growth vigor of the field respectively, and obtaining a preliminary result after 6 months: (1) the weeding effect is as follows: the two-color film, ground fabric and non-woven fabric film covering mode has good weeding effect, the covered ridge surface basically has no weeds, but the position of the film opening is not covered, and weeds still exist; in addition, in the growth period of the asparagus, solid fertilizer and ridging are needed, and the operation is inconvenient after film covering; the cost of the bicolor film, the ground fabric and the non-woven fabric is higher; the chaff has better weeding effect, less weeds on the ridge surface and very low cost, but the asparagus seedlings grow very weakly in the early stage of use. (2) Growth conditions of asparagus plants: covering with nondegradable bicolor film, degradable non-woven fabric 1 (available for 1 year) and degradable non-woven fabric 1 (available for 3 years), the tillering number of plants is small, the number of plants is 8-10 on average, and the growth vigor is not good enough. The tillering number of the plants covering the chaff is more, and the average number reaches 12. The tillering number of the plants covered with nondegradable ground cloth is the largest, and the tillering number of the plants reaches 14 on average. Therefore, the present invention prefers chaff for cost reasons and further optimizes the chaff weeding regimen.
The following 7 cheap and environment-friendly weeding methods are compared in parallel in the test: chaff (method 1), pine bark (method 2), fermented chaff (method 3), a mixture of chaff and pine bark (1:1) after fermentation (method 4), a mixture of chaff and pine bark (2:1) after fermentation (method 5), a mixture of chaff and pine bark (3:1) after fermentation (method 6), and a mixture of chaff and pine bark (4:1) after fermentation (method 7). The husk is not pulverized, and the pine bark is crushed to below 0.5 cm. The thickness of the weeding method sprayed on the ridge surface is 15 mm. The preparation method of the mixture of the fermented rice husk and the pine bark comprises the following steps: weighing testa oryzae and cortex Pini according to weight ratio, soaking in EM microbial agent, stirring, fermenting at 20-30 deg.C for 15-20 days, taking out, and air drying. The preparation method of the EM microbial inoculum comprises the following steps: mixing EM original liquid, brown sugar and water according to the weight ratio of 1:1:200, stirring, covering a film, stirring once every 1-2 days, fermenting at 20-30 ℃ for 5-7 days to obtain the product, and adding 200 times of water for diluting when in use. The adopted EM original liquid is a product of natural biotechnology development limited company in Jiangxi province. The test results are shown in Table 6.
TABLE 6 herbicidal Effect and Asparagus fern growth status of different herbicidal methods
As can be seen from Table 6, the mixture of fermented husk and pine bark (3:1) has the best growth vigor, yield, and herbicidal and insect-repellent effects. The invention has good ventilation and heat preservation effects, also has the effects of weeding and removing plant diseases and insect pests, only a small amount of dispersed weak and small weeds exist in the whole asparagus planting period, artificial weeding is not needed, and after the asparagus is harvested, the mixture can be turned into soil for composting, so that the asparagus is a good green organic fertilizer, the soil microbial environment can be improved, hardening is prevented, and the asparagus can be continuously planted in the next year. The thickness of the mixture of the rice husks and the pine barks after fermentation is compared subsequently, the mixture is too thin without weeding effect, the mixture is too thick to affect the growth of plants, the cost is also increased, and the thickness is preferably 10-20mm, and the optimal thickness is 15 mm.
Second, the embodiment of the method for planting Asparagus cochinchinensis
Example 1
A planting method of asparagus cochinchinensis comprises the following steps:
s1: and (3) cultivating tissue culture seedlings: selecting tender stem of radix asparagi as explant, sterilizing, inducing by adventitious bud, and clumpingCarrying out bud multiplication and strong seedling rooting culture to obtain aseptic seedlings; the disinfection step is as follows: washing explant with water for 3 times, cutting into 1-2 axillary buds with 1.0-1.5cm long strip, sterilizing with 75% ethanol for 10s, washing with sterile water, and adding 0.1% HgCl2Sterilizing the solution for 10min, washing with sterile water for 3-4 times, and inoculating; the culture medium used in the adventitious bud induction culture stage is as follows: MS +30g/L sucrose +4g/L agar +1.0mg.L-16-BA mg.L-1+0.1mg.L-1NAA mg.L-1Sterilizing the culture medium at 121 deg.C and 0.1MPa for 20min with pH of 5.8-6.0; the culture medium used in the propagation culture stage of the cluster buds is as follows: MS +30g/L sucrose +4g/L agar +0.5mg.L-16-BA mg.L-1+0.1mg.L-1NAA mg.L-1The concentration ratio of 6-BA and NAA in the culture medium is 5, pH is 5.8-6.0, and the culture medium is sterilized for 20min at 121 ℃ and 0.1 MPa; the culture medium used in the strong seedling rooting culture stage is as follows: 1/2MS +30g/L sucrose +4g/L agar +2.0mg.L-1NAA mg.L-1+1.0mg.LIBA mg.L-1, pH 5.8-6.0, sterilizing the culture medium at 121 deg.C and 0.1MPa for 20 min;
s2: transplanting tissue culture seedlings: loosening a bottle cap of the aseptic seedling after rooting, placing for 2 days, opening the bottle cap of the culture bottle, placing for 3 days, taking out the seedling, cleaning the residual culture medium, transplanting the seedling into a matrix of 'yellow mud-perlite-peat-coconut husk' with the weight ratio of 2:1:1:1, spraying sufficient root fixing water, covering a plastic film, watering regularly, keeping the matrix moist, and normally managing for about 6 months to obtain the seedling;
s3: transplanting seedlings: transplanting the seedlings to the ridge surface applied with enough base fertilizer, spraying enough root fixing water, and spraying water once every 2 days within 10 days after transplanting; the width of the ridge surface of the ridge is 1.5m, and the height of the ridge is 30 cm; the seedlings are planted on the ridge surface in a shape like Chinese character 'pin', 2 lines are planted, and the row spacing of the seedlings is 50cm multiplied by 50 cm; the base fertilizer is 1500kg of farmyard manure, 300kg of compound fertilizer and 150kg of P fertilizer per mu, the mixture is uniform, and seedlings can be planted after earthing; the farmyard manure is a fertilizer prepared by composting animal wastes, and the compound fertilizer is N: P2O5:K2O is 15:15:15, and the P fertilizer is a calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer; the animal waste is cow dung;
s4: after the transplanted seedlings survive, a mixture of fermented chaff and pine bark is scattered on the surface of the ridge; the chaff is not crushed, and the pine bark is crushed to be less than 0.5 cm; the preparation method of the mixture of the fermented rice husks and the pine barks comprises the following steps: weighing chaff and pine bark according to the weight ratio of 3:1 respectively, adding EM microbial inoculum for soaking, stirring uniformly, fermenting at the temperature of 20 ℃ for 15 days, taking out, and airing to obtain the compound feed; the preparation method of the EM microbial inoculum comprises the following steps: mixing EM original liquid, brown sugar and water or liquid dung according to the weight ratio of 1:1:200, stirring, covering with a film, stirring once every 1 day, fermenting at 20-30 deg.C for 5 days, and diluting with 200 times of water when in use; the thickness of the mixture of the rice husks and the pine barks after fermentation is 10 mm.
S5: topdressing: spraying biogas liquid fertilizer once every two months in the first year after transplanting for 2 months; in 8 months of the second and third years, applying farmyard manure for 1 time respectively, hilling, and spraying biogas liquid manure for 3 times/year; the biogas liquid fertilizer is prepared by fermenting raw materials in a biogas digester, wherein the raw materials comprise animal wastes, straws and fruit wastes; the farmyard manure is synchronized to the 'farmyard manure' at step S3; the hilling method comprises the following steps: ditching or hole-planting when applying farmyard manure in the second and third years, deeply digging the furrow and earthing up to increase the height of the furrow surface, and covering the roots of the asparagus with soil;
s6: branch arrangement: rapidly growing the plants in the second and third years, supporting branches in time to allow the asparagus cochinchinensis branches to climb towards the direction of the surface of the furrow, and removing dead branches;
s7: harvesting: and (4) harvesting in the third year, cutting off all branches above the ground 15cm away from the ground before harvesting, and digging up underground potato blocks.
Example 2
A planting method of asparagus cochinchinensis comprises the following steps:
s1: and (3) cultivating tissue culture seedlings: selecting tender stems of strong and thick underground root tubers of asparagus cochinchinensis as explants, sterilizing, and then carrying out adventitious bud induction, cluster bud multiplication and strong seedling rooting culture to obtain aseptic seedlings; the disinfection step is as follows: washing explant with water for 5 times, cutting into 1.0-1.5cm long stem segments with 1-2 axillary buds, sterilizing with 75% ethanol for 10s, washing with sterile water, and adding 0.1% HgCl2Sterilizing the solution for 10min, washing with sterile water for 3-4 times, and inoculatingSeed growing; the culture medium used in the adventitious bud induction culture stage is as follows: MS +30g/L sucrose +4g/L agar +1.0mg.L-16-BA mg.L-1+0.2mg.L-1NAA mg.L-1Sterilizing the culture medium at 121 deg.C and 0.1MPa for 20min with pH of 5.8-6.0; the culture medium used in the propagation culture stage of the cluster buds is as follows: MS +30g/L sucrose +4g/L agar +0.5mg.L-16-BA mg.L-1+0.1mg.L-1NAA mg.L-1The concentration ratio of 6-BA and NAA in the culture medium is 5, pH is 5.8-6.0, and the culture medium is sterilized for 20min at 121 ℃ and 0.1 MPa; the culture medium used in the strong seedling rooting culture stage is as follows: 1/2MS +30g/L sucrose +4g/L agar +2.0mg.L-1NAA mg.L-1+1.0mg.LIBA mg.L-1, pH 5.8-6.0, sterilizing the culture medium at 121 deg.C and 0.1MPa for 20 min;
s2: transplanting tissue culture seedlings: loosening a bottle cap of the aseptic seedling after rooting, placing for 2 days, opening the bottle cap of the culture bottle, placing for 5 days, taking out the seedling, cleaning the residual culture medium, transplanting the seedling into a matrix of 'yellow mud-perlite-peat-coconut husk' with the weight ratio of 2:1:1:1, spraying sufficient root fixing water, covering a plastic film, watering regularly, keeping the matrix moist, and normally managing for about 6 months to obtain the seedling;
s3: transplanting seedlings: transplanting the seedlings to the ridge surface applied with enough base fertilizer, spraying enough root fixing water, and spraying water once every 2 days within 10 days after transplanting; the width of the ridge surface of the ridge is 1.5m, and the height of the ridge is 30 cm; the seedlings are planted on the ridge surface in a parallel mode, 2 rows are planted, and the row spacing is 50cm multiplied by 50 cm; the base fertilizer is 1500kg of farmyard manure, 300kg of compound fertilizer and 150kg of P fertilizer per mu, the mixture is uniform, and seedlings can be planted after earthing; the farmyard manure is a manure with animal manure composting and decomposing, and the compound fertilizer is (N: P)2O5:K2O is 15:15: 15:15), and the P fertilizer is a calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer; the animal manure is a combination of cow manure and pig manure, and the weight ratio of the cow manure to the pig manure is 1: 2;
s4: after the transplanted seedlings survive, a mixture of fermented chaff and pine bark is scattered on the surface of the ridge; the chaff is not crushed, and the pine bark is crushed to be less than 0.5 cm; the preparation method of the mixture of the fermented rice husks and the pine barks comprises the following steps: weighing the chaff and the pine bark according to the weight ratio of 3:1 respectively, adding the EM microbial inoculum for soaking, stirring uniformly, fermenting at the temperature of 30 ℃ for 20 days, taking out and airing to obtain the compound microbial inoculum. The preparation method of the EM microbial inoculum comprises the following steps: mixing EM original liquid, brown sugar and water or liquid dung according to the weight ratio of 1:1:200, stirring, covering with a film, stirring once every 2 days, fermenting at 20-30 ℃ for 7 days, and diluting with 500 times of water when in use; the thickness of the mixture of the rice husks and the pine barks after fermentation is 20 mm.
S5: topdressing: spraying urea water and fertilizer once every two months in the first year after transplanting for 2 months; in 9 months of the second and third years, applying farmyard manure for 1 time respectively, hilling, and spraying compound fertilizer water and fertilizer for 5 times/year; the urea water fertilizer is an aqueous solution containing 2% of urea; the farmyard manure is synchronized to the 'farmyard manure' at step S3; the compound fertilizer water fertilizer is an aqueous solution containing 5% of compound fertilizer; the hilling method comprises the following steps: ditching or hole-planting when applying farmyard manure in the second and third years, deeply digging the furrow and earthing up to increase the height of the furrow surface, and covering the roots of the asparagus with soil;
s6: branch arrangement: rapidly growing the plants in the second and third years, supporting branches in time to allow the asparagus cochinchinensis branches to climb towards the direction of the surface of the furrow, and removing dead branches;
s7: harvesting: and (4) harvesting in the third year, cutting off all branches above the ground 15cm away from the ground before harvesting, and digging up underground potato blocks.
Example 3
A planting method of asparagus cochinchinensis comprises the following steps:
s1: and (3) cultivating tissue culture seedlings: selecting tender stems of strong and thick underground root tubers of asparagus cochinchinensis as explants, sterilizing, and then carrying out adventitious bud induction, cluster bud multiplication and strong seedling rooting culture to obtain aseptic seedlings; the disinfection step is as follows: washing explant with water for 4 times, cutting into 1-2 axillary buds with 1.0-1.5cm long strip, sterilizing with 75% ethanol for 10s, washing with sterile water, and adding 0.1% HgCl2Sterilizing the solution for 10min, washing with sterile water for 4 times, and inoculating; the culture medium used in the adventitious bud induction culture stage is as follows: MS +30g/L sucrose +4g/L agar +1.0mg.L-16-BA mg.L-1+0.2mg.L-1NAA mg.L-1Sterilizing the culture medium at 121 deg.C and 0.1MPa for 20min with pH of 5.8-6.0; what is needed isThe culture medium used in the propagation culture stage of the cluster buds is as follows: MS +30g/L sucrose +4g/L agar +0.5mg.L-16-BA mg.L-1+0.1mg.L-1NAA mg.L-1The concentration ratio of 6-BA and NAA in the culture medium is 5, pH is 5.8-6.0, and the culture medium is sterilized for 20min at 121 ℃ and 0.1 MPa; the culture medium used in the strong seedling rooting culture stage is as follows: 1/2MS +30g/L sucrose +4g/L agar +2.0mg.L-1NAA mg.L-1+1.0mg.L IBAmg.L-1, pH 5.8-6.0, sterilizing the culture medium at 121 deg.C under 0.1MPa for 20 min;
s2: transplanting tissue culture seedlings: loosening a bottle cap of the aseptic seedling after rooting, placing for 2 days, opening the bottle cap of the culture bottle, placing for 4 days, taking out the seedling, cleaning the residual culture medium, transplanting the seedling into a matrix of 'yellow mud-perlite-peat-coconut husk' with the weight ratio of 2:1:1:1, spraying sufficient root fixing water, covering a plastic film, watering regularly, keeping the matrix moist, and normally managing for about 6 months to obtain the seedling;
s3: transplanting seedlings: transplanting the seedlings to the ridge surface applied with enough base fertilizer, spraying enough root fixing water, and spraying water once every 2 days within 10 days after transplanting; the width of the ridge surface of the ridge is 1.5m, and the height of the ridge is 30 cm; the seedlings are planted on the ridge surface in a shape like Chinese character 'pin' or in a parallel mode, 2 lines are planted, and the row spacing is 50cm multiplied by 50 cm; the base fertilizer is 1500kg of farmyard manure, 300kg of compound fertilizer and 150kg of P fertilizer per mu, the mixture is uniform, and seedlings can be planted after earthing; the farmyard manure is a manure with animal manure composting and decomposing, and the compound fertilizer is (N: P)2O5:K2O is 15:15: 15:15), and the P fertilizer is a calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer; the animal manure is a combination of cow manure, pig manure and chicken manure, and the weight ratio of the cow manure to the pig manure to the chicken manure is 1:1: 1;
s4: after the transplanted seedlings survive, a mixture of fermented chaff and pine bark is scattered on the surface of the ridge; the chaff is not crushed, and the pine bark is crushed to be less than 0.5 cm; the preparation method of the mixture of the fermented rice husks and the pine barks comprises the following steps: weighing the chaff and the pine bark according to the weight ratio of 3:1 respectively, adding the EM microbial inoculum for soaking, stirring uniformly, fermenting at the temperature of 25 ℃ for 18 days, taking out and airing to obtain the compound feed; the preparation method of the EM microbial inoculum comprises the following steps: mixing EM original liquid, brown sugar and water or liquid dung according to the weight ratio of 1:1:200, stirring, covering with a film, stirring once every 1 day, fermenting at 20-30 deg.C for 6 days, and diluting with 300 times of water when in use; the thickness of the mixture of the rice husks and the pine barks after fermentation is 15 mm;
s5: topdressing: spraying the biogas liquid fertilizer for the first time after transplanting for 2 months, and spraying the biogas liquid fertilizer or the urea liquid fertilizer every two months in the first year, wherein the biogas liquid fertilizer and the urea liquid fertilizer are sequentially applied in turn; in 9 months of the second and third years, applying farmyard manure for 2 times respectively, hilling, spraying biogas liquid manure or compound fertilizer water manure for 4 times/year, and sequentially applying biogas liquid manure and compound fertilizer water manure in turn; the biogas liquid fertilizer is a liquid fertilizer prepared by fermenting raw materials in a biogas digester, wherein the raw materials comprise animal wastes, straws and vegetable wastes; the urea water fertilizer is an aqueous solution containing 5% of urea; the farmyard manure is synchronized to the 'farmyard manure' at step S3; the compound fertilizer water fertilizer is an aqueous solution containing 2% of compound fertilizer; the hilling method comprises the following steps: ditching or hole-planting when applying farmyard manure in the second and third years, deeply digging the furrow and earthing up to increase the height of the furrow surface, and covering the roots of the asparagus with soil;
s6: branch arrangement: rapidly growing the plants in the second and third years, supporting branches in time to allow the asparagus cochinchinensis branches to climb towards the direction of the surface of the furrow, and removing dead branches;
s7: harvesting: and (4) harvesting in the third year, cutting off all branches above the ground 15cm away from the ground before harvesting, and digging up underground potato blocks.
Example 4
Screening the seeds which are mature, large and full in the current year, cleaning, airing, adopting a conventional asparagus cochinchinensis seed breeding method to obtain asparagus cochinchinensis seedlings, and planting the asparagus cochinchinensis seedlings by the same method as the embodiment 3 from the step of seedling transplantation.
Example 5
The mother plants of Asparagus cochinchinensis grown for two years were dug out, and the clumps were divided into 3 to 5 parts and planted as in example 3 from the "seedling transplantation" step.
Example 6
The planting method is the same as that in example 3 except for the base fertilizer and the top dressing method. The base fertilizer of example 6 was: 1500kg of compound fertilizer (N: P) per mu2O5:K2O＝15:15:15)，And covering soil to plant seedlings. The top dressing method comprises the following steps: spraying urea liquid manure every two months in the first year after transplanting for 2 months; in the second and third years, urea liquid manure is sprayed for 4 times per year. The urea water fertilizer is an aqueous solution containing 3% of urea.
Planting of example products from different Asparagus Cochinchinensis
The asparagus cochinchinensis of the 6 embodiments in different planting methods is subjected to a field yield test, and the yield test method comprises the following steps: and (3) determining 5 actually measured cells after deducting the edge lines of each test point, wherein each cell is 1m2On the left and right sides, each cluster is picked up to remove the swelling root tuber, the soil is cleaned by clear water, the weight of the fresh medicinal material is weighed, 30 asparagus root tuber roots are randomly extracted from the fresh medicinal material to measure the length, the diameter of the middle stem and the total weight of the root tuber, and the average number is taken. The yield per mu is equivalent to the fresh weight (kg/mu) of asparagus tuber to the total weight of the asparagus tuber multiplied by 666.7m2Area of production. Moreover, the Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region analysis and test research center is entrusted to respectively measure the polysaccharide, the total amino acid amount and the content of the asparagus saponin in the asparagus of each example according to the serial number 0401 ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry of the Chinese pharmacopoeia 2015 edition rule, the national food safety standard GB 5009.124-2016 determination of amino acid in food, and the SN content determination in the export tea saponin of SN/T1852-.
TABLE 7 table of the results of different asparagus cochinchinensis planting methods and the contents of effective components
As can be seen from Table 7, in the embodiments 1-3 of the present invention, the asparagus seedlings are produced by adopting the tissue culture breeding technology, and the asparagus seedlings are harvested for 3 years after the scientific management of tissue culture seedling transplantation, topdressing and the like, so that the obtained asparagus is large and uniform, the yield is up to 5988.24 kg/mu or more, and the yield is increased by 20-30% compared with the traditional farmer seeds; the asparagus cochinchinensis planted by the method has good quality, the polysaccharide content is more than 27.2%, the total amino acid content is more than 9.13%, the content of the asparagus saponin is more than 3.98%, and the content of the active ingredients is higher than that in examples 4 and 5 and the content of the active ingredients is the lowest in example 6. In the embodiment 4, the asparagus seeds are adopted for seedling culture, the mature harvesting time is 4 years, and the occupied cultivated land time is long. Example 5 two years of asparagus stock plants were used for the division planting with lower yield. Example 6 basic compound fertilizer and urea were applied according to conventional planting with low yield and low content of active ingredients. Therefore, the invention provides a method for producing high-quality asparagus cochinchinensis seedlings and a scientific planting method, the whole asparagus cochinchinensis planting period can avoid weeding, high-yield, high-efficiency and high-quality asparagus cochinchinensis cultivation is realized, and the method has good market prospect.
Claims (10)
1. A method for planting asparagus, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1: and (3) cultivating tissue culture seedlings: selecting tender stems of strong and thick underground root tubers of asparagus cochinchinensis as explants, sterilizing, and then carrying out adventitious bud induction, cluster bud multiplication and strong seedling rooting culture to obtain aseptic seedlings;
s2: transplanting tissue culture seedlings: loosening a bottle cap of the aseptic seedling after rooting, placing for 2 days, opening the bottle cap of the culture bottle, placing for 3-5 days, taking out the seedling, cleaning the residual culture medium, transplanting the seedling into a matrix of 'yellow mud-perlite-peat-coconut husk' with the weight ratio of 2:1:1:1, spraying sufficient root fixing water, covering a plastic film, watering regularly, keeping the matrix moist, and normally managing for about 6 months to obtain a seedling;
s3: transplanting seedlings: transplanting the seedlings to the ridge surface applied with enough base fertilizer, spraying enough root fixing water, and spraying water once every 2 days within 10 days after transplanting;
s4: topdressing: spraying biogas liquid fertilizer or urea liquid fertilizer once every two months in the first year after transplanting seedlings for 2 months; in the second and third years, applying farmyard manure for 1-2 times respectively, hilling, and spraying biogas liquid fertilizer or compound fertilizer water fertilizer for 3-5 times/year;
s5: branch arrangement: supporting branches in time for the second and third years to allow the asparagus cochinchinensis branches to climb towards the direction of the ridge surface, and removing dead branches;
s6: harvesting: and (4) harvesting in the third year, cutting off all branches above the ground 15cm away from the ground before harvesting, and digging up underground potato blocks.
2. The method for planting asparagus of claim 1, wherein in step S1:
the disinfection method comprises the following steps: washing explant with water for 3-5 times, cutting into 1.0-1.5cm long stem with 1-2 axillary buds, sterilizing with 75% ethanol for 10s, washing with sterile water, and adding 0.1% HgCl2Sterilizing the solution for 10min, washing with sterile water for 3-4 times, and inoculating;
the culture medium used in the adventitious bud induction culture stage is as follows: MS +30g/L sucrose +4g/L agar +1.0mg.L-16-BAmg.L-1+0.1-0.2mg.L-1NAA mg.L-1Sterilizing the culture medium at 121 deg.C and 0.1MPa for 20min with pH of 5.8-6.0;
the culture medium used in the propagation culture stage of the cluster buds is as follows: MS +30g/L sucrose +4g/L agar +0.5mg.L-16-BAmg.L-1+0.1mg.L-1NAA mg.L-1The concentration ratio of 6-BA and NAA in the culture medium is 5, pH is 5.8-6.0, and the culture medium is sterilized for 20min at 121 ℃ and 0.1 MPa;
the culture medium used in the strong seedling rooting culture stage is as follows: 1/2MS +30g/L sucrose +4g/L agar +2.0mg.L-1NAAmg.L-1+1.0mg.L IBA mg.L-1, pH 5.8-6.0, and sterilizing the culture medium at 121 deg.C and 0.1MPa for 20 min.
3. The method for growing asparagus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the width of the ridge surface of the ridge in the step S3 is 1.5m, and the height of the ridge is 30 cm.
4. The method for planting asparagus cochinchinensis as claimed in claim 1, wherein the base fertilizer is 1500kg of farmyard manure, 300kg of compound fertilizer and 150kg of P fertilizer per mu, the mixture is evenly mixed, and seedlings can be planted after the mixture is covered with soil; the farmyard manure is a manure with animal manure composting and decomposing, and the compound fertilizer is (N: P)2O5:K2O is 15:15: 15:15), and the P fertilizer is a calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer.
5. The method for planting asparagus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the mixture of fermented chaff and pine bark is sprinkled on the furrow surface after the seedlings transplanted in step S3 survive.
6. The method for planting asparagus cochinchinensis as claimed in claim 5, wherein the mixture of the fermented chaff and the pine bark is prepared by: weighing the chaff and the pine bark according to the weight ratio of 3:1 respectively, adding the EM microbial inoculum for soaking, stirring uniformly, fermenting for 15-20 days at the temperature of 20-30 ℃, taking out and airing to obtain the feed.
7. The method for planting asparagus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the biogas liquid fertilizer obtained in step S4 is a liquid fertilizer obtained by fermenting raw materials in a biogas digester, wherein the raw materials are animal wastes, straws and/or fruit and vegetable wastes; the urea water fertilizer is an aqueous solution containing 2-5% of urea; the compound fertilizer water fertilizer is an aqueous solution containing 2-5% of compound fertilizer.
8. The method for planting asparagus of claim 1, wherein the hilling method in step S4 is: ditching or hole-planting when applying farmyard manure in the second and third years, deeply digging the furrow and earthing up to increase the height of the furrow surface, and covering the roots of the asparagus with soil.
9. The method for growing asparagus of claim 5, wherein the thickness of the mixture of the fermented chaff and the pine bark is 10-20 mm.
10. The method for planting asparagus cochinchinensis as claimed in claim 6, wherein the EM microbial inoculum is prepared by the following steps: mixing EM original liquid, brown sugar and water according to the weight ratio of 1:1:200, stirring, covering a film, stirring once every 1-2 days, fermenting at 20-30 ℃ for 5-7 days to obtain the product, and adding 200 times of water for diluting when in use.
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