CN110628002B - 键合强吸电子基团的单噻吩为受体单元的共轭聚合物 - Google Patents
键合强吸电子基团的单噻吩为受体单元的共轭聚合物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种可溶液处理的低能级的宽能带隙有机半导体材料,尤其涉及一种键合强吸电子基团的单噻吩为受体单元的共轭聚合物及其制备。
背景技术
有机太阳能电池以其材料光电性能优异、结构性能可调、生产成本低廉、加工工艺简单、选材范围宽广、性质调节方便、易于制成大面积器件、与柔性基底结合性好、对器件适度弯曲和扭曲而光电性能无明显改善等显著优点吸引了越来越多的科研机构和公司的高度关注研究。化学家、物理学家、材料学家从改善光伏材料、优化器件结构和制备条件角度对聚合物太阳能电池进行了比较深入的研究。
光活性层是聚合物太阳能电池中最重要的组成部分,对光活性层材料的改进尤其是对共轭聚合物材料在结构和性能上的改进是目前聚合物太阳能电池研究的重点之一。如何找到一种切实可行的方法,设计合成具有良好光伏性能的新型有机材料特别是有机电子给体材料成为聚合物光电子材料领域迫切需要解决的问题。给体-受体结构的共轭聚合物材料在光活性层中得到很好的应用,然而一些受体结构单元设计极为复杂,导致合成工艺繁琐,成本极高,不利于产业化的发展。所以设计简单易行的键合强吸电子基团的单噻吩作为受体单元,并用之合成出性能优异的共轭聚合物材料,对于发展光活性层材料以及整个聚合物太阳能电池领域的发展具有重要的应用前景。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种键合强吸电子基团的单噻吩为受体的共轭聚合物及其制备。该共轭聚合物是由可溶液处理的键合强吸电子基团的单噻吩作为受体单元与苯并二噻吩作为给体单元通过共聚反应制备完成。本发明的共轭聚合物主链中具有良好的π共轭体系,其侧链含有强烈吸电子的基团与柔性促溶的烷基链;本发明涉及的共轭聚合物属于主链共轭的可溶液处理的低能级的宽能隙聚合物。
本发明的目的是通过以下的技术方案实现的:
第一方面,本发明涉及一种键合强吸电子基团的单噻吩为受体的共轭聚合物,其特征在于,所述共轭聚合物的结构式如式(I)所示:
其中,50>n>20,Ar为式(II)、(III)、(IV)或(V)所示的结构式:
优选地,所述施蒂勒反应的反应温度为90~120℃,反应时间为12~18小时。
优选地,所述2,5-二溴3-醛基噻吩与1,3-二甲基巴比妥酸反应的温度为60~80℃,时间为16~24小时;所述2,5-二溴3-醛基噻吩与2-乙基绕丹宁反应的温度为50~80℃,时间为 12~18小时;所述2,5-二溴3-醛基噻吩与丙二腈反应的温度为40~70℃,时间为12~18小时。
优选地,所述2,5-二溴-3-醛基噻吩是通过在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺存在的条件下,3-醛基噻吩与N-溴代丁二酰亚胺反应而得的。
优选地,所述3-醛基噻吩与N-溴代丁二酰亚胺反应的温度为室温,时间为6~18小时。
B、3,4-二氰基噻吩依次与二异丙基氨基锂、溴水反应,即得所述生成单噻吩双溴单体。
优选地,步骤A中,所述反应的温度为120~150℃,时间为12~24小时。
附图说明
通过阅读参照以下附图对非限制性实施例所作的详细描述,本发明的其它特征、目的和优点将会变得更明显:
图1为实施例1含有键合强吸电子基团的单噻吩双溴单体M1、M2、M3、M4合成路线图;
图2为实施例1共轭聚合物P1、P2、P3、P4合成路线图;
图3为共轭聚合物在氯仿中(a)和成膜时(b)的紫外吸收光谱;
图4为共轭聚合物循环伏安曲线。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施例对本发明进行详细说明。以下实施例将有助于本领域的技术人员进一步理解本发明,但不以任何形式限制本发明。应当指出的是,对本领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明构思的前提下,还可以做出若干变形和改进。这些都属于本发明的保护范围。
实施例1、制备键合强吸电子基团的单噻吩作为受体单元的共轭聚合物
本实施例提供了4种可溶性的键合强吸电子基团的共轭聚合物,其结构式如表1所示(其中,50>n>20),其合成路线参见图2。
表1
所述含键合强吸电子基团的共轭聚合物(P1、P2、P3和P4)的制备方法包括如下步骤:
(a)苯并二噻吩双锡单体的合成
中间体化合物A的结构式为
其详细制备方法见文献《Zhang,G.B.;Fu,Y.Y.;Xie,Z.Y.;Zhang,Q.Synthesis of low bandgap polymer based on 3,6-dithien-2-yl-2,5-dialkylpyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione for photovoltaicapplications.Sol.Energy Mater.Sol.Cells 2011,95,1168-1173.》。
(b)化合物M1、M2、M3、M4的合成
M1制备方法:如图1所示,在氮气保护下,将3-醛基噻吩(1.68g,15mmol)溶解于无水N,N- 二甲基甲酰胺(15mL),并倒入反应瓶中;将N-溴代丁二酰亚胺(5.37g,30mmol)溶解于无水N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(35mL),缓慢滴加到体系中,在室温下反应一定时间(可为6~18小时中的任意值),然后用水洗涤,二氯甲烷萃取,合并有机相,旋转蒸发掉溶剂,然后用柱层析法采用石油醚/二氯甲烷=3∶1为淋洗剂,分离出2,5-二溴-3-醛基噻吩(2.82g,70.0%)。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ(ppm):9.79(s,1H),7.34(s,1H).13C NMR(100MHz,CDCl3)δ (ppm):183.34,139.48,128.85,124.50,113.61.
取2,5-二溴-3-醛基噻吩(0.5g,1.85mmol)、1,3-二甲基巴比妥酸(0.32g,2.04mmol)、无水乙醇(20mL)加入到50mL反应瓶中,N2气置换15分钟,然后在一定温度下(可为60~80℃中的任意值)下进行反应一定时间(可为16~24小时中的任意值)。将反应液冷却到室温,直接过滤,滤饼用乙醇洗涤,超干,得到黄色固体M1(0.60g,79.5%)。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3) δ(ppm):8.42(s,1H),8.26(s,1H),3.42(s,3H),3.39(s,3H).13C NMR(100MHz,CDCl3)δ(ppm): 162.44,160.74,151.24,146.68,135.38,133.19,128.78,116.19,110.00,29.36,28.71.
M2制备方法:如图1所示,取2,5-二溴-3-醛基噻吩(1.0g,3.70mmol)、3-乙基绕丹宁(0.56 g,3.89mmol)、无水乙醇(40mL)、吡啶2滴,加入到100mL反应瓶中,N2气置换15分钟,然后在一定温度下(可为50~80℃中的任意值)下进行反应一定时间(可为12~18小时中的任意值)。将反应液冷却到室温,直接过滤,滤饼用乙醇洗涤,超干,得到棕黄色固体M(1.20g, 78.5%)。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ(ppm):7.60(s,1H),7.15(s,1H),4.19(q,2H),1.29(t,3H). 13C NMR(100MHz,CDCl3)δ(ppm):191.73,167.50,135.61,128.35,124.79,123.36,120.22, 113.98,40.20,12.47.
M2制备方法:如图1所示,取2,5-二溴-3-醛基噻吩(1.0g,3.70mmol)、丙二腈(0.26g,3.89 mmol)、无水乙醇(40mL)、吡啶2滴加入到100mL反应瓶中,N2气置换15分钟,然后在一定温度下(可为40~70℃中的任意值)下进行反应一定时间(可为12~18小时中的任意值)。将反应液冷却到室温,直接过滤,滤饼用乙醇洗涤,超干得到棕黄色固体M1,1.02g(产率: 86.7%)。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ(ppm):8.16(s,1H),8.01(s,1H),4.39(q,2H),1.40(t,3H). 13C NMR(100MHz,CDCl3)δ(ppm):162.32,144.04,134.29,128.34,125.17,115.18,114.20, 103.68,,63.19,14.37.
M2制备方法:如图1所示,取3,4-二溴噻吩(25.09g,104mmol)、氰化亚铜(41.67g,465 mmol)、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(50mL)加入到反应瓶中,N2气置换15分钟,然后在一定温度下 (可为120~150℃中的任意值)下进行反应一定时间(可为12~24小时中的任意值)。将反应液冷却到室温,缓慢加入到60~70摄氏度的含有六水合三氯化铁(200g)的盐酸(2M,300mL)溶液中,搅拌1小时,然后自然降温,过滤。滤饼用二氯甲烷洗涤。液体采用二氯甲烷萃取,盐酸溶液(6M)洗涤,水洗、碳酸氢钠水溶液洗涤,旋转蒸发掉溶剂,固体采用石油醚洗涤。得到白色晶体3,4-二氰基噻吩(5.85g,42%)。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3) δ(ppm):8.07(s,1H).13C NMR(100MHz,CDCl3)δ(ppm):146.05,118.15,116.21.
将3,4-二氰基噻吩(2.0g,14.9mmol)、干燥的四氢呋喃(120mL)加入到反应瓶中,N2置换15分钟。然后将体系放入-78℃低温槽中,滴加二异丙基氨基锂,在此温度下反应 30分钟。然后向体系中缓慢滴加溴水(5.72g,35.8mmol),体系在此温度下反映2小时,然后将反应瓶从低温槽中取出,放入室温下继续反应30分钟。加入100mL饱和氯化铵溶液,搅拌、分液、二氯甲烷萃取、合并有机相、水洗、无水硫酸镁干燥、旋干。最后采用柱层析法以纯二氯甲烷为展开剂得到白色晶体化合物M4(2.2g,50.57%)。13C NMR(100 MHz,CDCl3)δ(ppm):126.41,114.42,111.12.
Anal.calcd for C6Br2N2S:C 24.68,N 9.60;found:C 24.68,N 9.60%.
(c)聚合物P1、P2、P3和P4的合成
如图2所示,在氮气保护下,将苯并二噻吩双锡单体(0.23g,0.3mmol)和双溴单体化合物M1、M2、M3或M4(均是0.3mmol)催化剂Pd2(dba)3(0.0055g,0.0060mmol),配体 P(o-toly)3(0.0073g,0.0240mmol),无水甲苯(10mL)(也可为无水氯苯或四氢呋喃)加入反应瓶中,于一定温度(可为90℃~120℃中的任意值)反应一定时间(可为12~18小时中的任意值),将反应液冷却到室温,加入50mL甲醇沉淀,过滤出固体,依次用甲醇、正己烷和氯仿索氏提取,收集氯仿溶液,旋干后再用甲醇沉淀得到有金属光泽的聚合物。P1为0.15g,产率为74.3%,数均分子量为25.6kDa,分子量分布为1.8,n=36.9;1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3) δ(ppm):8.6-8.1(br,4H),4.4-4.1(br,4H),3.9-3.5(br,6H),2.0-0.6(br,30H)。P2为0.15g,产率为70.2%,数均分子量为22.3kDa,分子量分布为1.9,n=32.0;1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ(ppm):8.1-7.8(br,1H),7.6-7.0(br,3H),4.4-3.9(br,6H),2.0-0.5(br,33H)。P3为0.13g,产率为 72.2%,数均分子量为21.2kDa,分子量分布为2.0,n=35.2;1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ(ppm): 8.4-7.8(br,2H),7.6-6.9(br,2H),4.5-4.0(br,6H),2.0-0.5(br,33H)。P4为0.12g,产率为71.3%,数均分子量为20.1kDa,分子量分布为1.9,n=34.8;1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ(ppm):8.5-8.1 (br,2H),4.4-4.1(br,4H),2.0-0.6(br,30H)。
实施例2、聚合物P1、P2、P3和P4的紫外吸收光谱和电化学性质
图3给出了聚合物P1、P2、P3和P4在氯仿(a)和薄膜时(b)的紫外吸收光谱,共轭聚合物在氯仿溶液中的最大吸收峰位置在438nm(P1),402nm(P2),416nm(P3),549nm(P4)左右,薄膜的最大吸收峰位置在436nm(P1),416nm(P2),553nm(P3),612nm(P4),光学带隙为1.80 eV(P1),1.88eV(P2),1.80eV(P3),1.77eV(P4)。图4给出了聚合物P1、P2、P3和P4的循环伏安曲线。循环伏安法测试在计算机控制的CHI610D电话线分析仪上进行,采用传统的三电极测试体系,铂电极为工作电极,银/银离子电极为参比电极,电解质为四正丁基六氟磷酸铵的乙腈溶液(0.1M),扫描速度为50mv/s,以二茂铁为参比。二茂铁在该体系下测得的氧化电位为0.09eV,因真空条件下二茂铁的能级为4.8eV,材料的能级可以由以下能级的公式计算得到:E(LUMO)=-(Ered,onset-0.09+4.8)eV=-(Ered,onset+4.71)eV,E(HOMO)=-(Eox,onset-0.09+4.8)eV=-(Eox,onset+4.71)eV。电化学测试显示它的起始还原电位在-0.96eV(P1)、-0.98eV(P2)、-0.98eV(P3)、-1.00eV(P4),由此计算的LUMO能级为-3.75 eV(P1)、-3.73eV(P2)、-3.73eV(P3)、-3.71eV(P4);起始还原氧化电位在0.50eV(P1)、0.73 eV(P2)、0.53eV(P3)、0.67eV(P4),由此计算的HOMO能级为-5.21eV(P1)、-5.44eV(P2)、 -5.24eV(P3)、-5.38eV(P4)。
以上对本发明的具体实施例进行了描述。需要理解的是,本发明并不局限于上述特定实施方式,本领域技术人员可以在权利要求的范围内做出各种变形或修改,这并不影响本发明的实质内容。
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