CN111149612B

CN111149612B - Novel grape tree form suitable for mechanized soil burying and cold prevention

Info

Publication number: CN111149612B
Application number: CN202010040687.7A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 房经贵; 毛娟; 徐伟荣; 冷祥鹏; 郑婷
Original assignee: Nanjing Agricultural University; Qingdao Agricultural University; Ningxia University; Gansu Agricultural University
Current assignee: Nanjing Agricultural University; Qingdao Agricultural University; Ningxia University; Gansu Agricultural University
Priority date: 2020-01-15
Filing date: 2020-01-15
Publication date: 2022-04-26
Anticipated expiration: 2040-01-15
Also published as: CN111149612A

Abstract

The invention discloses a new grape tree form suitable for mechanized soil burying and cold protection, and belongs to the technical field of grape planting. The invention fully utilizes the characteristics of large toughness and easy bending of annual grape branches, achieves the effect of mechanical one-time branch pressing and soil burying, greatly saves the cost of binding grapes for putting the grapes on the grape branches and binding the grapes for putting the grapes on the grape branches, and well solves the problems of short operation time span, large operation amount, high labor intensity, low operation efficiency and the like in the soil burying process of the grapes. Meanwhile, the tree form fully considers the characteristic of vigorous growth potential of the grapes and ensures the growth amount of branches and leaves required by growth and development of the grapes. The benefit per mu in the soil-buried cold-proof area can be improved by 800 yuan.

Description

Novel grape tree form suitable for mechanized soil burying and cold prevention

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of grape cultivation, and particularly relates to a new grape tree form suitable for mechanized soil burying and cold protection.

Background

The grapes are important fruit trees in China, the fruits of the grapes can be used for fresh eating, drying and brewing, the cultivation distribution in China is wide, the economic benefit of the grapes is high, the grapes become a supporting industry of agriculture and rural economy at present, and the grapes play an important role in rural joy and the like. The northern area is an important area for grape cultivation, has dry climate, less plant diseases and insect pests, especially dry summer and sufficient illumination, large day and night temperature difference in autumn, and good grape fruit quality. However, due to the fact that northern areas are cold in winter, in order to ensure that grapes can safely live through the winter, the lower shelf soil burying and cold prevention in winter become an important link of grape cultivation management in northern areas. The grape soil burying and cold preventing link mainly comprises work of lowering and covering soil in winter, digging soil in spring, raising the grape on the grape and the like, wastes time and labor, has high cost, and becomes one of important factors for restricting the development of grape industry in northern areas.

Disclosure of Invention

The technical problem is as follows: the invention aims to provide a new grape tree form suitable for earth burying and cold protection in northern cold regions and a pruning method thereof.

The technical scheme is as follows: in order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:

a new grape tree form suitable for mechanized soil burial and cold protection comprises the following steps:

(1) spring 1: selecting strong-quality grape seedlings with plump bud eyes for close planting and field planting, reserving 3 bud eyes, keeping the plant spacing of 0.8-1.0 m and the row spacing of 2.5-3.0 m, and after the young shoots fully grow to 6-7 months, drying at the position of 0.15-0.2 m when the lower part is semi-lignified, removing tendrils, and ensuring that more than 2 young shoots are cultured;

(2) winter in the 1 st year: selecting and remaining 2 robust young shoots, pruning, reserving 4-6 bud short sections for the annual branches at the upper part, selecting and remaining bud eyes according to cultivation requirements and internode characteristics of different varieties, reserving 6 buds for the general internode-short variety, reserving 4 buds for the internode-long variety, reserving 4 buds when short crown cultivation is needed, otherwise, reserving 5 or 6 buds to ensure the height of the fruit cluster from the ground, and reserving 2-3 bud short sections for the annual branches at the lower part; the soil is buried in the half month before the freezing in winter, and the soil is buried once, so that the soil is prevented from sprouting too early or being frozen too late. The thickness of the buried soil is about 0.2-0.3 m, and the specific soil thickness depends on the region, the environment temperature, the variety characteristics and the fixed dry height. If the branches are not completely buried, the branches are buried again.

(3) Spring of year 2: when the temperature rises to above 10 ℃, the soil layers are pulled out in batches, the surface soil is firstly peeled off by a wood machine, and then the seedlings are lifted by a seedling lifter.

(4) In the growing season: taking the upper annual branch selected and remained in one year as a bearing mother branch, reserving inflorescences of 2-4 bearing branches on the bearing mother branch, and reserving the number of the bearing branches according to the requirements of variety characteristics, fruit cluster size and yield; the annual branch at the lower part is mainly used for culturing vegetative branches, and if the yield is higher, a little inflorescence on the bearing branch is properly selected and reserved. The new shoots which sprout are bound from the fourth node by adopting a V-shaped frame without tendrils, and the secondary shoots which are extracted from the V-shaped frame are kept with 2-3 leaves for pinching, so that the number of the leaves required by the growth and development of fruits is ensured;

(5) winter in year 2: retracting the upper original annual branch (namely the biennial branch), specifically pruning at the base part of the upper original annual branch; respectively reserving 4-6 and 2-3 bud cutbacks on two annual branches at the lower part of the two-year branch as an upper branch and a lower branch of the 3 rd year, and burying soil in the same step (2);

(6) spring 3: the same step (3);

(7) repeating the step (4);

(8) and (5) repeating the step.

Other management is normal, and then the pruning modes of 1 st and 2 nd year are repeated. The tree-shaped suitable frame type is a hedge frame, a single-arm hedge frame and a double-arm hedge frame, and the directions of the long branch and the short branch are changed according to the type of the hedge frame.

Has the advantages that:

compared with perennial branches, the annual branches of grapes are tender, convenient to bend and strong in flowering capacity in winter, so that the novel tree form is small in frame type, suitable for mechanized soil burying and cold protection, simple in tree structure dwarfing, time-saving, labor-saving and convenient to manage, and suitable for large-area planting. And the mode reduces the cost of putting on shelves, putting off shelves and earthing in the soil-burying winter protection process, improves the efficiency of soil-burying winter protection work in winter, and has important significance for expanding the northern grape planting area in China.

The invention fully utilizes the characteristics of large toughness and easy bending of annual grape branches, achieves the effect of mechanical one-time branch pressing and soil burying, greatly saves the cost of binding grapes for putting the grapes on the grape branches and binding the grapes for putting the grapes on the grape branches, and well solves the problems of short operation time span, large operation amount, high labor intensity, low operation efficiency and the like in the soil burying process of the grapes. Meanwhile, the tree form fully considers the characteristic of vigorous growth potential of the grapes and ensures the growth amount of branches and leaves required by growth and development of the grapes. The labor can be saved by 40% per mu in the soil-buried cold-proof area, and the benefit can be improved by 800 yuan.

Drawings

Fig. 1 is a year-round pruning pattern diagram.

In FIG. 1, 1-1 is the upper young sprout, and 1-2 is the lower young sprout; 2-1/2-2 and 3-1/3-2 are nutrition branches, 2-3/2-4/2-5 and 3-3/3-4/3-5 are fruit branches; the first part is lignified branches cut in winter in the current year, the first part is upper branches serving as main fruiting mother branches in the next year, and the second part is lower branches serving as main vegetative branches in the next year; a-b are annual branches, a is from the previous year (I) as a fruiting mother branch, and b is from (II).

Detailed Description

The invention will be better understood from the following examples. However, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the description of the embodiments is only for illustrating the present invention and should not be taken as limiting the invention as detailed in the claims.

The invention discloses a new grape tree form suitable for mechanized soil burying and cold protection, which comprises the following specific steps:

the method comprises the following steps: grape seedlings are planted in spring of the 1 st year in a close planting mode, the plant spacing is 0.8-1.0 m, the row spacing is 2.0-2.5 m, the fixed dry height is controlled to be 0.15-0.2 cm, 2 robust young shoots are selected and reserved, and tendrils are removed. When coming in winter, two young shoots are cut in winter, 4-6 buds are reserved on the upper branches, and 2-3 buds are reserved on the lower branches. Burying soil before cooling in winter, arranging a branch pressing facility on the machine, wherein the thickness of the buried soil is about 0.2-0.3 m. If the branches are not completely buried, the branches are buried again. The specific soil thickness depends on the region, the environmental temperature and the variety characteristics. The soil burying time is generally 10-15 days before the soil is frozen, and the soil can be buried in the middle and last 10 months in the northwest and other areas. In addition, in northwest, Ningxia and other areas, a layer of soil covering net is added after soil covering in order to prevent the environmental pollution caused by dust flying. When the temperature rises to about 10 ℃, removing the covering net, and lifting the seedlings by using special seedling lifting equipment;

step two: in spring of 2 years, when the temperature rises to more than 10 ℃, the soil layer is poked by using a wood machine, and the seedlings are lifted by the seedling lifter. The upper branch selected and reserved in the previous year is a fruiting mother branch to promote the germination of bud eyes, a new shoot which is germinated adopts a V-shaped frame, tendrils are removed, the new shoot is bound from the fourth node, the lower branch is mainly used for culturing nutrient branches, and if the yield is higher, inflorescences can be properly selected and reserved. When the upper branches retract in winter, leaving 2 annual branches on the lower branches, respectively leaving 4-6 and 2-3 bud cutoffs, and burying soil in the same step I;

and (5) other management is normal, and then the pruning and soil burying modes of the step two are repeated every year. The tree-shaped suitable frame type is a hedge frame, a single-arm hedge frame and a double-arm hedge frame, and the directions of the long branch and the short branch are changed according to the type of the hedge frame.

Claims

1. A new grape tree form suitable for mechanized soil burial and cold protection is characterized by comprising the following steps:

(2) winter in the 1 st year: selecting and remaining 2 robust young shoots, pruning, reserving 4-6 bud cutoffs for the annual branches at the upper part, reserving 6 buds for the short internode grape variety, reserving 4 buds for the long internode grape variety, reserving 4 buds when short crown cultivation is needed, or else, reserving 5 or 6 buds, and reserving 2-3 bud cutoffs for the annual branches at the lower part; burying soil in the half month before sealing and freezing in winter; the buried soil is 0.2-0.3 m thick;

(3) spring of year 2: when the temperature rises to more than 10 ℃, poking the soil layers in batches, and then lifting seedlings;

(4) in the growth season of year 2: taking the annual branches at the upper part selected and remained in one year as fruiting mother branches, and keeping inflorescences of 2-4 fruiting branches on the annual branches; the annual branch at the lower part is mainly used for culturing vegetative branches or selecting and reserving inflorescences on 1-2 fruiting branches, the new shoots which sprout are removed from tendrils by adopting a V-shaped frame and bound from the fourth node, and 2-3 leaf cores are reserved on the extracted secondary shoots;

(5) winter in year 2: retracting the upper biennial branch, and thinning and shearing the base of the upper biennial branch; respectively reserving 4-6 and 2-3 bud cutbacks on two annual branches at the lower part of the two-year branch, respectively serving as an upper branch and a lower branch of the 3 rd year, and burying soil for the same time and in the same soil burying method as the step (2);

(6) spring 3: the same step (3);

(7) growth season in year 3: repeating the step (4);

(8) winter in year 3: and (5) repeating the step.