CN111133968A - Chinese yam planting method - Google Patents
Chinese yam planting method Download PDFInfo
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- CN111133968A CN111133968A CN201811315349.9A CN201811315349A CN111133968A CN 111133968 A CN111133968 A CN 111133968A CN 201811315349 A CN201811315349 A CN 201811315349A CN 111133968 A CN111133968 A CN 111133968A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/25—Root crops, e.g. potatoes, yams, beet or wasabi
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B7/00—Fertilisers based essentially on alkali or ammonium orthophosphates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
- C05D9/00—Other inorganic fertilisers
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- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention relates to a Chinese yam planting method, which comprises the following specific steps: selecting land, performing land preparation and ditch digging on the land, digging a base fertilizer foundation for the land, preparing seedlings, sowing, digging a ditch, performing daily management, harvesting, digging and storing. The invention has the beneficial effects that: the disease and insect damage are prevented from the initial planting, the base fertilizer and the nutrient are sufficient, the yam can be ensured to emerge in time and orderly after being sowed, the mixed liquor prepared by the tea seed cake is used for weeding, certain organic nutrient can be provided for the yam seedlings while the seedlings are not damaged, and the yam is high in yield and quality.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of planting, in particular to a Chinese yam planting method.
Background
Rhizoma Dioscoreae, also known as Dioscorea opposita and Dioscorea alata, belongs to Dioscoreaceae, and is served by its enlarged root tuber or cylindrical root. The root tuber contains 1.5% of protein and 14.4% of carbohydrate, and contains various vitamins, choline and the like, so that the root tuber has high nutritional value.
In the cultivation process of the Chinese yam, due to the influence of factors such as adverse environmental conditions, cultivation measures, management methods and the like, the internal tissue structure of the Chinese yam is changed in the growth process, so that various strange shapes are generated, such as the upper end weight distribution, the lower end weight distribution, the snake shape, the flat head shape, the foot and palm shape, the gourd shape, the numb face shape and the like of the Chinese yam tuber, and the odd shapes are collectively called deformed Chinese yams; meanwhile, during the planting process of the Chinese yam, the tuber of the Chinese yam is easy to rot, diseases and insects are easy to occur, and the Chinese yam planted and cultivated at present is low in quality, low in yield and high in cost.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the defects in the prior art, the invention provides the Chinese yam planting method, which can effectively solve the problems of rottenness and low emergence rate of Chinese yam seed blocks and improve the quality of Chinese yam.
The invention relates to a Chinese yam cultivation method, which comprises the following specific steps:
(1) selecting land: selecting sandy loam plots with deep soil layers, rich soil and good drainage;
(2) ditching the land: the width of the yam ditch is 20cm-25cm, the distance between ditches is 100cm and the like, the row spacing is equal, and the ditch depth is 100 cm-120 cm; smashing the soil dug out from the yam ditch layer by layer, detecting and removing bricks, backfilling, making ditch beds 10cm lower than the ground surface, and only reserving cured soil of a plough layer for covering soil during planting;
(3) seedling preparation: in the middle ten days of March each year, cutting the Chinese yam seed blocks into sections according to the length of 20cm, dipping the broken surfaces of the Chinese yam seed blocks into the surfaces by 70% of ultramicro mancozeb in time, and then spreading and airing the seed blocks for 30 days;
(4) sowing: soaking the aired seed blocks in 800 times of liquid containing 50% of carbendazim in the liquid medicine for 30 minutes, fishing out and airing, leveling the bottoms of the yam ditches, then irrigating the yam ditches, and spraying medicinal water A in the yam ditches along the yam ditches after underwater infiltration; placing the upper ends of the dried Chinese yam seed blocks in Chinese yam ditches in the same direction, wherein the plant spacing is 20cm, the seeding density is 3300 plants/mu, placing the Chinese yam seed blocks on soil on two sides during ditching after seeding, leveling and preserving soil moisture, then applying base fertilizer on the positions 20cm away from the two sides of the Chinese yam seed blocks, and covering 5cm of the base fertilizer with soil;
(5) digging a drainage ditch: digging longitudinal ditches parallel to the Chinese yam ditches and transverse ditches vertical to the longitudinal ditches at two sides of the Chinese yam ditches, wherein the transverse ditches and the longitudinal ditches are criss-cross;
(6) daily management: spraying a liquid medicine D to the two sides of the Chinese yam seed blocks every other month for weeding, sprouting the Chinese yams after 20-30 days, building a support, keeping the height of the support to be 1.5-2.5 m, keeping main buds of each Chinese yam plant, applying a first fertilizer to the positions 20cm away from the two sides of the Chinese yams, performing intertillage once every half month after sprouting, and stopping intertillage when stem vines of the Chinese yams climb to the position half the height of the support; applying a second fertilizer to 20cm positions on two sides of the Chinese yam in the middle ten days of 6 months, applying a third fertilizer to 20cm positions on two sides of the Chinese yam in the last ten days of 9 months to promote expansion of root blocks of the Chinese yam, and spraying stems with the liquid medicine B and the liquid medicine C respectively when Chinese yam seedlings grow to 50cm and 100cm heights, so that pest control work is well done; watering the soil lightly when the soil meets drought, and keeping the soil moist; (7) harvesting, planning and storing: after the yam is ripe, storing the harvested and planed yam in a cellar in winter, wherein the temperature of the cellar is 4-7 ℃.
Continuous cropping of Chinese yam should be avoided as much as possible, and the Chinese yam is generally planted every three years and is not suitable for peanut and red yam stubbles. The yam is a plant which is pleased with light, poor in cold resistance and contraindicated to waterlogging, sandy loam or light loam which is fertile, loose and convenient to drain and irrigate should be selected, saline-alkali and clay lands are contraindicated, the soil body configuration is uniform and consistent, at least 1-1.2 m soil layer cannot be provided with clay, soil grains and other interlayers, the lower layer is provided with a clay soil layer and a white sand soil layer, the yam should be thoroughly broken when furrowing, and the yam is free of dark and hard soil and good in drainage, otherwise, if hard matter blocks during the growth and development of the yam, the yam can be bent or formed into flat yam or a plurality of long hillock medicines, and the quality and the planting benefit of the yam are influenced. More importantly, the quality is reduced, the commodity price is influenced, and the planting benefit is reduced; if the drainage is not smooth, collapse ditches are easy to form or the yam is soaked in water, which affects the normal growth of the yam. Digging the yam ditch in winter and spring in slack season, preferably mechanically digging the ditch, and if manually digging the ditch, preferably adopting a method of turning over three times and loosening one time (namely turning over 3 shovels, and turning over 4 shovels, wherein the soil is only loose but not turned over).
The growth and development of the Chinese yam are divided into: seedling stage (from germination, seedling emergence to leaf release, from middle of 4 months to middle of 5 months, flowering stage (from leaf expansion to flowering, from middle of 5 months to middle of 6 months), tuber expansion stage (from flowering to root stop, from middle of 7 months to middle of 9 months), late tuber expansion stage (from middle of 9 months to 10 months), maturity stage (10 months bottom), dormancy stage (overground part withers to sprout in the second year), generally in middle of March, Chinese yam seed blocks stored in winter are cut off left and right, the length of the seed blocks cut off is 20cm, the weight is 150g-200g, the seeds can not be cut off by a metal sharp tool during cutting off, can be directly broken by fingernails, the sections are only sunken, are not cracked, the broken sections of Chinese yams are timely stained with 70% ultramicro mancozeb to reduce the infection of germs, and the upper end is made with a mark to be distinguished from the upper end and the lower end, the yam soaked in the mancozeb medicine powder has better effect than the yam soaked in lime powder, and cannot be rotten after being sowed in soil. After the section of the Chinese yam is processed, spreading the seed blocks evenly as soon as possible, and airing the seed blocks in the sun for 30 days; the seeds can be placed on dry soil surface and straw mat during sunning, the seed blocks are arranged into a layer, mutual extrusion is avoided, the seed blocks are forbidden to be placed on a cement ground for sunning, and the influence on the vitality of the seed blocks caused by too large temperature difference due to too fast temperature rise or too fast temperature reduction of the cement ground during sunning is prevented; when the seeds are sunned, the weather change needs to be noticed, and when the seeds are not sunned in rainy days, the seed blocks are covered by rain to prevent rain or are soaked from the lower part; sowing can be carried out when the temperature rises to more than 10 ℃ below 15cm and tends to be stable.
The drought resistance of the Chinese yam is strong because the front and back surfaces of the Chinese yam leaves are provided with thick wax layers with strong transpiration resistance, so long as the soil moisture content can ensure the emergence of seedlings, watering is not needed after the germination period, the leaves are placed and the full growth period are in rainy seasons in summer, the drought in the full growth period occurs when the leaves are in poor rainy season, and irrigation and watering are needed when the leaves are in drought. Watering in time if the soil lacks moisture in dry weather about 10 days after seedling emergence, wherein the watering needs small water for light watering, and micro-spraying is generally adopted for large water flood irrigation; watering is needed when the yam is dry in the full growth period, otherwise the yam is easy to deform to form flat yam or big foot seeds, the quality of the yam is influenced, the watering mode still mainly adopts micro-spraying, the watering principle is to keep the soil surface dry and wet, the soil humidity is kept at 18-20%, if the soil humidity exceeds 25%, the soil moisture is dispersed in time, the soil humidity is lower than 16%, watering is needed in time, so that the normal growth and development of branches and leaves on the ground and tubers of the yam on the ground are ensured, and the large, straight and round-stem high-quality yam is formed; in rainy season, the ditch should be cleaned in time to drain water, so as to prevent water accumulation in the field, reduce ground temperature, supplement soil air, and prevent and treat diseases and dead seedlings.
When the Chinese yam sprouts, in the emergence period, if rain happens, soil hardening is easy to cause, the emergence of seedlings is influenced, soil is loosened and broken immediately, half a month is absent in the early emergence period for primary intertillage, and when the Chinese yam seedlings climb to the half height of the support, shallow plowing is carried out after watering and precipitation each time, so that good soil permeability is kept, and tuber expansion is promoted.
The stems and leaves of the Chinese yam will die when encountering frost, the harvest of the bulbil is generally 30 days earlier than the tuber during the normal harvest period before the frost is sealed, the harvested Chinese yam is stored in a cellar in winter, and the temperature of the cellar is preferably 4-7 ℃.
Further improvement, the mutual distance of the transverse grooves in the step (5) is 20m, the width of the transverse grooves is 50cm, the depth of the transverse grooves is 30cm, the width of the longitudinal grooves is 80cm, and the depth of the longitudinal grooves is 50 cm.
If drainage engineering in the field is not well done, the Chinese yam is easy to collapse, the Chinese yam tubers are separated from overground stems, the yield reduction can reach 60-80%, and the loss is heavy. Therefore, field engineering is required to be made, and transverse ditches and longitudinal ditches which are criss-cross in the yam field are dug to ensure smooth drainage.
In a further improvement, the base fertilizer in the step (2) is: 3000-4000 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer per mu, 25-35 kg of calcium phosphate, 20-25 kg of potassium sulfate and 40-40 kg of mixed fertilizer.
Further improved, the liquid medicine A in the step (4) is mancozeb with the concentration of 800-.
Further improvement, the height of the bracket in the step (6) is most suitable for 2m, a herringbone bracket is generally inserted and erected by a thin bamboo pole or a branch, and the bracket is firmly inserted and inserted to prevent the bracket from being blown down by typhoon.
Further improvement, in the step (6), the first fertilization is as follows: applying 10-15 kg of urea and 5-10 kg of potassium sulfate mixed fertilizer per mu, wherein the second fertilization comprises the following steps: 30 kilograms of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer is applied to each mu, and the third application is as follows: and (3) topdressing 20 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer per mu.
In the later growth period, monopotassium phosphate or humic acid foliar fertilizer with the concentration of 0.2 percent can be sprayed on the leaf surfaces for 1 to 2 times to prevent premature senility.
In the step (6), the liquid medicine B is a mixed liquid of 1000 times of the liquid containing 1.5% of the bacteriacide and 1000 times of the liquid containing 50% of the disinfectant, and the liquid medicine C is a mixed liquid of 1000 times of the liquid containing 70% of the ultramicro mancozeb and 1000 times of the liquid containing 1.5% of the bacteriacide.
The further improvement is that in the step (6), the liquid medicine D is a mixed solution of 1.5 kg of tea seed cake, 40 kg of fresh water and 1 kg of salt per mu.
The quality standard of the tea seed cake is as follows: residual oil is less than or equal to 1.5 percent, water content is less than 8 percent, and the content of tea saponin is as follows: 12-18%, crude protein: 14%, crude fiber: 12 percent, 30 to 50 percent of starch and sugar and less than 4 percent of impurity content, and in the production process of the yam, the two sides of the yam seed block are sprayed with the liquid medicine D every month, so that weeds can be removed, insect pests can be prevented, the seedling is not damaged, and efficient and environment-friendly organic nutrients can be provided for the yam seedling.
The management in the step (6) aims to promote the yam to emerge regularly, prevent the yam from growing multiple stems and prevent early plant diseases and insect pests; the normal growth of tubers is promoted, when the seedlings emerge, plants with multiple stems are found, redundant branches and stems are removed in time, only one thick main vine is left in each plant, and cutworm larvae harmful to the seedlings can be trapped and killed by fresh paulownia leaves.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the disease and insect damage are prevented from the initial planting, the base fertilizer and the nutrient are sufficient, the yam can be ensured to emerge in time and orderly after being sowed, the mixed liquor prepared by the tea seed cake is used for weeding, certain organic nutrient can be provided for the yam seedlings while the seedlings are not damaged, and the yam is high in yield and quality.
Detailed Description
A yam planting method comprises the following specific steps:
(1) selecting land: selecting sandy loam plots with deep soil layers and fertile soil layers;
(2) digging a ditch: the width of the yam ditch is 20cm-25cm, the distance between ditches is 100cm and the like, the row spacing is equal, and the ditch depth is 100 cm-120 cm; piling up upper and lower layers of soil dug out from yam ditches respectively, picking up clean impurities, digging and turning 20cm of sandy soil at the bottom of the ditch, crushing the sandy soil, drying the sandy soil in the sun, treading the sandy soil flatly, then uniformly mixing the lower layer of soil and base fertilizer, filling the mixture into the yam ditches, flatly treading the yams flatly, making ditch beds 10cm lower than the ground surface, and only reserving the upper layer of soil for covering soil during planting; the base fertilizer is as follows: 3000-4000 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer per mu, 25-35 kg of calcium phosphate, 20-25 kg of potassium sulfate and 40-40 kg of mixed fertilizer.
(3) Seedling preparation: in the middle ten days of March each year, cutting the Chinese yam seed blocks into sections according to the length of 20cm, dipping the broken surfaces of the Chinese yam seed blocks into the surfaces by 70% of ultramicro mancozeb in time, and then spreading and airing the seed blocks for 30 days;
(4) sowing: placing the seed blocks into a container with the weight ratio of 1: 1: soaking in 150 Bordeaux solution for 10min, taking out, drying, leveling the bottom of a yam ditch, watering the yam ditch, and after underwater infiltration, spraying medicinal water A in the yam ditch along the yam ditch, wherein the medicinal water A is 800-fold liquid mancozeb or 1000-fold liquid carbendazim; placing the upper ends of the dried Chinese yam seed blocks in Chinese yam ditches in the same direction, wherein the row spacing is 20cm, the seeding density is 3300 plants/mu, placing the Chinese yam seed blocks on the upper soil layers at two sides during ditching after seeding, and leveling and preserving soil moisture;
(5) digging a drainage ditch: digging longitudinal ditches parallel to the Chinese yam ditches and transverse ditches vertical to the longitudinal ditches at two sides of the Chinese yam ditches, wherein the transverse ditches and the longitudinal ditches are criss-cross; the mutual distance between the transverse grooves is 20m, the transverse groove width is 50cm, the transverse groove depth is 30cm, the longitudinal groove width is 80cm, and the longitudinal groove depth is 50 cm.
(6) Daily management: spraying a liquid medicine D to the two sides of the Chinese yam seed block every month for weeding, wherein the liquid medicine D is a mixed solution containing 1.5 kilograms of tea seed meal, 40 kilograms of fresh water and 1 kilogram of salt per mu; after 20-30 days, the Chinese yam seedlings emerge, a support is built, the height of the support is 2m optimally, main buds of each Chinese yam are reserved, first-time fertilizer is applied to the positions 20cm away from the two sides of each Chinese yam, and 10-15 kg of urea and 5-10 kg of potassium sulfate mixed fertilizer are applied to each mu; performing intertillage once every half month after seedling emergence, and stopping intertillage when the stems of the Chinese yam climb to the position half the height of the bracket; applying a second fertilizer in the middle ten days of 6 months, and additionally applying 30 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer per mu; applying fertilizer for the third time in last ten days of 9 months, and dressing 20 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer per mu to promote the expansion of the root blocks of the Chinese yam; when the yam seedlings grow to 50cm height, spraying stems by using a liquid medicine B, wherein the liquid medicine B is a mixed solution of 1000-fold liquid of 1.5% of bacteriacide and 1000-fold liquid of 50% of disinfectant, and when the yam seedlings grow to 100cm height, spraying stems by using a liquid medicine C, wherein the liquid medicine C is a mixed solution of 1000-fold liquid of 70% of ultramicro mancozeb and 1000-fold liquid of 1.5% of bacteriacide, so that the prevention and treatment of plant diseases and insect pests are well done; watering the soil lightly when the soil meets drought, and keeping the soil moist;
(7) harvesting, planning and storing: storing the harvested and planed Chinese yam in a cellar at the end of 10 months after the Chinese yam is ripe in winter, wherein the temperature of the cellar is 4-7 ℃.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention further, and all equivalent variations made by using the content of the present specification are within the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. The Chinese yam planting method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) selecting land: selecting sandy loam plots with deep soil layers and fertile soil layers;
(2) digging a ditch: the width of the yam ditch is 20cm-25cm, the distance between ditches is 100cm and the like, the row spacing is equal, and the ditch depth is 100 cm-120 cm; piling up upper and lower layers of soil dug out from yam ditches respectively, picking up clean impurities, digging and turning 20cm of sandy soil at the bottom of the ditch, crushing the sandy soil, drying the sandy soil in the sun, treading the sandy soil flatly, then uniformly mixing the lower layer of soil and base fertilizer, filling the mixture into the yam ditches, flatly treading the yams flatly, making ditch beds 10cm lower than the ground surface, and only reserving the upper layer of soil for covering soil during planting;
(3) seedling preparation: in the middle ten days of March each year, cutting the Chinese yam seed blocks into sections according to the length of 20cm, dipping the broken surfaces of the Chinese yam seed blocks into the surfaces by 70% of ultramicro mancozeb in time, and then spreading and airing the seed blocks for 30 days;
(4) sowing: placing the seed blocks into a container with the weight ratio of 1: 1: soaking in 150 Bordeaux mixture for 10min, air drying, leveling the bottom of rhizoma Dioscoreae ditch, adding water, and spraying medicinal water A in the rhizoma Dioscoreae ditch; placing the upper ends of the dried Chinese yam seed blocks in Chinese yam ditches in the same direction, wherein the row spacing is 20cm, the seeding density is 3300 plants/mu, placing the Chinese yam seed blocks on the upper soil layers at two sides during ditching after seeding, and leveling and preserving soil moisture;
(5) digging a drainage ditch: digging longitudinal ditches parallel to the Chinese yam ditches and transverse ditches vertical to the longitudinal ditches at two sides of the Chinese yam ditches, wherein the transverse ditches and the longitudinal ditches are criss-cross;
(6) daily management: spraying a liquid medicine D to the two sides of the Chinese yam seed blocks every other month for weeding, sprouting the Chinese yams after 20-30 days, building a support, keeping the height of the support to be 1.5-2.5 m, keeping main buds of each Chinese yam plant, applying a first fertilizer to the positions 20cm away from the two sides of the Chinese yams, performing intertillage once every half month after sprouting, and stopping intertillage when stem vines of the Chinese yams climb to the position half the height of the support; applying a second fertilizer in the middle ten days of 6 months, applying a third fertilizer in the last ten days of 9 months to promote the expansion of yam root blocks, and spraying stems with the liquid medicine B and the medicine C respectively when yam seedlings grow to 50cm and 100cm, so as to well prevent and treat diseases and insect pests; watering the soil lightly when the soil meets drought, and keeping the soil moist;
(7) harvesting, planning and storing: storing the harvested and planed Chinese yam in a cellar at the end of 10 months after the Chinese yam is ripe in winter, wherein the temperature of the cellar is 4-7 ℃.
2. The yam planting method according to claim 1, wherein the mutual distance between the transverse furrows in the step (5) is 20m, the transverse furrow width is 50cm, the transverse furrow depth is 30cm, the longitudinal furrow width is 80cm, and the longitudinal furrow depth is 50 cm.
3. The yam planting method according to claim 1, wherein the base fertilizer in the step (2) is: 3000-4000 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer per mu, 25-35 kg of calcium phosphate, 20-25 kg of potassium sulfate and 40-40 kg of mixed fertilizer.
4. The yam planting method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the liquid A in step (4) is 800-.
5. The yam planting method according to claim 1, wherein the height of the support in step (6) is 2 m.
6. The yam planting method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (6), the first fertilization is as follows: applying 10-15 kg of urea and 5-10 kg of potassium sulfate mixed fertilizer per mu, wherein the second fertilization comprises the following steps: 30 kilograms of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer is applied to each mu, and the third application is as follows: and (3) topdressing 20 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer per mu.
7. The yam planting method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (6), the liquid medicine B is a mixed liquid of a 1.5% concentration of the 1000-fold liquid of the tericidal agent and a 50% concentration of the 1000-fold liquid of the disinfectant, and the liquid medicine C is a mixed liquid of a 70% concentration of the 1000-fold liquid of the ultramicro mancozeb and a 1.5% concentration of the 1000-fold liquid of the bactericidal agent.
8. The yam planting method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (6), the liquid medicine D is a mixed solution containing 1.5 kg of tea seed cake, 40 kg of fresh water and 1 kg of salt per mu.
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| CN112293191A (en) * | 2020-12-18 | 2021-02-02 | 山东沃尔美肥业有限公司 | Cellar type cultivation method for Chinese yam |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN112293191A (en) * | 2020-12-18 | 2021-02-02 | 山东沃尔美肥业有限公司 | Cellar type cultivation method for Chinese yam |
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