CN110692488A - Vegetable soilless culture substrate formula and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Vegetable soilless culture substrate formula and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/30—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing synthetic organic compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B7/00—Fertilisers based essentially on alkali or ammonium orthophosphates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
- C05D9/00—Other inorganic fertilisers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/22—Improving land use; Improving water use or availability; Controlling erosion
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/20—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions in agriculture, e.g. CO2
- Y02P60/21—Dinitrogen oxide [N2O], e.g. using aquaponics, hydroponics or efficiency measures
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Abstract
The invention discloses: a vegetable soilless culture substrate formula and a preparation method thereof comprise the following steps: s1, dry biomass materials are air-dried and crushed into particles with the diameter less than or equal to 1cm, and then the particles are pyrolyzed in an anoxic environment to obtain biochar, wherein the anoxic environment is that high-purity nitrogen or argon and other inert gases are introduced into a pyrolysis furnace so that the anoxic environment is maintained in the whole pyrolysis process; s2, crushing the dried biomass material to a diameter of less than or equal to 1cm, adding the crushed biomass material into livestock and poultry manure, uniformly mixing, adjusting the C/N ratio to 20:1-30:1, adjusting the water content to 60-65%, inoculating a fermentation microbial agent into the uniformly mixed material, and fermenting to obtain a fermentation decomposed material; s3, mixing 35-40 parts by weight of biochar, 40-45 parts by weight of fermented and decomposed materials, 5 parts by weight of inorganic fertilizer and 2 parts by weight of beneficial microbial agent to obtain the soilless culture substrate for vegetables. The culture medium contains various beneficial microorganisms, can enhance the disease resistance and stress resistance of the vegetables, and further can reduce pesticide application, so that the vegetables reach the pollution-free level.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of vegetable planting, and particularly discloses a vegetable culture medium formula and a preparation method thereof.
Background
Soilless culture refers to a method for irrigation culture by using an organic matrix nutrient solution without using natural soil, is mainly applied to culture of fruits, vegetables or flowers, and is a high-quality and high-efficiency culture technology which saves water, fertilizer and labor. The substrate cultivation is a mode with the largest popularization area in the soilless cultivation. The soilless culture mode is characterized in that a solid substrate is used for fixing a plant root system, and nutrient solution and oxygen are absorbed by the substrate. The culture medium is generally prepared by mixing an inorganic medium and an organic medium according to a certain proportion, wherein the inorganic medium mainly comprises vermiculite, perlite, sand, gravel, rock wool, coal cinder and the like, and the organic medium mainly comprises grass peat, crop straws and the like. However, vermiculite, perlite, peat or peat and the like are non-renewable resources in a short period of time, excessive mining can cause resources and destroy the environment, resource areas are unevenly distributed, and long-distance transportation increases the cost of the substrate. Therefore, the research on the above alternative substrate of non-renewable resources is receiving attention from researchers at home and abroad. China is the first food production country in the world, the first animal husbandry breeding country in the world and the domestic fungus production country, a large amount of agricultural wastes are generated every year, but most of the wastes are burnt or buried as garbage, so that the environment is seriously polluted, and the ecological balance is damaged. However, the agricultural wastes contain abundant nutrient elements and a large amount of beneficial microorganisms and are potential vegetable culture substrate raw materials.
In the prior art, a pepper soilless culture substrate is adopted: mixing 30-40 parts of vermiculite, 30-40 parts of sawmilling powder, 10-20 parts of plant ash, 5-8 parts of humic acid, 1-2 parts of urea, 0.5-1 part of monopotassium phosphate and 0.5-1 part of potassium chloride. A large amount of sawmilling powder is added into the soilless culture substrate, but the preparation process does not carry out fermentation or disinfection, and the treatment conditions of sanitation and harmlessness of agricultural and forestry wastes cannot be met.
In addition, the cost of the turf is very high, which is not beneficial to wide popularization, and for production type enterprises, the turf is high in production cost, and is not beneficial to long-term development of the enterprises and reasonable utilization of resources.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention mainly aims to provide a vegetable soilless culture substrate formula and a preparation method thereof, which can effectively solve the problems in the background technology.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme: a vegetable soilless culture substrate formula and a preparation method thereof comprise the following steps:
s1, dry biomass materials are air-dried and crushed into particles with the diameter less than or equal to 1cm, and then the particles are pyrolyzed in an anoxic environment to obtain biochar, wherein the anoxic environment is that high-purity nitrogen or argon and other inert gases are introduced into a pyrolysis furnace so that the anoxic environment is maintained in the whole pyrolysis process;
s2, crushing the dried biomass material to a diameter of less than or equal to 1cm, adding the crushed biomass material into livestock and poultry manure, uniformly mixing, adjusting the C/N ratio to 20:1-30:1, adjusting the water content to 60-65%, inoculating a fermentation microbial agent into the uniformly mixed material, and fermenting to obtain a fermentation decomposed material;
s3, mixing 35-40 parts by weight of biochar, 40-45 parts by weight of fermented and decomposed materials, 5 parts by weight of inorganic fertilizer and 2 parts by weight of beneficial microbial agent to obtain the soilless culture substrate for vegetables.
Further, the biomass material in the S1 is one or more of crop straws, waste wood, fruit peels, fruit shells or mushroom residues.
Further, the pyrolysis temperature in the S1 is 300-500 ℃, the temperature is kept for 2-4h, and the biochar is obtained after cooling to the room temperature.
Further, the fermentation condition in S2 is that when the temperature of the material is over 60 ℃ in the fermentation process, ventilation and oxygen supply are carried out, the material is turned over for 1 time 2 times a day until the moisture of the material is less than 40 percent, the fermentation is finished, and then the material is air-dried or sun-dried to ensure that the moisture of the material is less than or equal to 20 percent.
Further, the fermentation microbial agent is a special microbial agent for compost fermentation.
Further, the inoculation amount of the fermentation microbial agent is 0.5L/ton-1.0L/ton.
Further, the livestock and poultry manure is one or more of pig manure, chicken manure and cow manure.
Further, the inorganic fertilizer is a mixed fertilizer prepared from urea, monopotassium phosphate and potassium sulfate, and the ratio of the inorganic fertilizer to the mixed fertilizer is 3:1.5:0.5, 3:1:1 or 3:1.5: 1.
Further, the beneficial microbial agent is a mixed bacterial liquid prepared from bacillus subtilis, lactic acid bacteria, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a ratio of 3:1:1:2, 3:1:1:1 or 2:1:1: 1.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention breaks through the traditional condition of using grass carbon, utilizes a highly aromatic indissolvable solid substance generated by pyrolysis and carbonization of a biomass material under the condition of complete oxygen deficiency as one of culture matrixes, is loose and porous, has large specific surface area, has super-strong nutrient holding capacity, can reduce nutrient loss, can provide good habitat for microorganisms, and is beneficial to the growth and the survival of the microorganisms; in addition, the water-retaining agent has stronger water-retaining property and improves the water-retaining capacity of the matrix.
The raw materials adopted by the invention are mainly agricultural wastes, have wide sources, are cheap and easy to obtain, and can change waste into valuable;
the preparation process of the culture medium is simple, the operation is convenient, the product yield is high, and the culture medium meets the national policy of low-cost, ecological and efficient waste treatment;
the cultivation medium has longer fertilizer efficiency, sufficient nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients and proper proportion, can ensure the robust growth of vegetables, and has higher yield and higher quality of the grown vegetables compared with the prior art;
and fifthly, beneficial microorganisms are added in the formula of the matrix, so that the content of effective nutrients of the matrix can be increased on the basis of degrading harmful pollutants of the biochar prepared from biomass, the disease resistance and stress resistance of the vegetables are enhanced, pesticide application can be reduced, and the vegetables reach the pollution-free level.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further described below in conjunction with specific examples to facilitate an understanding of the advantages and features of the invention, it being understood that the examples are intended to be illustrative of the invention only and are not intended to be limiting.
The following methods for detecting the C/N ratio (total amount of carbon in material/total amount of nitrogen in material) are described in soil agricultural chemical analysis methods, Lu, Kun Yong, ed., China agricultural science and technology Press, 2000.
The fermentation microbial inoculum involved in the following examples is a special compost fermentation microbial inoculum with model number of OKH0602, which is commercially available from Luoyang Ogaoka Biotechnology GmbH; in addition, the beneficial microbial agent is bought from the market and prepared according to the proportion for standby.
Example 1
Respectively air-drying the corn straws and the wheat straws until the water content is less than or equal to 15%, and respectively crushing and sieving the air-dried corn straws and the wheat straws to ensure that the diameters of the corn straws and the wheat straws are less than or equal to 1 cm;
s1, placing the crushed corn straws in a pyrolysis furnace at 10 ℃ for min-1Heating to 300 ℃ for pyrolysis, introducing high-purity nitrogen into the pyrolysis furnace while pyrolyzing, keeping the temperature for 2 hours, and cooling to room temperature to obtain biochar;
s2, adding the crushed wheat straws into pig manure, uniformly mixing, adjusting the C/N ratio to 20:1-30:1, adjusting the water content to 60-65%, inoculating a special microbial inoculum (the amount is converted according to the ratio of 0.5L/ton) for composting fermentation bought from the market into the uniformly mixed materials, and fermenting; when the temperature of the material exceeds 60 ℃ in the fermentation process, ventilating and supplying oxygen, turning over for 1 time 2 times every day until the moisture of the material is lower than 40%, ending the fermentation, and then air-drying or sun-drying until the moisture of the material is less than or equal to 20% to obtain a fermented and decomposed material;
s3, mixing 35 parts by weight of biochar, 40 parts by weight of fermented and decomposed materials, 5 parts by weight of inorganic fertilizer consisting of urea, monopotassium phosphate and potassium sulfate (the mixing ratio is 3:1:1), and 2 parts by weight of beneficial microbial agent consisting of bacillus subtilis, lactic acid bacteria, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (the mixing ratio is 3:1:1:2) to obtain the soilless culture substrate for vegetables.
Example 2
Respectively air-drying the wheat straws and the mushroom residues until the water content is less than or equal to 15%, and respectively crushing and sieving the air-dried wheat straws and the mushroom residues to ensure that the diameters of the wheat straws and the mushroom residues are less than or equal to 1 cm; the mushroom residue is mushroom residue which is discarded after mushroom harvest;
s1, placing the crushed wheat straws in a pyrolysis furnace at 15 ℃ for min-1Heating to 350 ℃ for pyrolysis, introducing high-purity nitrogen into the pyrolysis furnace while pyrolyzing, keeping the temperature for 2 hours, and cooling to room temperature to obtain biochar;
s2, adding pig manure into the crushed wheat straws, uniformly mixing, adjusting the C/N ratio to 20:1-30:1, adjusting the water content to 60-65%, inoculating a special microbial inoculum (the amount is converted according to the ratio of 0.6L/ton) for composting fermentation bought from the market into the uniformly mixed materials, and fermenting; when the temperature of the material exceeds 60 ℃ in the fermentation process, ventilating and supplying oxygen, turning over for 1 time 2 times every day until the moisture of the material is lower than 40%, ending the fermentation, and then air-drying or sun-drying until the moisture of the material is less than or equal to 20% to obtain a fermented and decomposed material;
s3, mixing 36 parts of biochar, 42 parts of fermented and decomposed materials, 5 parts of inorganic fertilizer consisting of urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and potassium sulfate (the mixing ratio is 3:1:1), and 2 parts of beneficial microbial agent consisting of bacillus subtilis, lactic acid bacteria, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (the mixing ratio is 3:1:1:2) to obtain the soilless culture substrate for vegetables.
Example 3
Respectively air-drying the corn straws and the peanut shells until the water content is less than or equal to 15%, and respectively crushing and sieving the air-dried corn straws and the peanut shells to ensure that the diameters of the corn straws and the peanut shells are less than or equal to 1 cm;
s1, placing the crushed corn straws in a pyrolysis furnace at 15 ℃ for min-1Heating to 450 ℃ for pyrolysis, introducing high-purity nitrogen into the pyrolysis furnace while pyrolyzing, keeping the temperature for 3 hours, and cooling to room temperature to obtain biochar;
s2, adding chicken manure and cow manure into the crushed corn straws and the crushed peanut shells, uniformly mixing, adjusting the C/N ratio to 20:1-30:1, adjusting the water content to 60-65%, inoculating a special microbial inoculum for composting fermentation (the amount is converted according to the ratio of 0.7L/ton) purchased from the market into the uniformly mixed materials, and fermenting; when the temperature of the material exceeds 60 ℃ in the fermentation process, ventilating and supplying oxygen, turning over for 1 time 2 times every day until the moisture of the material is lower than 40%, ending the fermentation, and then air-drying or sun-drying until the moisture of the material is less than or equal to 20% to obtain a fermented and decomposed material;
s3, mixing 38 parts of biochar, 43 parts of fermented and decomposed materials, 5 parts of inorganic fertilizer consisting of urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and potassium sulfate (the mixing ratio is 3:1.5:0.5), and 2 parts of beneficial microbial agent consisting of bacillus subtilis, lactic acid bacteria, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (the mixing ratio is 3:1:1:1) to obtain the soilless culture substrate for vegetables.
Example 4
Respectively air-drying the wheat straw, the poplar wood chips and the mushroom dregs until the water content is less than or equal to 15%, and respectively crushing and sieving the air-dried wheat straw, the poplar wood chips and the mushroom dregs to ensure that the diameters of the wheat straw, the poplar wood chips and the mushroom dregs are less than or equal to 1 cm; the mushroom residue is mushroom residue which is discarded after mushroom harvest;
s1, placing the crushed corn straws in a pyrolysis furnace at 10 ℃ for min-1Heating to 500 ℃ for pyrolysis, introducing high-purity nitrogen into the pyrolysis furnace while pyrolyzing, keeping the temperature for 4 hours, and cooling to room temperature to obtain biochar;
s2, adding chicken manure into the crushed wheat straws, uniformly mixing, adjusting the C/N ratio to 20:1-30:1, adjusting the water content to 60-65%, inoculating a special microbial inoculum (the amount is converted according to the ratio of 1.0L/ton) for composting fermentation bought from the market into the uniformly mixed materials, and fermenting; when the temperature of the material exceeds 60 ℃ in the fermentation process, ventilating and supplying oxygen, turning over for 1 time 2 times every day until the moisture of the material is lower than 40%, ending the fermentation, and then air-drying or sun-drying until the moisture of the material is less than or equal to 20% to obtain a fermented and decomposed material;
s3, mixing 40 parts of biochar, 45 parts of fermented and decomposed materials, 5 parts of inorganic fertilizer consisting of urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and potassium sulfate (the mixing ratio is 3:1.5:1), and 2 parts of beneficial microbial agent consisting of bacillus subtilis, lactic acid bacteria, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (the mixing ratio is 2:1:1:1) to obtain the vegetable soilless culture substrate.
Example 5
Respectively air-drying the wheat straw, the poplar wood chips and the mushroom dregs until the water content is less than or equal to 15%, and respectively crushing and sieving the air-dried wheat straw, the poplar wood chips and the mushroom dregs to ensure that the diameters of the wheat straw, the poplar wood chips and the mushroom dregs are less than or equal to 1 cm; the mushroom residue is mushroom residue which is discarded after mushroom harvest;
s1, placing the crushed corn straws in a pyrolysis furnace at 10 ℃ for min-1Heating to 500 ℃ for pyrolysis, introducing high-purity nitrogen into the pyrolysis furnace while pyrolyzing, keeping the temperature for 4 hours, and cooling to room temperature to obtain biochar;
s2, adding chicken manure into the crushed wheat straws, uniformly mixing, adjusting the C/N ratio to 20:1-30:1, adjusting the water content to 60-65%, inoculating a special microbial inoculum (the amount is converted according to the ratio of 1.0L/ton) for composting fermentation bought from the market into the uniformly mixed materials, and fermenting; when the temperature of the material exceeds 60 ℃ in the fermentation process, ventilating and supplying oxygen, turning over for 1 time 2 times every day until the moisture of the material is lower than 40%, ending the fermentation, and then air-drying or sun-drying until the moisture of the material is less than or equal to 20% to obtain a fermented and decomposed material;
s3, obtaining the vegetable soilless culture substrate by using 40 parts by weight of biochar, 45 parts by weight of fermented and decomposed materials and 5 parts by weight of inorganic fertilizer consisting of urea, monopotassium phosphate and potassium sulfate (the mixing ratio is 3:1.5: 1).
Example 6
The soilless culture substrate obtained in the above examples 1-5 and a certain brand of vegetable culture substrate (the components of which are 40 parts of turf, 35 parts of vermiculite, 5 parts of mushroom residue, 5 parts of sawdust and 5 parts of inorganic fertilizer) purchased in the market are tested, and the specific process is as follows: respectively filling 20 kg of matrix into a cultivation groove, repeating for 3 times, then sowing 20 disinfected pakchoi seeds into the cultivation groove, carrying out consistent treatment management without additional fertilizer and pesticide application, harvesting after maturity, and respectively measuring the survival rate, the plant height, the leaf number and the fresh weight (shown in table 1).
TABLE 1 influence of different cultivation media on growth and yield of pakchoi
As can be seen from Table 1, the vegetable soilless culture substrate for preparing biochar by taking different agricultural and forestry wastes as main raw materials is superior to the culture substrate mainly comprising grass carbon and vermiculite in terms of plant height, leaf number, survival rate and yield, which shows that the materials of the agricultural and forestry wastes after pyrolysis treatment can completely replace the non-renewable resources such as grass carbon, vermiculite and the like in the substrate; the principle of the method is that bacillus subtilis can inhibit the growth and the propagation of pathogenic bacteria, organophosphorus in a matrix can be converted into available phosphorus which is easier to absorb by plants by phosphorus dissolving bacteria, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can enhance the absorption of the vegetables to various nutrients and can degrade organic pollutants formed in the preparation process of biochar, such as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), and lactic acid bacteria can further decompose unfermented materials in the matrix into lactic acid so as to provide energy sources for various microorganisms. Therefore, the four beneficial microorganisms exert respective functions and are cooperated to ensure that the prepared substrate has better performance, is more suitable for the growth of green plants such as vegetables and the like, meets the development requirement of soilless culture at present, provides a new substrate source, creates income for enterprises and better accords with the development trend of pollution-free green products.
The foregoing shows and describes the general principles and broad features of the present invention and advantages thereof. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, which are described in the specification and illustrated only to illustrate the principle of the present invention, but that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, which fall within the scope of the invention as claimed. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
Claims (9)
1. A vegetable soilless culture substrate formula and a preparation method thereof are characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
s1, dry biomass materials are air-dried and crushed into particles with the diameter less than or equal to 1cm, and then the particles are pyrolyzed in an anoxic environment to obtain biochar;
s2, crushing the dried biomass material to a diameter of less than or equal to 1cm, adding the crushed biomass material into livestock and poultry manure, uniformly mixing, adjusting the C/N ratio to 20:1-30:1, adjusting the water content to 60-65%, inoculating a fermentation microbial agent into the uniformly mixed material, and fermenting to obtain a fermentation decomposed material;
s3, mixing 35-40 parts by weight of biochar, 40-45 parts by weight of fermented and decomposed materials, 5 parts by weight of inorganic fertilizer and 2 parts by weight of beneficial microbial agent to obtain the soilless culture substrate for vegetables.
2. The soilless culture substrate formula for vegetables and the preparation method thereof as claimed in claim 1, wherein the soilless culture substrate formula for vegetables is characterized in that: the biomass material in the S1 is one or more of crop straws, waste wood, fruit peels, fruit shells or mushroom residues.
3. The soilless culture substrate formula for vegetables and the preparation method thereof as claimed in claim 1, wherein the soilless culture substrate formula for vegetables is characterized in that: the pyrolysis temperature in the S1 is 300-500 ℃, the temperature is kept for 2-4h, and the biochar is obtained after cooling to the room temperature.
4. The soilless culture substrate formula for vegetables and the preparation method thereof as claimed in claim 1, wherein the soilless culture substrate formula for vegetables is characterized in that: and the fermentation condition in S2 is that when the temperature of the material is over 60 ℃ in the fermentation process, ventilation and oxygen supply are carried out, the material is turned over for 1 time 2 times a day until the moisture of the material is less than 40 percent, the fermentation is finished, and then the material is air-dried or sun-dried to ensure that the moisture of the material is less than or equal to 20 percent.
5. The soilless culture substrate formula for vegetables and the preparation method thereof as claimed in claim 1, wherein the soilless culture substrate formula for vegetables is characterized in that: the fermentation microbial agent is a special microbial agent for compost fermentation.
6. The soilless culture substrate formula for vegetables and the preparation method thereof as claimed in claim 5, wherein the soilless culture substrate formula for vegetables is characterized in that: the inoculation amount of the fermentation microbial agent is 0.5L/ton to 1.0L/ton.
7. The soilless culture substrate formula for vegetables and the preparation method thereof as claimed in claim 1, wherein the soilless culture substrate formula for vegetables is characterized in that: the livestock and poultry manure is one or more of pig manure, chicken manure or cow manure.
8. The soilless culture substrate formula for vegetables and the preparation method thereof as claimed in claim 1, wherein the soilless culture substrate formula for vegetables is characterized in that: the inorganic fertilizer is a mixed fertilizer prepared from urea, monopotassium phosphate and potassium sulfate, and the ratio of the inorganic fertilizer to the potassium phosphate is 3:1.5:0.5, 3:1:1 or 3:1.5: 1.
9. The soilless culture substrate formula for vegetables and the preparation method thereof as claimed in claim 1, wherein the soilless culture substrate formula for vegetables is characterized in that: the beneficial microbial agent is a mixed bacterial liquid prepared from bacillus subtilis, lactic acid bacteria, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a ratio of 3:1:1:2, 3:1:1:1 or 2:1:1: 1.
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