CN111264317B - Chenopodium quinoa willd planting method in east China - Google Patents
Chenopodium quinoa willd planting method in east China Download PDFInfo
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- CN111264317B CN111264317B CN201911242936.4A CN201911242936A CN111264317B CN 111264317 B CN111264317 B CN 111264317B CN 201911242936 A CN201911242936 A CN 201911242936A CN 111264317 B CN111264317 B CN 111264317B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B7/00—Fertilisers based essentially on alkali or ammonium orthophosphates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural planting, and discloses a quinoa planting method in east China, which comprises the following steps: (1) site selection: selecting land with a sea level higher than 800 m in east China for planting; (2) land preparation and fertilization: when the surface temperature reaches more than 10 ℃, deep ploughing and soil preparation are carried out, and meanwhile, base fertilizer is applied; (3) ridging and film covering; (4) sowing: sowing between 3 middle ten days and 8 last ten days of the month, mixing seeds with sand or parched millet before sowing, wherein the mass ratio of the quinoa wheat seeds to the sand or millet is 1: (1-2); (5) field management: a) thinning the seedlings; b) ridging; c) topdressing; d) draining off accumulated water; (6) and (6) harvesting. According to the growing characteristics of the quinoa, the growing mode is adjusted, so that the quinoa can be planted on a land with the altitude higher than 800 m in east China in a large scale, and the yield per mu can reach more than 250 kg.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural planting, in particular to a quinoa planting method in east China.
Background
Chenopodium quinoa is originally produced in Andes mountain areas in south America, has a planting history of more than 5000 + 7000 years, breeds Yijia nationality due to unique rich and comprehensive nutritional value, and ancient Yijia people are called as 'food mothers'. Because of high nutritive value, the food can meet the requirements of human bodies, is called as perfect 'full-nutrition food' most suitable for human beings by food and agriculture organizations of the united nations, and is listed as food which can meet the basic nutritional requirements of human bodies by only one single plant.
Chenopodium quinoa belongs to high-cold altitude crops and is suitable for growing in high-altitude areas with cold and cool climate in summer, sufficient sunlight, large temperature difference between day and night, less rainfall and fertile soil, so the existing Chenopodium quinoa planting technology generally selects to plant in plateau areas, for example, the 'planting method for improving the Chenopodium quinoa yield' disclosed in Chinese patent literature has the following publication number CN 110235713A: step one, site selection: selecting an environment with the altitude of 2000-2400 m, the gradient of 10-25 ℃, warmness, slight humidity and coolness, balanced small-environment temperature, large humidity and abundant rainfall; step two, fertilizing base fertilizer on the soil; step three, pretreating seeds; step four, sowing; fifthly, field management; step six, irrigating, killing insects and fertilizing; step seven, harvesting: harvesting after seeding for 180-200 days.
Due to the geographical and climatic environment limitations such as low altitude and hot summer climate in the east China, the quinoa is difficult to be planted in large scale in the east China, and the industrialization process of quinoa planting with high nutritive value is hindered.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a chenopodium quinoa planting method in the east China, aiming at overcoming the problem that the traditional chenopodium quinoa planting technology is only suitable for high-altitude areas, and the programming planting of chenopodium quinoa is difficult to realize due to the limitations of geographical and climatic environments such as low altitude, hot summer climate and the like in the east China, and the traditional chenopodium quinoa planting technology is improved, so that the chenopodium quinoa can be planted in the east China in a large scale, and the maximum yield per mu can reach more than 250 kilograms.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a chenopodium quinoa willd planting method in east China comprises the following steps:
(1) site selection: selecting land with a sea level higher than 800 m and without water accumulation in east China for planting;
(2) land preparation and fertilization: when the surface temperature reaches more than 10 ℃, deep ploughing and soil preparation are carried out, and meanwhile, base fertilizer is applied;
(3) ridging and film covering: ridging and covering with a film, wherein the film is tightly attached to the ridge surface, the periphery of the ridge is compacted with soil, and a soil waistband is pressed every 2-4 m;
(4) sowing: seeding between the middle ten days of 3 months and the upper ten days of 8 months by adopting a seedling transplanting method or a direct seeding method, mixing seeds with sand or parched millet before seeding, and seeding, wherein the mass ratio of the quinoa wheat seeds to the sand or millet is 1: (1-2);
(5) field management:
a) thinning: thinning the seedlings to 10cm when the seedlings grow to 5-6 leaves, removing diseases and weak seedlings, and weeding; when the height of the seedling reaches 20-30 cm and 8-10 leaves are obtained, carrying out second thinning, and keeping strong seedlings and preserving the seedlings;
b) ridging: when the quinoa grows to 40-60 cm, carrying out secondary weeding, and meanwhile, compacting the quinoa hills;
c) topdressing: applying additional fertilizer for 1-3 times in the growth period;
d) if water is accumulated, digging a deep ditch to drain;
(6) and (6) harvesting.
Preferably, the base fertilizer in the step (2) is a mixed fertilizer of farmyard manure and slow release fertilizer, and the preparation method of the slow release fertilizer comprises the following steps:
A) placing the dried cotton yarn into a mixed solution of 5-9 wt% of NaOH and 10-15 wt% of urea, uniformly stirring and dispersing, freezing at the temperature of-12-15 ℃ for 12-24 h, and thawing at room temperature to obtain a cellulose solution, wherein the mass ratio of the cotton yarn to the mixed solution is 1 (10-15);
B) adding tetrabutylammonium bromide into a cellulose solution, and stirring for 20-30 min to obtain a mixed solution, wherein the mass-volume ratio of the tetrabutylammonium bromide to the cellulose solution is 1 g: (350-450) mL;
C) adding a cellulose solution into the mixed solution in a volume ratio of 1: (0.8-1.0) reacting bromododecane at 75-85 ℃ for 7-9 h, and adjusting the pH to 7-8 by using phosphoric acid to obtain an etherified cellulose solution;
D) sequentially adding the mixture into an etherified cellulose solution, wherein the mass ratio of the mixture to the etherified cellulose solution is 1: (0.8-1.2): (0.8-1.2): (0.03-0.05): (10-30) stirring sodium dihydrogen phosphate, acrylic acid, potassium chloride and N, N-methylene bisacrylamide for 20-30 min, and then adding the mixture, wherein the mass ratio of the mixture to the etherified cellulose solution is 0.4: (10-30) reacting ammonium persulfate at 40-50 ℃ for 10-20 h, repeatedly washing the product with water after the reaction is finished, and drying to obtain a water-retaining inner core;
E) spraying 8-10 wt% of polyvinyl alcohol solution on the surface of the water-retaining core under a stirring state, then spraying fly ash, spraying the polyvinyl alcohol solution and spraying the fly ash after stirring for 10-20 min, repeating for 2-3 times to obtain a coating on the surface of the water-retaining core, wherein the mass of the coating is 8-12% of that of the water-retaining core, and the mass ratio of the polyvinyl alcohol to the fly ash in the coating is 1: (3-5) drying the coated product to obtain the slow release fertilizer.
Preferably, the mass ratio of the farmyard manure to the slow release fertilizer in the base fertilizer is (2-3): 2.
preferably, the application amount of the base fertilizer is 10-15 kg/mu.
Preferably, the top dressing uses a slow release fertilizer, and the top dressing amount is 5-10 kg/mu.
Preferably, the plowing depth in the step (2) is 25-35 cm, and the plowed ground is flat and free of weeds and sundries.
Preferably, in the step (3), the width of the ridge surface is 70-120 cm, and the width of the furrow is 18-22 cm.
Preferably, when the seedling transplanting method is used in the step (4), the covering soil after sowing is not more than 2cm, the seedling age is 18-22 days, and the transplanting is performed when the seedling size is 7-9 cm, and the transplanting distance is 30 x 30cm (plant distance and row distance).
Preferably, when the direct seeding method is used in the step (4), a broadcast sowing method, a drill sowing method or a hole sowing method can be adopted, and the broadcast sowing is 200-250 g/mu; the spacing of each row of drill seeding is 50 cm; the hole sowing distance is 30cm (plant spacing and row spacing).
Preferably, the corn is planted around the chenopodium quinoa field or in the middle of the chenopodium quinoa field at the same time.
According to the growth characteristics of the quinoa, the planting mode is adjusted, so that the quinoa can be planted on a land with the altitude higher than 800 m in east China in a large scale, and the yield per mu can reach more than 250 kg; the seedlings can be grown after the middle ten days of March and before the last 8 months, and the seeding period is long.
Because a large amount of weeds can grow in the growing process of the chenopodium quinoa especially when seedlings are young, the chenopodium quinoa is quite sensitive to herbicides, and artificial weeding is needed to obtain high-quality products, the chenopodium quinoa is planted by using the film, the excessive production of the weeds is prevented, a large amount of manpower and fertility are consumed, the film can use a solar film, and the young and tender seedlings can be effectively prevented from being scalded by too much heat absorbed by the land; the periphery of the film is sealed by soil to prevent hot air from overflowing to directly bake the seedlings. In field management, thinning is carried out twice, reasonable close planting is guaranteed, the quinoa wheat stalks can grow thick and strong, and lodging in the later period is prevented; after weeding, the roots are earthed, the growth of the stem nodes and secondary roots is promoted, the supporting capability of plants is enhanced, and the later lodging is favorably prevented; also can plant the high-stalk plant maize around the chenopodium quinoa field or in the middle of the chenopodium quinoa field simultaneously, reduce the influence of gale, prevent to lodging. Meanwhile, due to the fact that rainfall capacity in east China is large, accumulated water needs to be drained in time, soil is kept dry, and the fact that the quinoa dies due to long-time accumulated water is prevented.
Meanwhile, aiming at the problem that the chenopodium quinoa is not suitable for growing in the eastern China because the temperature is high in summer, the slow release fertilizer special for growing chenopodium quinoa in the eastern China is prepared and used: in the step A), cotton yarns are used as raw materials to extract cellulose; then, through steps B) and C), under the action of a catalyst tetrabutylammonium bromide, hydroxyl in the cellulose is combined with alkyl in bromododecane through an ether bond, and hydrophobic long-chain alkyl is grafted into cellulose molecules to obtain etherified cellulose; in the step D), N-methylene bisacrylamide is used as a cross-linking agent, ammonium persulfate is used as an initiator, urea is used as a nitrogen fertilizer source, sodium dihydrogen phosphate is used as a phosphate fertilizer source, potassium chloride is used as a potassium fertilizer source, and etherified cellulose grafted polyacrylic acid is prepared through free radical polymerization reaction to form a gel water-retaining inner core of a three-dimensional network structure loaded with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers; and E), coating a hydrophobic kaolin coating outside the gel water-retaining core by using polyvinyl alcohol as a binder, and finally obtaining the slow-release fertilizer with the structure of the water-retaining core coated by the hydrophobic coating.
The invention takes the cotton yarn as the raw material for preparing the water-retaining core, has low cost and can realize waste utilization, and when the prepared slow-release fertilizer is used, the water-retaining core has excellent water absorbability and water retentivity due to the hydrogel structure, and can form a moist microenvironment near the root of the chenopodium quinoa after water absorption and swelling, thereby maintaining a low-temperature environment in summer, avoiding the influence on the growth of the chenopodium quinoa due to overhigh temperature in summer, and simultaneously avoiding the lack of water of the chenopodium quinoa due to high temperature.
In addition, the hydrogel structure of the water-retaining inner core can also play a role in slowly releasing the loaded nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers through water absorption and swelling, so that the sustained release of nutrients is realized, the utilization rate of the fertilizers is improved, and the fertilization frequency is reduced. According to the invention, the hydrophobic long-chain alkyl group is introduced to the surface of the cellulose, and the hydrogel is subjected to hydrophobic modification, so that hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups with a certain proportion are contained in the molecule, the water absorption rate is reduced, the time for reaching swelling balance is prolonged, the fertilizer is prevented from being rapidly released in a swelling state, and the slow release effect is enhanced. And because the change of the external temperature can influence the hydrophobic effect of the groups, the hydrogen bond effect among macromolecular chains and the hydrogen bond effect among hydrophilic groups, the water-retaining inner core after hydrophobic modification can have certain responsiveness to the external temperature, and the release rate to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers is reduced when the temperature is too high, so that the release rate of the fertilizers accords with the growth characteristics of chenopodium quinoa, and the growth of the chenopodium quinoa is effectively promoted. Meanwhile, polyvinyl alcohol is used as a binder outside the hydrogel water-retaining inner core with high water absorption performance, and a layer of kaolin hydrophobic coating is coated on the hydrogel water-retaining inner core, so that the rapid water absorption and swelling of the water-retaining inner core are avoided, the slow release time of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers is further prolonged, and the nutrients can be continuously released.
Therefore, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) according to the growth characteristics of the quinoa, the planting mode is adjusted, so that the quinoa can be planted on a land with the altitude higher than 800 m in east China in a large scale, and the yield per mu can reach more than 250 kg;
(2) when the slow release fertilizer special for planting chenopodium quinoa in east China is used, the water-retaining inner core of the slow release fertilizer has excellent water absorbability and water retention property due to the hydrogel structure, and a moist microenvironment can be formed near the root of the chenopodium quinoa after water absorption and swelling, so that a low-temperature environment can be maintained in summer, the influence on the growth of the chenopodium quinoa due to overhigh temperature in summer is avoided, and the lack of water of the chenopodium quinoa due to high temperature can be avoided;
(3) the water-retaining core of the slow-release fertilizer is subjected to hydrophobic modification, and the surface of the water-retaining core is coated with the hydrophobic coating, so that the slow-release time of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can be prolonged, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer has responsiveness to temperature, and the slow-release performance is combined with the growth rule of quinoa.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described with reference to specific embodiments.
The chenopodium quinoa is planted in Baishan ancestry town of Qingyuan county of Zhejiang province.
Example 1:
(1) site selection: selecting land with the altitude higher than 800 m, no water accumulation, relatively fertile land and less weeds for planting;
(2) land preparation and fertilization: when the ground surface temperature reaches more than 10 ℃, deep ploughing and soil preparation are carried out, the ploughing depth is 25-35 cm, the ploughed ground is flat and free of weeds and sundries, and meanwhile, base fertilizer is applied, wherein the mass ratio of the base fertilizer is 3: 2, the application amount of the mixed fertilizer of the farmyard manure and the slow release fertilizer is 12 kg/mu, and the preparation method of the slow release fertilizer comprises the following steps:
A) placing the dried cotton yarn into a mixed solution of 7 wt% of NaOH and 12 wt% of urea, uniformly stirring and dispersing, freezing for 15h at-13 ℃, and unfreezing at room temperature to obtain a cellulose solution, wherein the mass ratio of the cotton yarn to the mixed solution is 1: 12;
B) adding tetrabutylammonium bromide into the cellulose solution, and stirring for 25min to obtain a mixed solution, wherein the mass-volume ratio of the tetrabutylammonium bromide to the cellulose solution is 1 g: 300 mL;
C) adding a cellulose solution into the mixed solution in a volume ratio of 1: 0.9 of bromododecane, reacting for 8 hours at 80 ℃, and adjusting the pH to 7.5 by using phosphoric acid to obtain an etherified cellulose solution;
D) adding sodium dihydrogen phosphate, acrylic acid, potassium chloride and N, N-methylene bisacrylamide into the etherified cellulose solution in a mass ratio of 1:1.0:1.0:0.04:20 in sequence, stirring for 25min, and then adding the mixture of the sodium dihydrogen phosphate, the acrylic acid, the potassium chloride and the N, N-methylene bisacrylamide in a mass ratio of 0.4: 20 of ammonium persulfate, reacting for 12 hours at 45 ℃, repeatedly washing a product with water after the reaction is finished, and drying to obtain a water-retaining inner core;
E) spraying 9wt% of polyvinyl alcohol solution on the surface of the water-retaining core under the stirring state, then spraying fly ash, stirring for 15min, then spraying the polyvinyl alcohol solution, spraying the fly ash, repeating for 2 times, and obtaining a coating on the surface of the water-retaining core, wherein the mass of the coating is 10% of that of the water-retaining core, and the mass ratio of the polyvinyl alcohol to the fly ash in the coating is 1: 4, drying the coated product to obtain the slow release fertilizer;
(3) ridging and film covering: ridging and covering with a film, wherein the width of a ridge surface is 100cm, the width of a furrow is 20cm, the film is tightly attached to the ridge surface, the periphery of the ridge surface is compacted by soil, and a soil belt is pressed every 3 m;
(4) sowing: and (3) starting seedling raising after clearing, mixing seeds of fried rice and seeds of rice, sowing, wherein the mass ratio of the quinoa wheat seeds to the sand or the rice is 1:1, covering soil with the depth of less than 2cm, transplanting seedlings when the seedlings are 20 days old and 7-9 cm in size, wherein the transplanting distance is 30 x 30cm (plant distance x row distance), and meanwhile, planting corns around the quinoa field;
(5) field management:
a) thinning: thinning the seedlings to 10cm when the seedlings grow to 5-6 leaves, removing diseases and weak seedlings, and weeding; when the height of the seedling reaches 20-30 cm and 8-10 leaves are obtained, carrying out second thinning, and keeping strong seedlings and preserving the seedlings;
b) ridging: when the quinoa grows to 40-60 cm, carrying out secondary weeding, and meanwhile, compacting the quinoa hills;
c) topdressing: applying topdressing for 1 time in the growing period, wherein the topdressing uses slow release fertilizer, and the topdressing amount is 8 kg/mu;
d) if water is accumulated, digging a deep ditch to drain;
(6) harvesting: harvesting when the ears of the chenopodium quinoa are yellow and red.
Example 2:
(1) site selection: selecting land with the altitude higher than 800 m, no water accumulation, relatively fertile land and less weeds for planting;
(2) land preparation and fertilization: when the ground surface temperature reaches more than 10 ℃, deep ploughing and soil preparation are carried out, the ploughing depth is 25-35 cm, the ploughed ground is flat and free of weeds and sundries, and meanwhile, base fertilizer is applied, wherein the mass ratio of the base fertilizer to the base fertilizer is 1:1, the application amount of the mixed fertilizer of the farmyard manure and the slow release fertilizer is 10 kg/mu, and the preparation method of the slow release fertilizer comprises the following steps:
A) placing the dried cotton yarn into a mixed solution of 5wt% of NaOH and 10wt% of urea, uniformly stirring and dispersing, freezing for 24h at the temperature of-12 ℃, and unfreezing at room temperature to obtain a cellulose solution, wherein the mass ratio of the cotton yarn to the mixed solution is 1: 10;
B) adding tetrabutylammonium bromide into the cellulose solution, and stirring for 20min to obtain a mixed solution, wherein the mass-volume ratio of the tetrabutylammonium bromide to the cellulose solution is 1 g: 350 mL;
C) adding a cellulose solution into the mixed solution in a volume ratio of 1:0.8 of bromododecane reacts for 7 hours at the temperature of 75 ℃, and the pH value is adjusted to 7 by phosphoric acid to obtain etherified cellulose solution;
D) adding sodium dihydrogen phosphate, acrylic acid, potassium chloride and N, N-methylene bisacrylamide into the etherified cellulose solution in a mass ratio of 1:0.8:0.8:0.03:10 in sequence, stirring for 20min, and then adding the mixture of the sodium dihydrogen phosphate, the acrylic acid, the potassium chloride and the N, N-methylene bisacrylamide in a mass ratio of 0.4: 10 of ammonium persulfate, reacting for 10 hours at 40 ℃, repeatedly washing the product with water after the reaction is finished, and drying to obtain a water-retaining inner core;
E) spraying 8 wt% of polyvinyl alcohol solution on the surface of the water-retaining core under the stirring state, then spraying fly ash, stirring for 10min, then spraying the polyvinyl alcohol solution, spraying the fly ash, repeating for 3 times, and obtaining a coating on the surface of the water-retaining core, wherein the mass of the coating is 12% of that of the water-retaining core, and the mass ratio of the polyvinyl alcohol to the fly ash in the coating is 1: 3, drying the coated product to obtain the slow release fertilizer;
(3) ridging and film covering: ridging and covering with a film, wherein the width of a ridge surface is 70cm, the width of a furrow is 18cm, the film is tightly attached to the ridge surface, the periphery of the ridge surface is compacted by soil, and a soil waistband is pressed every 2 m;
(4) sowing: and (3) starting seedling raising after clearing, mixing seeds of fried rice and seeds of rice, sowing, wherein the mass ratio of the quinoa wheat seeds to the sand or the rice is 1: 1.5, covering soil is not more than 2cm, the seedlings are aged for 20 days, and are transplanted when the seedlings are 7-9 cm in size, the transplanting distance is 30 x 30cm (plant distance and row distance), and meanwhile, corns are planted around the quinoa field;
(5) field management:
a) thinning: thinning the seedlings to 10cm when the seedlings grow to 5-6 leaves, removing diseases and weak seedlings, and weeding; when the height of the seedling reaches 20-30 cm and 8-10 leaves are obtained, carrying out second thinning, and keeping strong seedlings and preserving the seedlings;
b) ridging: when the quinoa grows to 40-60 cm, carrying out secondary weeding, and meanwhile, compacting the quinoa hills;
c) topdressing: applying topdressing for 1 time in the growing period, wherein the topdressing uses slow release fertilizer, and the topdressing amount is 10 kg/mu;
d) if water is accumulated, digging a deep ditch to drain;
(6) harvesting: harvesting when the ears of the chenopodium quinoa are yellow and red.
Example 3:
(1) site selection: selecting land with the altitude higher than 800 m, no water accumulation, relatively fertile land and less weeds for planting;
(2) land preparation and fertilization: when the ground surface temperature reaches more than 10 ℃, deep ploughing and soil preparation are carried out, the ploughing depth is 25-35 cm, the ploughed ground is flat and free of weeds and sundries, and meanwhile, base fertilizer is applied, wherein the mass ratio of the base fertilizer is 2.5: 2, the application amount of the mixed fertilizer of the farmyard manure and the slow release fertilizer is 15 kg/mu, and the preparation method of the slow release fertilizer comprises the following steps:
A) placing the dried cotton yarn into a mixed solution of 9wt% of NaOH and 15wt% of urea, uniformly stirring and dispersing, freezing at-15 ℃ for 12h, and unfreezing at room temperature to obtain a cellulose solution, wherein the mass ratio of the cotton yarn to the mixed solution is 1: 15;
B) adding tetrabutylammonium bromide into the cellulose solution, and stirring for 30min to obtain a mixed solution, wherein the mass-volume ratio of the tetrabutylammonium bromide to the cellulose solution is 1 g: 450 mL;
C) adding a cellulose solution into the mixed solution in a volume ratio of 1:1.0 of bromododecane, reacting at 85 ℃ for 9 hours, and adjusting the pH to 8 by using phosphoric acid to obtain an etherified cellulose solution;
D) adding sodium dihydrogen phosphate, acrylic acid, potassium chloride and N, N-methylene bisacrylamide into the etherified cellulose solution in a mass ratio of 1:1.2:1.2:0.05:30 in sequence, stirring for 30min, and then adding the mixture of sodium dihydrogen phosphate, acrylic acid, potassium chloride and N, N-methylene bisacrylamide in a mass ratio of 0.4: 30 of ammonium persulfate, reacting for 20 hours at 50 ℃, repeatedly washing the product with water after the reaction is finished, and drying to obtain a water-retaining inner core;
E) spraying 10wt% of polyvinyl alcohol solution on the surface of the water-retaining core under the stirring state, then spraying fly ash, stirring for 20min, then spraying the polyvinyl alcohol solution, spraying the fly ash, repeating for 2 times, and obtaining a coating on the surface of the water-retaining core, wherein the mass of the coating is 8% of that of the water-retaining core, and the mass ratio of the polyvinyl alcohol to the fly ash in the coating is 1: 5, drying the coated product to obtain the slow release fertilizer;
(3) ridging and film covering: ridging and covering with a film, wherein the width of a ridge surface is 120cm, the width of a furrow is 22cm, the film is tightly attached to the ridge surface, the periphery of the ridge surface is compacted by soil, and a soil waistband is pressed every 4 m;
(4) sowing: and (3) starting seedling raising after clearing, mixing seeds of fried rice and seeds of rice, sowing, wherein the mass ratio of the quinoa wheat seeds to the sand or the rice is 1: 2, covering soil with the depth of less than 2cm, transplanting seedlings when the seedlings are 20 days old and 7-9 cm in size, wherein the transplanting distance is 30 x 30cm (plant distance x row distance), and meanwhile, planting corns around the quinoa field;
(5) field management:
a) thinning: thinning the seedlings to 10cm when the seedlings grow to 5-6 leaves, removing diseases and weak seedlings, and weeding; when the height of the seedling reaches 20-30 cm and 8-10 leaves are obtained, carrying out second thinning, and keeping strong seedlings and preserving the seedlings;
b) ridging: when the quinoa grows to 40-60 cm, carrying out secondary weeding, and meanwhile, compacting the quinoa hills;
c) topdressing: applying topdressing for 1 time in the growing period, wherein the topdressing uses slow release fertilizer, and the topdressing amount is 5 kg/mu;
d) if water is accumulated, digging a deep ditch to drain;
(6) harvesting: harvesting when the ears of the chenopodium quinoa are yellow and red.
Comparative example 1:
comparative example 1 is different from example 1 in that a farmyard manure was used for the base fertilizer and the top dressing, and the rest was the same as in example 1.
The yields and qualities of quinoa in the above examples and comparative examples are shown in table 1.
Table 1: harvesting chenopodium quinoa willd.
(the first grade is large, full and uniform in size, good in color and luster, free of mildew and rot, the second grade is slightly smaller than the first grade, uniform in size, good in color and luster, free of mildew and rot, and the third grade is smaller than the second grade, few mildew particles exist, and blighted grains exist.) As can be seen from the table 1, the slow release fertilizer disclosed by the invention is used in the base fertilizers of the examples 1-3, the yield of planted quinoa per mu is high, the lodging phenomenon is small, and the quality of obtained quinoa is good. In the comparative example 1, the slow release fertilizer is not used, and the acre yield and the quality of the quinoa are obviously reduced compared with those in the examples because the fertilizer is lost and the fertilizer cannot play a role in water retention and temperature reduction at high temperature in summer.
Claims (9)
1. A chenopodium quinoa planting method in east China is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) site selection: selecting land with a sea level higher than 800 m and without water accumulation in east China for planting;
(2) land preparation and fertilization: when the surface temperature reaches more than 10 ℃, deep ploughing and soil preparation are carried out, and meanwhile, base fertilizer is applied; the base fertilizer is a mixed fertilizer of farmyard manure and slow release fertilizer, and the preparation method of the slow release fertilizer comprises the following steps:
A) placing the dried cotton yarn into a mixed solution of 5-9 wt% of NaOH and 10-15 wt% of urea, uniformly stirring and dispersing, freezing at-12 to-15 ℃ for 12-24 h, and thawing at room temperature to obtain a cellulose solution, wherein the mass ratio of the cotton yarn to the mixed solution is 1 (10-15);
B) adding tetrabutylammonium bromide into a cellulose solution, and stirring for 20-30 min to obtain a mixed solution, wherein the mass-volume ratio of the tetrabutylammonium bromide to the cellulose solution is 1 g: (350-450) mL;
C) adding a cellulose solution into the mixed solution in a volume ratio of 1: (0.8-1.0) reacting bromododecane at 75-85 ℃ for 7-9 h, and adjusting the pH to 7-8 by using phosphoric acid to obtain an etherified cellulose solution;
D) sequentially adding the mixture into an etherified cellulose solution, wherein the mass ratio of the mixture to the etherified cellulose solution is 1: (0.8-1.2): (0.8-1.2): (0.03-0.05): (10-30) stirring sodium dihydrogen phosphate, acrylic acid, potassium chloride and N, N-methylene bisacrylamide for 20-30 min, and then adding the mixture, wherein the mass ratio of the mixture to the etherified cellulose solution is 0.4: (10-30) reacting ammonium persulfate at 40-50 ℃ for 10-20 h, repeatedly washing the product with water after the reaction is finished, and drying to obtain a water-retaining inner core;
E) spraying 8-10 wt% of polyvinyl alcohol solution on the surface of the water-retaining core under a stirring state, then spraying fly ash, spraying the polyvinyl alcohol solution and spraying the fly ash after stirring for 10-20 min, repeating for 2-3 times to obtain a coating on the surface of the water-retaining core, wherein the mass of the coating is 8-12% of that of the water-retaining core, and the mass ratio of the polyvinyl alcohol to the fly ash in the coating is 1: (3-5) drying the coated product to obtain the slow release fertilizer;
(3) ridging and film covering: ridging and covering with a film, wherein the film is tightly attached to the ridge surface, the periphery of the ridge is compacted with soil, and a soil waistband is pressed every 2-4 m;
(4) sowing: seeding between the middle ten days of 3 months and the upper ten days of 8 months by adopting a seedling transplanting method or a direct seeding method, mixing seeds with sand or parched millet before seeding, and seeding, wherein the mass ratio of the quinoa wheat seeds to the sand or millet is 1: (1-2);
(5) field management:
a) thinning: thinning the seedlings to 10cm when the seedlings grow to 5-6 leaves, removing diseases and weak seedlings, and weeding; when the height of the seedling reaches 20-30 cm and 8-10 leaves are obtained, carrying out second thinning, and keeping strong seedlings and preserving the seedlings;
b) ridging: when the quinoa grows to 40-60 cm, carrying out secondary weeding, and meanwhile, compacting the quinoa hills;
c) topdressing: applying additional fertilizer for 1-3 times in the growth period;
d) if water is accumulated, digging a deep ditch to drain;
(6) and (6) harvesting.
2. The planting method of quinoa in east China according to claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of the farmyard manure to the slow-release fertilizer in the base fertilizer is (2-3): 2.
3. the method for planting chenopodium quinoa willd in east China according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the application amount of the base fertilizer is 10-15 kg/mu.
4. The method for planting chenopodium quinoa linn in eastern China according to claim 1, wherein slow release fertilizer is used for top dressing, and the top dressing amount is 5-10 kg/mu.
5. The method for planting chenopodium quinoa linn in east China according to claim 1, wherein the plowing depth in the step (2) is 25-35 cm, and the ground is flat and free of weeds and sundries after plowing.
6. The chenopodium quinoa planting method in east China as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (3), the width of ridge surface is 70-120 cm, and the width of furrow is 18-22 cm.
7. The method for planting chenopodium quinoa willd in eastern China according to claim 1, wherein when the seedling transplantation method is used in step (4), the covering soil after seeding is not more than 2cm, the seedling age is 18-22 days, and transplantation is carried out when the seedling size is 7-9 cm, and the transplantation interval is 30 x 30 cm.
8. The method for planting chenopodium quinoa linn in east China according to claim 1, wherein when the direct seeding method is used in the step (4), the sowing method can be broadcast, drill sowing or hole sowing, and the broadcast sowing is 200-250 g/mu; the spacing of each row of drill seeding is 50 cm; the hole sowing distance is 30 x 30 cm.
9. The Chenopodium quinoa willd cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein corn is simultaneously cultivated around Chenopodium quinoa willd land or in the middle of Chenopodium quinoa willd land.
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